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Sharma JK, Bayard BJ, Zosel N, Ali SS, Holzer N, Nesterov VN, Karr PA, D'Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Hypervalent Phosphorus(V) Porphyrins with meso-Methoxyphenyl Substituents: Significance of the Number and Position of Methoxy Groups in Promoting Intramolecular Charge Transfer. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16573-16585. [PMID: 36223643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To study the photophysical and redox properties as a function of meso-aryl units, a series of hypervalent phosphorus(V) porphyrins, PP(OMe)2·PF6, PMP(OMe)2·PF6, PDMP(OMe)2·PF6, P345TMP(OMe)2·PF6, and P246TMP(OMe)2·PF6, with phenyl (P), 4-methoxyphenyl (MP), 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl (DMP), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl (345TMP), and 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl (246TMP) units, respectively, have been synthesized. The P(+5) in the cavity makes the porphyrin ring electron-poor, whereas the methoxy groups make the meso-phenyl rings electron-rich. The presence of electron-rich and electron-poor portions within the porphyrin molecule promoted an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Also, the study suggests that the ICT depends on the number and position of the methoxy groups. The ICT is more prominent in m-methoxy-substituted phosphorus(V) porphyrins (PDMP(OMe)2.PF6, P345TMP(OMe)2·PF6) and almost no ICT was found in no-methoxy, o-methoxy, and/or p-methoxy phosphorus(V) porphyrins (PP(OMe)2·PF6, PMP(OMe)2·PF6, P246TMP(OMe)2·PF6). Transient absorption studies indicate that the ICT takes place on the picosecond time scale. The most striking results come from P246TMP(OMe)2·PF6, where each phenyl ring carries three methoxy units, like the P345TMP(OMe)2·PF6, but it failed to induce the ICT process. Electrochemical studies and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were used to support the experimental results. This study extensively explores why and how slight variations in meso-aryl substitutions lead to intricate changes in the photophysical and redox properties of phosphorus(V) porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatan K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Brandon J Bayard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Nick Zosel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Syeda S Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Noah Holzer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Vladimir N Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, United States
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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Holzer N, Sharma JK, Peterson S, Bayard BJ, Nesterov VN, Karr PA, D'Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Antimony(+5) ion induced tunable intramolecular charge transfer in hypervalent antimony( v) porphyrins. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5890-5903. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00675h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimony(+5) insertion induces both electron-rich and electron-poor parts within the porphyrin structure resulting in a push–pull style intramolecular charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Holzer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - Jatan K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
| | - Steven Peterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - Brandon J. Bayard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
| | - Paul A. Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
| | - Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
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Poddutoori PK, Bayard BJ, Holzer N, Seetharaman S, Zarrabi N, Weidner N, Karr PA, D'Souza F. Rational Design and Synthesis of OEP and TPP Centered Phosphorus(V) Porphyrin-Naphthalene Conjugates: Triplet Formation via Rapid Charge Recombination. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17952-17965. [PMID: 34797977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Six new "axial-bonding" type "phosphorus(V) porphyrin-naphthalene" conjugates have been prepared consisting of octaethylporphyrinatophosphorus(V) (POEP+)/tetraphenylporphyrinatophosphorus(V) (PTPP+) and naphthalene (NP). The distance between the porphyrin and NP was systematically varied using polyether bridges. The unique structural topology of the octaethylporphyrinatophosphorus(V) (POEP+) and tetraphenylporphyrinatophosphorus(V) (PTPP+) enabled construction of mono- and disubstituted phosphorus(V) porphyrin-naphthalene conjugates, respectively. The steady-state and transient spectral properties were investigated as a function of redox properties, distance, and molecular topology. Strong electronic interactions between the phosphorus(V) porphyrin and NP in directly bound conjugates were observed. The established energy diagrams predicted reductive electron transfer involving singlet excited phosphorus(V) porphyrin and NP to generate high-energy (∼1.83-2.11 eV) charge-separated states (POEP/PTPP)•-(NP)•+. Femtosecond transient absorption spectral studies revealed rapid deactivation of singlet excited phosphorus(V) porphyrin due to charge separation wherein the estimated forward rate constants were in the range of 109-1010 s-1 and were dependent on the distance between the NP and porphyrins units, as well as the redox potentials of the type of the phosphorus(V) porphyrin. Additionally, due to high exothermicity and low-lying triplet states, the charge recombination process was found to be rapid, leading to populating the triplet states of phosphorus(V) porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Brandon J Bayard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Noah Holzer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Niloofar Zarrabi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Nathan Weidner
