Paracetamol Pharmacokinetics are Independent of Caloric Intake and Physical Activity

Chronopharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in healthy human volunteers

Acetaminophen is a common antipyretic-analgesic drug usually administered orally any time of the day. It was however claimed by Belanger et al, (1985) to have a longer elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) in rats when administered by 2100 h, than at 0700 h. This work is designed to investigate this claim in man and to study the circadian changes in acetaminophen pharmacokinetics at three dosing times; 0730 h, 1300 h and 2100 h. Seven healthy male volunteers, age 26.28 +/- 3.01 years, weighing 65.00 +/- 2.2 kg, were administered with 1000 mg oral acetaminophen at the three circadian time after a period of fast of not less than 4 h. The pharmacokinetic values obtained, though varied, are found to be in similar ranges with previously reported values. The absorption parameters ka and mean Tmax were significantly altered with dosing at 0730 h and 2100 h while the mean t1/2 alpha and ka were also significantly changed. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the Tmax values obtained at 2100 h and that of 0730 h, while the 34.9% increase at dosing time 1300 h over 0730 h dosing times is not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Cmax was found to be 22.31 +/- 4.24 mcg/ml for 0730 h dosing time, while a decrease of 9.64 and 11.7% over this value was recorded for dosing time 1300 h and 2100 h respectively. The changes are however not statistically significant (P > 0.05). AUCo-a at 0730 h did not show any significant change when compared with values obtained at 1300 h and 2100 h, but there was a significant difference between the values obtained at 1300 h and 2100 h. Elimination half-life, t1/2 beta was found to be 1.68 +/- 0.67 h at 0730 h. There was an increase of 13.1% and 20.83% over this value at 1300 h and 2100 h. These increases were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Although there are similar increases in t1/2 beta at the 1300 h and 2100 h dosing time as reported by Belanger et al 1985, the increases were not statistically significant in man.

The effects of food restriction in man on hepatic metabolism of acetaminophen

BACKGROUND

Recent reports have suggested that food deprivation may contribute to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by shunting drug detoxification from the conjugative to the potentially toxic oxidative pathways.

METHODS

This study assessed this concept in a prospective study of food restriction of 500 calories/day over 5 days and also of 1000 calories/day over 13 days. Obese, otherwise normal, individuals received 2 g acetaminophen orally at the start and again after food restriction. Sequential liver tests, as well as serum and urine acetaminophen and its derivatives were measured.

RESULTS

In both food-restricted groups there was no evidence of any change in the elimination or in the metabolic pattern of acetaminophen removal. Liver tests remained normal. The average weight loss was about 6 pounds.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data, with this brief, but major degree of food restriction, and this load of acetaminophen (half-maximal daily dose), do not demonstrate an effect of caloric restriction on acetaminophen disposition.