Molecular composition of two different batches of urofollitropin: analysis by immunofluorimetric assay, radioligand receptor assay and in vitro bioassay

FSH in therapy: physiological basis, new preparations and clinical use

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that, together with luteinizing hormone (LH), controls development, maturation and function of the gonad. Like the related hormones, LH, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), FSH consists of two polypeptide chains, α and β, bearing carbohydrate moietiesN-linked to asparagine (Asn) residues. The α subunit is common to all members of the glycoprotein hormone family, whereas the β subunit, although structurally very similar, differs in each hormone and confers specificity of action.

Possibilities of replacing and reducing animal tests in the pharmacopoeias: an evaluation of unused methods and proposals for change

The animal tests currently carried out according to the German and European pharmacopoeias are evaluated. The routine testing of biological medicines, excluding vaccines and pyrogen tests, is examined. The opportunities for replacing obligatory bioassays and safety tests are assessed, taking into account both pharmaceutical quality and animal welfare aspects. The aim is to encourage institutions, public authorities, and the pharmaceutical industry to investigate the importance and the necessity of the remaining tests. In addition, all parties should be encouraged to initiate integrated projects to develop, validate and establish alternative methods.