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Zonneveld KLM, Cox AD, Asaro MM, Hranchuk KS, Alami A, Kelly LD, Frijters JC. Comparing instructor-led, video-model, and no-instruction control tutorials for creating single-subject graphs in Microsoft Excel: A systematic replication and extension. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:502-514. [PMID: 38321637 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Visual inspection of single-subject data is the primary method for behavior analysts to interpret the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable; however, there is no consensus on the most suitable method for teaching graph construction for single-subject designs. We systematically replicated and extended Tyner and Fienup (2015) using a repeated-measures between-subjects design to compare the effects of instructor-led, video-model, and no-instruction control tutorials on the graphing performance of 81 master's students with some reported Microsoft Excel experience. Our mixed-design analysis revealed a statistically significant main effect of pretest, tutorial, and posttest submissions for each tutorial group and a nonsignificant main effect of tutorial group. Tutorial group significantly interacted with submissions, suggesting that both instructor-led and video-model tutorials may be superior to providing graduate students with a written list of graphing conventions (i.e., control condition). Finally, training influenced performance on an untrained graph type (multielement) for all tutorial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison D Cox
- Department of Applied Disability Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Madeline M Asaro
- Department of Applied Disability Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Kieva S Hranchuk
- Department of Applied Disability Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Arezu Alami
- Department of Applied Disability Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Laura D Kelly
- Department of Applied Disability Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Jan C Frijters
- Department of Applied Disability Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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2
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Sarfraz M, Bakht MA, Alshammari MS, Alrofaidi M, Alzahrani AR, Eltaib L, Asdaq SMB, Aba Alkhayl FF, Abida, Mohd Imran. Beyond traditional medications: exploring novel and potential inhibitors of trypanothione reductase (LmTr) of Leishmania parasites. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38213287 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The trypanothione reductase enzyme, which neutralizes the reactive oxygen species produced inside the macrophages to kill the parasites, is one of the evasion strategies Leishmania uses to survive inside the cells. The vitality of the parasite depends on Leishmania major trypanothione reductase (LmTr), a NADPH-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductase essential for thiol metabolism. Since this enzyme is distinct and lacking in humans, we focused on it in our study to screen for new inhibitors to combat leishmaniasis. Using the I-TASSER server, a three-dimensional model of LmTr was generated. The Autodock vina program was used in high-throughput virtual screening of the ZINC database. The top seven molecules were ranked according to their binding affinity. The compounds with the highest binding affinities and the right number of hydrogen bonds were chosen. These compounds may be effective at inhibiting the target enzyme's (LmTr) activity, making them new leishmaniasis treatments. These compounds may serve as a useful starting point for a hit-to-lead approach in the quest for new anti-Leishmania drugs that are more efficient and less cytotoxic. The average node degree is 5.09, the average local clustering coefficient is 0.868, and the PPI enrichment p-value is 8.9e-06, indicating that it is sufficiently connected to regulate the network. TRYR (LmTr protein) also interacts physically with ten additional proteins in the pathogenesis network. The findings of the study indicated that successfully suppressing the LmTr protein in vitro and in vivo may finally result in regulating the L. major pathogenesis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - M Afroz Bakht
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanity Studies, Prince Sattam Bin, Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Sanad Alshammari
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alrofaidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah R Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Eltaib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Faris F Aba Alkhayl
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Blair BJ, Mahoney PJ. Creating Single-Subject Research Design Graphs with Google Applications. Behav Anal Pract 2021; 15:295-311. [PMID: 34868473 PMCID: PMC8629106 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual analysis of graphically displayed data is an essential skill for behavior analysts across a range of settings. Although there are several computer-based applications that facilitate the production of simple, consistent, and visually coherent graphs, these applications have several limitations, including cost. An alternative to using these applications is using free and widely available Google Sheets and Google Slides to produce high-quality clinical and research graphs. We provide a step-by-step pictorially supported task analysis for a system for creating graphs for a variety of single-subject research designs and clinical applications using Sheets and Slides. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of using Google applications to create graphs for use in the practice of applied behavior analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Blair
- Long Island University-Brooklyn, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA
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4
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Cihon JH, Ferguson JL, Milne CM, Leaf JB. Teaching behavior analysts to create multiple baseline graphs using SigmaPlot. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H. Cihon
