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Sahebnasagh A, Avan R, Monajati M, Hashemi J, Habtemariam S, Negintaji S, Saghafi F. L-carnitine: Searching for New Therapeutic Strategy for Sepsis Management. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3300-3323. [PMID: 34789120 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211117092345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discussed the biological targets of carnitine, its effects on immune function, and how L-carnitine supplementation may help critically ill patients. L-carnitine is a potent antioxidant. L-carnitine depletion has been observed in prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stays, while L-carnitine supplementation has beneficial effects in health promotion and regulation of immunity. It is essential for the uptake of fatty acids into mitochondria. By inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system, down-regulation of apelin receptor in cardiac tissue, and reducing β-oxidation of fatty acid, carnitine may decrease vasopressor requirement in septic shock and improve clinical outcomes of this group of patients. We also have an overview of animal and clinical studies that have been recruited for evaluating the beneficial effects of L-carnitine in the management of sepsis/ septic shock. Additional clinical data are required to evaluate the optimal daily dose and duration of L-carnitine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd. Iran
| | - Razieh Avan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand. Iran
| | - Mahila Monajati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan. Iran
| | - Javad Hashemi
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd. Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB. United Kingdom
| | - Sina Negintaji
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saghafi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Iran
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Li M, Xu S, Geng Y, Sun L, Wang R, Yan Y, Wang H, Li Y, Yi Q, Zhang Y, Hao J, Deng C, Li W, Xue L. The protective effects of L-carnitine on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease undergoing CPB surgery are associated with the suppression of NF-κB pathway and the activation of Nrf2 pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:1001-1012. [PMID: 31393619 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a main pathophysiologic change following CPB surgery. L-carnitine, a natural amino acid, is able to transport fatty acids for generating energy and has a protective effect on MIRI. We aim to investigate the protective effect of L-carnitine on MIRI in patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease (RVHD) performed CPB surgical operation and the underlying mechanism. In this study, patients were randomized to three groups. L-carnitine was added to the crystalloid cardioplegic solution for experimental group 1 (6 g/L) and experimental group 2 (12 g/L), whereas no L-carnitine was used in the control group. Our results showed that L-carnitine significantly attenuated myocardial injury after surgery in these patients. L-carnitine decreased serum markers of myocardial injury including CK-MB, cTnI, hs-cTnT and IMA. L-carnitine increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but reduced wall motion score index (WMSI) after operation. L-carnitine also inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and inflammatory cytokines in the myocardium of patients after unclamping the aorta. Additionally, L-carnitine increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) while decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content in the myocardium of patients after unclamping the aorta. Moreover, L-carnitine suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). There was also no significant difference in these indices between two experimental groups after unclamping the aorta. Taken together, L-carnitine had a protective effect against CPB-induced MIRI in patients with RVHD, which might be related to its modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Suochun Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruili Wang
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiuyue Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongjian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junjun Hao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Sato S, Moriya K, Furukawa M, Saikawa S, Namisaki T, Kitade M, Kawaratani H, Kaji K, Takaya H, Shimozato N, Sawada Y, Seki K, Kitagawa K, Akahane T, Mitoro A, Okura Y, Yamao J, Yoshiji H. Efficacy of L-carnitine on ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Mol Hepatol 2019; 25:65-73. [PMID: 30798587 PMCID: PMC6435976 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2018.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims L-carnitine not only alleviates hyperammonemia and reduces muscle cramps in patients with liver cirrhosis, but also improves anemia in patients with chronic hepatitis and renal dysfunction. This study prospectively evaluated the preventative efficacy of L-carnitine supplementation against hemolytic anemia during antiviral treatment using ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver disease. Methods A total of 41 patients with chronic hepatitis were consecutively enrolled in this study. Group A (n=22) received sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for 3 months, whereas group B (n=19) was treated with sofosbuvir, ribavirin, and L-carnitine. Hemoglobin concentration changes, the effects of antiviral treatment, and the health status of patients were analyzed using short form-8 questionnaires. Results A significantly smaller decrease in hemoglobin concentration was observed in group B compared to group A at every time point. Moreover, the prescribed dose intensity of ribavirin in group B was higher than that of group A, resulting in a higher ratio of sustained virological response (SVR) 24 in group B compared with group A. The physical function of patients in group B was also significantly improved compared to group A at the end of antiviral treatment. Conclusions L-carnitine supplementation alleviates ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in patients with HCV and helps relieve the physical burden of treatment with ribavirin-containing regimens. These advantages significantly increase the likelihood of achieving SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Masanori Furukawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Soichiro Saikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Kitade
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Naotaka Shimozato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sawada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Seki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Koh Kitagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Akira Mitoro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okura
- Department of Endoscopy, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamao
- Department of Endoscopy, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Moosavi M, Rezaei M, Kalantari H, Behfar A, Varnaseri G. l-carnitine protects rat hepatocytes from oxidative stress induced by T-2 toxin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 39:445-50. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2016.1141423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kapetanovic R, Bokil NJ, Sweet MJ. Innate immune perturbations, accumulating DAMPs and inflammasome dysregulation: A ticking time bomb in ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:40-53. [PMID: 25725308 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ageing has pronounced effects on the immune system, including on innate immune cells. Whilst most studies suggest that total numbers of different innate immune cell populations do not change dramatically during ageing, many of their functions such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation and inflammatory molecule secretion decline. In contrast, many endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) accumulate during ageing. These include reactive oxygen species (ROS) released from damaged mitochondria, extracellular nucleotides like ATP, high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 protein, oxidized low density lipoprotein, amyloid-beta (Aβ), islet amyloid polypeptide and particulates like monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and cholesterol crystals. Some of these DAMPs trigger the activation of inflammasomes, cytosolic danger sensing signalling platforms that drive both the maturation of specific pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, as well as the initiation of pro-inflammatory pyroptotic cell death. Herein, we review the evidence that dysregulated inflammasome activation, via altered innate immune cell functions and elevated levels of DAMPs, contributes to the establishment of chronic, low-grade inflammation (characterized by elevated levels of IL-6 and C-reactive protein) and the development of age-related pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Kapetanovic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Nilesh J Bokil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia.