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, United States
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, United States
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Solar Driven Photocatalytic Activity of Porphyrin Sensitized TiO 2: Experimental and Computational Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113131. [PMID: 34073887 PMCID: PMC8197238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of a secure long-term sustainable energy supply is recognized as a major worldwide technological challenge. The generation of H2 through photocatalysis is an environmentally friendly alternative that can help solve the energy problem. Thus, the development of semiconductor materials that can absorb solar light is an attractive approach. TiO2 has a wide bandgap that suffers from no activity in the visible spectrum, limiting its use of solar radiation. In this research, the semiconductor absorption profile was extended into the visible region of the solar spectrum by preparing porphyrin-TiO2 (P-TiO2) composites of meso-tetra(4-bromophenyl)porphyrin (PP1) and meso-tetra(5-bromo-2-thienyl)porphyrin (PP2) and their In(III), Zn(II) and Ga(III) metal complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were performed on the porphyrins to gain insight into their electron injection capability. The results demonstrate that P-TiO2 systems merit further in-depth study for applications that require efficient photocatalytic H2 generation.
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Zarrabi N, Holzer N, Bayard BJ, Seetharaman S, Boe BG, D’Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Fluorinated aluminum(III) porphyrins: Synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry and photochemistry. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of fluorinated free-base porphyrins (H2TPPF[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] = 0, 8, 12, 20, 24) and the corresponding aluminum(III) porphyrin (AlTPPF[Formula: see text]-Ph, [Formula: see text] = 0, 8, 12, 20, 24) derivatives have been synthesized and their spectroscopic, redox and optical properties were investigated. The absorption studies show that the spectral shapes of investigated porphyrins are sensitive to the degree of fluorination on the meso-phenyl units. Analogously, the fluorescence quantum yields and singlet-state lifetimes depend on the number of fluorine atoms, and decrease by increasing the number of fluorine atoms. The H2TPPF[Formula: see text] and AlTPPF[Formula: see text]-Ph ([Formula: see text] = 8, 12, 20, 24) derivatives exhibited lower fluorescence intensities compared to the H2TPP and AlTPP, respectively. However, the AlTPPF[Formula: see text]-Ph ([Formula: see text] = 0, 8, 12, 20, 24) derivatives yield relatively a strong fluorescence compared to the well-known ZnTPP. As predicted, the redox potentials are shifted to the more positive side by increasing the fluorine atoms. The Lewis acidity of AlTPPF[Formula: see text]-Ph was quantified by using the absorption and fluorescence titrations with the Lewis base [Formula: see text]-methylimidazole (Me-Im). The titration data suggests that the Lewis acidity of the Al center rises when increasing the number of fluorine atoms on the porphyrin. Together, the high fluorescence quantum yields, high-potentials, unique optical and redox properties suggest that the investigated porphyrins could be potential sensitizers to mimic various components of artificial photosynthetic systems for the production of solar fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Zarrabi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Noah Holzer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Brandon J. Bayard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Benjamin G. Boe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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Zarrabi N, Poddutoori PK. Aluminum(III) porphyrin: A unique building block for artificial photosynthetic systems. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Duvva N, Ramya AR, Reddy G, Giribabu L. Intramolecular electron transfer in porphyrin-anthraquinone donor–acceptor systems with varying molecular bridges. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer has been investigated in porphyrin anthraquinone (ZnTTP-AQ) donor–acceptor dyads having either ester (ZnTTP-AQ1) or ether (ZnTTP-AQ2) linkages. Both dyads were characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Absorption spectra show absence of any ground state interaction between the porphyrin and anthraquinone moieties. The quenched fluoresence and lifetime indicate electron transfer from the porphyrin to the anthraquinone moiety. The quenching is more pronounced in ZnTTP-AQ1 with ester linkage, suggesting efficient electronic coupling compared to the ether linkage in ZnTTP-AQ2. Computational analysis and frontier molecular orbitals confirmed the formation of charged separated state por[Formula: see text]AQ[Formula: see text]. The electron transfer rates ([Formula: see text] of these triads are found in the range 0.43 × 108 to 10.52 × 109 s[Formula: see text] and are found to be solvent polarity dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Duvva