- Autism Partnership Foundation Seal Beach California USA
- Institute for Behavioral Studies Endicott College Beverly Massachusetts USA
| | - Julia L. Ferguson
- Autism Partnership Foundation Seal Beach California USA
- Institute for Behavioral Studies Endicott College Beverly Massachusetts USA
| | - Christine M. Milne
- Autism Partnership Foundation Seal Beach California USA
- Institute for Behavioral Studies Endicott College Beverly Massachusetts USA
| | - Justin B. Leaf
- Autism Partnership Foundation Seal Beach California USA
- Institute for Behavioral Studies Endicott College Beverly Massachusetts USA
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5
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Lehardy RK, Luczynski KC, Hood SA, McKeown CA. Remote teaching of publication-quality, single-case graphs in Microsoft Excel. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 54:1265-1280. [PMID: 33527372 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microsoft Excel is ubiquitous, cost-effective, and can be used to create publication-quality single-case design graphs. We systematically replicated the GraphPad Prism video tutorial by Mitteer et al. (2018) to teach 24 master's students to create multiple-baseline graphs using Excel 2016. Students' mean accuracy on the multiple-baseline graph was 25% in pretraining, 86% with the video tutorial, and 96% with the review checklist. Next, students used the same video tutorial to create multielement and reversal graphs. Students' mean accuracy on the multielement graph was 93% with video tutorial and 94% with review checklist, and accuracy on the reversal graph was 82% with video tutorial and 94% with review checklist. Students reported moderate to high satisfaction with both training components. The results support scientist-practitioners using the video tutorial and review checklists to create three common graphs using Excel 2016, Excel 2019, and Excel Office 365.
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Mitteer DR, Greer BD, Randall KR, Briggs AM. Further Evaluation of Teaching Behavior Technicians to Input Data and Graph Using GraphPad Prism. BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 20:81-93. [PMID: 33244483 DOI: 10.1037/bar0000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We replicated and extended Mitteer, Greer, Fisher, and Cohrs (2018) by examining the effects of a video model on inputting data into GraphPad Prism, which is a necessary skill for graph construction. We used a concurrent multiple-probe-across-behavior design with two behavior technicians to assess data-input and graphing skills separately prior to and during access to relevant video models. We evaluated the generality of the training procedures by assessing both skills during data-input-plus-graphing sessions without access to the video models. The video models resulted in mastery of data-input and graphing skills when assessed individually. We observed training effects generalize to data-input-plus-graphing sessions once behavior technicians experienced all relevant video models. These results suggest that individuals should view both data-input and graphing video models prior to depicting single-case design data in Prism but that these skills can maintain at high levels of accuracy without continued access to the training materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Kayla R Randall
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Adam M Briggs
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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7
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Abstract
Practitioners in the field of applied behavior analysis rely on graphing software to display the data they collect during assessments. However, the graphing process can be cumbersome and procedures change as new versions of software programs are released. The current tutorial provides step-by-step instructions for graphing functional analysis data using Microsoft Excel 2016 for PCs. Instructions for creating functional analysis data depicted in reversal, latency, mulitielment, and trial-based functional analysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Chok
- Melmark Pennsylvania, 2600 Wayland Road, Berwyn, PA 19312 USA
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8
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Ledford JR, Barton EE, Severini KE, Zimmerman KN. A Primer on Single-Case Research Designs: Contemporary Use and Analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 124:35-56. [PMID: 30715924 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-124.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The overarching purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to the use of rigorous single-case research designs (SCRDs) in special education and related fields. Authors first discuss basic design types and research questions that can be answered with SCRDs, examine threats to internal validity and potential ways to control for and detect common threats, and provide guidelines for selection of specific designs. Following, contemporary standards regarding rigor, measurement, description, and outcomes are presented. Then, authors discuss data analytic techniques, differentiating rigor, positive outcomes, functional relations, and magnitude of effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Ledford
- Jennifer R. Ledford, Erin E. Barton, Katherine E. Severini, and Kathleen N. Zimmerman, Vanderbilt University
| | - Erin E Barton
- Jennifer R. Ledford, Erin E. Barton, Katherine E. Severini, and Kathleen N. Zimmerman, Vanderbilt University
| | - Katherine E Severini
- Jennifer R. Ledford, Erin E. Barton, Katherine E. Severini, and Kathleen N. Zimmerman, Vanderbilt University
| | - Kathleen N Zimmerman
- Jennifer R. Ledford, Erin E. Barton, Katherine E. Severini, and Kathleen N. Zimmerman, Vanderbilt University
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9