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L-Carnitine Supplementation Reduces Short-Term Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Int Surg 2015; 100:1160-8. [PMID: 25951165 DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-15-00071.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate whether preoperative L-carnitine supplementation affects the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an inflammatory marker that has proven usefulness for predicting postoperative complications in coronary artery bypass surgery. A lot of studies concerning the role of L-carnitine in the immune system have been performed, contradictory results have been reported on its effects on absolute numbers of WBC subtypes. This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted among patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery between June 2012 and December 2013 in our cardiovascular surgery clinic. A total of 60 consecutive patients were randomized and divided into 2 groups. The first group received 2 g of L-carnitine in 1000 mL of 0.9% saline solution infused over 24 hours for each of the 3 preoperative days (L-carnitine group, n = 30), or only 1000 mL of 0.9% saline solution for the same time period (placebo group, n = 30). The basal values of leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte counts, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were similar in the 2 groups. After L-carnitine supplementation (just before surgery), leukocyte and neutrophil counts of the L-carnitine group were significantly lower than those of the placebo group (7.7 ± 1.5 versus 9.7 ± 2.6, P < 0.001 and 4.6 ± 1.3 versus 6.5 ± 2.2, P < 0.001). On postoperative day 1, lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in the L-carnitine group (1.1 ± 0.6 versus 0.8 ± 0.9, P < 0.001). Moreover, the increase in NLR was significantly lower in the L-carnitine group at postoperative day 1 (20.7 ± 13.8 versus 10.8 ± 4.1, P < 0.001). Preoperative L-carnitine supplementation may reduce neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio during the early postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.
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Brubaker AL, Rendon JL, Ramirez L, Choudhry MA, Kovacs EJ. Reduced neutrophil chemotaxis and infiltration contributes to delayed resolution of cutaneous wound infection with advanced age. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1746-57. [PMID: 23319733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with alterations in innate and adaptive immune responses, which contribute to an increased risk of infection in elderly patients. Coupled with this immune dysfunction, elderly patients demonstrate impaired wound healing with elevated rates of wound dehiscence and chronic wounds. To evaluate how advanced age alters the host immune response to cutaneous wound infection, we developed a murine model of cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus wound infection in young (3-4 mo) and aged (18-20 mo) BALB/c mice. Aged mice exhibit increased bacterial colonization and delayed wound closure over time compared with young mice. These differences were not attributed to alterations in wound neutrophil or macrophage TLR2 or FcγRIII expression, or age-related changes in phagocytic potential and bactericidal activity. To evaluate the role of chemotaxis in our model, we first examined in vivo chemotaxis in the absence of wound injury to KC, a neutrophil chemokine. In response to a s.c. injection of KC, aged mice recruited fewer neutrophils at increasing doses of KC compared with young mice. This paralleled our model of wound infection, where diminished neutrophil and macrophage recruitment was observed in aged mice relative to young mice despite equivalent levels of KC, MIP-2, and MCP-1 chemokine levels at the wound site. This reduced leukocyte accumulation was also associated with lower levels of ICAM-1 in wounds from aged mice at early time points. These age-mediated defects in early neutrophil recruitment may alter the dynamics of the inflammatory phase of wound healing, impacting macrophage recruitment, bacterial clearance, and wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleah L Brubaker
- Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Giordano M, Motta M, Bertino G, Pennisi M, Neri S, Malaguarnera M, Volti GL, Galvano F. L-carnitine supplementation improves hematological pattern in patients affected by HCV treated with Peg interferon-α 2b plus ribavirin. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4414-20. [PMID: 22110268 PMCID: PMC3218156 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i39.4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of L-carnitine on alleviating anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, and minimizing dose reductions in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) in treatment with Interferon α (IFN-α) plus ribavirin.
METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with chronic hepatitis C were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups. group A (n = 35) received Peg-IFN-α 2b plus ribavirin plus L-carnitine, and group B (n = 34) received Peg-IFN-α and ribavirin for 12 mo. All patients underwent laboratory investigations including: red cell count, hemoglobin, white cell count, platelets, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and viremia.
RESULTS: After 12 mo in group A compared to group B we observed significant differences in AST 108.8 vs 76.8 (IU/L; P < 0.001), ALT 137.9 vs 112.3 (IU/L; P < 0.001), viremia 4.04 vs 2.36 (× 106 copies/mL; P < 0.001), Hb 1 vs 3.5 (g/dL; P < 0.05), red blood cells 0.3 vs 1.1 (× 1012/L; P < 0.001), white blood cells 1.5 vs 3 (× 109/L; P < 0.001) and platelets 86 vs 85 (× 109/L; P < 0.001). The end treatment responders were 18 vs 12 (60% vs 44%) and the non responders were 12 vs 15 (40% vs 50%) [odds ratio (OR) 1.65, 95% CI = 0.65-5.37, P < 0.05]. In group A compared to group B there was a significant improvement of sustained virological response in 15 vs 7 patients (50% vs 25%), while the relapsers were 3 vs 5 (10% vs 18%) (OR 3.57, 95% CI = 0.65-19.3, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: L-carnitine supplementations modulate erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis, and may be useful in patients treated for HCV. L-carnitine treatment offers the possibility of achieving a sustained virological response while preventing overtreatment.
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Oyanagi E, Yano H, Uchida M, Utsumi K, Sasaki J. Protective action of L-carnitine on cardiac mitochondrial function and structure against fatty acid stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:61-7. [PMID: 21791201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular risks are frequently accompanied by high serum fatty acid levels. Although recent studies have shown that fatty acids affect mitochondrial function and induce cell apoptosis, L-carnitine is essential for the uptake of fatty acids by mitochondria, and may attenuate the mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of cardiocytes. This study aimed to elucidate the activity of L-carnitine in the prevention on fatty acid-induced mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and cytochrome c release using isolated cardiac mitochondria from rats. Palmitoyl-CoA-induced mitochondrial respiration that was observed with L-carnitine was inhibited with oligomycin. The palmitoyl-CoA-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and swelling were greatly inhibited by the presence of L-carnitine. In ultrastructural observations, terminally swollen and ruptured mitochondria with little or no distinguishable cristae structures were induced by treatment with palmitoyl-CoA. However, the severe morphological damage in cardiac mitochondria was dramatically inhibited by pretreatment with L-carnitine. Treatment with L-carnitine also attenuated 4-hydroxy-L-phenylglycine- and rotenone-induced mitochondrial swelling even when the L-carnitine could not protect against the decrease in oxygen consumption associated with these inhibitors. Furthermore, L-carnitine completely inhibited palmitoyl-CoA-induced cytochrome c release. We concluded that L-carnitine is essential for cardiac mitochondria to attenuate the membrane permeability transition, and to maintain the ultrastructure and membrane stabilization, in the presence of high fatty acid β-oxidation. Consequently, the cells may be protected against apoptosis by L-carnitine through inhibition of the fatty acid-induced cytochrome c release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Oyanagi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School, Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Lee JY, Cha KH, Chae BJ, Ohh SJ. Supplementation of Either Conjugated Linoleic Acid or γ-linolenic Acid with or without Carnitine to Pig Diet Affect Flavor of Pork and Neutrophil Phagocytosis. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2011.53.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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TAKAHASHI K, KITANO A, AKIBA Y. Effect of L-carnitine on proliferative response and mRNA expression of some of its associated factors in splenic mononuclear cells of male broiler chicks. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:215-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thangasamy T, Subathra M, Sittadjody S, Jeyakumar P, Joyee AG, Mendoza E, Chinnakkanu P. Role of L-carnitine in the modulation of immune response in aged rats. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 389:19-24. [PMID: 18083121 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system undergoes alterations in functions with aging which results in progressive deterioration in the ability to respond to infection. The importance of nutrients in regulating immune responses has widened attempts on interventions that improve immune functions with aging. L-carnitine serves as a vital factor in the mitochondrial transport of fatty acids, a process essential for fatty acid oxidation and energy release. L-carnitine is categorized as a conditionally essential nutrient factor and its concentrations are reported to be decreased with aging. METHODS The immunomodulatory role of L-carnitine was assessed in aged rats after administration of L-carnitine (300 mg/kg body weight/day) for 7, 14 and 21 days by evaluating neutrophil functions, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses and immunoglobulin concentrations. RESULTS Aged animals exhibited decreased non-specific immune functions, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and immunoglobulin concentrations compared to younger controls. Treatment with L-carnitine improved neutrophil functions, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and the concentrations of immunoglobulins A and G in aged animals in a significant manner. However L-carnitine treatment did not have any impact on IgM concentration and type responses. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that aging is associated with a decline in immune functions and supplementing L-carnitine had a positive effect in improving immune responses in aged animals.
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