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - A. R. Ramya
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Govind Reddy
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC3000, Australia
| | - L. Giribabu
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, India
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Melomedov J, Ochsmann JR, Meister M, Laquai F, Heinze K. Tuning Reductive and Oxidative Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Amide-Linked Anthraquinone-Porphyrin-Ferrocene Architectures. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Giribabu L, Reeta PS, Kanaparthi RK, Srikanth M, Soujanya Y. Bis(porphyrin)–Anthraquinone Triads: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Photochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2944-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Giribabu
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, A.P., India
| | - P. Silviya Reeta
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, A.P., India
| | - Ravi Kumar Kanaparthi
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, A.P., India
| | - Malladi Srikanth
- Molecular Modelling Group, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad
500067, A.P., India
| | - Y. Soujanya
- Molecular Modelling Group, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad
500067, A.P., India
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Wróbel D, Graja A. Photoinduced electron transfer processes in fullerene–organic chromophore systems. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhao P, Huang JW, Xu LC, Ma L, Ji LN. The photoinduced electron transference of porphyrin-anthraquinone dyads bridged with different lengths of links. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 78:437-442. [PMID: 21146453 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced electron transference (PET) interaction in porphyrin containing donor-acceptor (D-A) molecules is of great importance in nature and a significant part of the PET research has been devoted to the study of its mechanism ("through-space" or "through-bond") in these decades. Herein we synthesized a series of covalently linked porphyrin-anthraquinone dyads (Por-C(n)-AQ) bridged with flexible alkoxy chains at different lengths (n=1, 4, 10) and investigated their intramolecular PET using a combination of electronic absorption, steady-state fluorescence and decayed luminescence spectra. The experimental results show that the PET efficiency depends on the length of the flexible linkage between the porphyrin and anthraquinone moieties. Meanwhile, theoretical calculation applying the density functional theory (DFT) was also carried out to give the frontier orbital distribution and the optimized structures of these dyads. It is found that the orientation of the dyad with high PET efficiency is disadvantageous to π-π interaction. Thus, the PET of these dyads seemingly is best compatible with a "through-bond" (superexchange) mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, Waihuandong Road, Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Poddutoori PK, Poddutoori P, Maiya BG, Prasad TK, Kandrashkin YE, Vasil’ev S, Bruce D, Est AVD. Redox Control of Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Axial Terpyridoxy Porphyrin Complexes. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:7512-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ic702480m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Kumar Poddutoori
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India, and Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Premaladha Poddutoori
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India, and Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Bhaskar G. Maiya
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India, and Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Thazhe Kootteri Prasad
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India, and Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri E. Kandrashkin
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India, and Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Vasil’ev
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India, and Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Doug Bruce
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India, and Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Art van der Est
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India, and Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
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Banfi S, Caruso E, Gariboldi M, Alemani S, Nasini G, Bombardelli E. Synthesis of Porphyrin‐Anthraquinone Conjugates as Photosensitizing Agents. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701863152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Banfi
- a Department of Structural and Functional Biology , University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- a Department of Structural and Functional Biology , University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Marzia Gariboldi
- a Department of Structural and Functional Biology , University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Stefano Alemani
- b CNR‐ICRM, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic of Milano , Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Nasini
- b CNR‐ICRM, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic of Milano , Milano, Italy
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