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Berkman SJ, Roscoe EM, Bourret JC. Comparing self-directed methods for training staff to create graphs using Graphpad Prism. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 52:188-204. [PMID: 30382580 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An important skill for behavior analysts is creating graphs that clearly convey outcomes and conform to publication conventions. GraphPad Prism is software designed for creating scientific graphs, but no prior research has empirically evaluated training graphing skills using Prism. Two effective training methods are enhanced written instructions (EWI) and video modeling with voiceover instructions (VMVO), but no single-subject studies have compared the effects of these methods. In this study, we compared the efficacy and social validity of EWI and VMVO for training staff to create graphs using Prism. A single-subject design was employed to compare the effects of the methods on the individual performance of 11 graduate students. EWI and VMVO were both found to be effective, and more participants chose to use EWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney J Berkman
- New England Center for Children and Western New England University
| | - Eileen M Roscoe
- New England Center for Children and Western New England University
| | - Jason C Bourret
- New England Center for Children and Western New England University
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10
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Mitteer DR, Greer BD, Fisher WW, Cohrs VL. Teaching behavior technicians to create publication-quality, single-case design graphs in graphpad prism 7. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:998-1010. [PMID: 29971776 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, we (a) define the desirable features of publication-quality, single-case design graphs based on recommendations in the scholarly literature, (b) suggest GraphPad Prism as a suitable graphing program for creating graphs with those features, and (c) develop and validate a video-modeling tutorial designed to train behavior technicians to create such graphs. Our review identified nine commonly recommended features, and Prism facilitated the creation of graphs with those features. We evaluated the effects of a video-modeling tutorial on graphing performance in Prism using a multiple-baseline design. All four technicians showed mastery-level graphing accuracy with accompanying increases in efficiency following training, which maintained at follow-up without direct feedback from an expert behavior analyst. Social-validity measures found the posttraining graphs to be significantly better than publication quality. We discuss these findings relative to challenges of developing efficient and effective staff-training tutorials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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11
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Fuller TC, Dubuque EM. Integrating Phase Change Lines and Labels into Graphs in Microsoft Excel®. Behav Anal Pract 2018; 12:293-299. [PMID: 30918794 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-018-0248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating phase change lines and their corresponding labels in Microsoft Excel® remains a difficulty for many behavior analysts who want these display features to be integrated into the graph itself. Previous methods designed to address this issue have had limited utility across the types of data sets commonly analyzed by behavior analysts. The purpose of this article is to provide a fully functional method for integrating phase change lines and labels into Microsoft Excel® line graphs. This method is a combination of previous recommendations and allows for easy integration of new data and exportation of graphical displays to other software programs (e.g., Microsoft Word® and PowerPoint®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Fuller
- 1Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Mail Stop 296, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, 89557 USA
| | - Erick M Dubuque
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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12
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Abstract
Single case designs (SCDs) allow researchers to objectively evaluate the impact of an intervention by repeatedly measuring a dependent variable across baseline and intervention conditions. Rooted in baseline logic, SCDs evaluate change over time, with each participant serving as his or her own control during the course of a study. Formative and summative evaluation of data is critical to determining causal relations. Visual analysis involves evaluation of level, trend, variability, consistency, overlap, and immediacy of effects within (baseline and intervention) and between conditions (baseline to intervention). The purpose of this paper is to highlight the process for visually analysing data collected in the context of a SCD and to provide structures and procedures for evaluating the six data characteristics of interest. A checklist with dichotomous responses (i.e., yes/no) is presented to facilitate implementation and reporting of systematic visual analysis.
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13
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Deochand N. Automating Phase Change Lines and Their Labels Using Microsoft Excel (R). Behav Anal Pract 2017; 10:279-284. [PMID: 29021939 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-016-0169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many researchers have rallied against drawn in graphical elements and offered ways to avoid them, especially regarding the insertion of phase change lines (Deochand, Costello, & Fuqua, 2015; Dubuque, 2015; Vanselow & Bourret, 2012). However, few have offered a solution to automating the phase labels, which are often utilized in behavior analytic graphical displays (Deochand et al., 2015). Despite the fact that Microsoft Excel® is extensively utilized by behavior analysts, solutions to resolve issues in our graphing practices are not always apparent or user-friendly. Considering the insertion of phase change lines and their labels constitute a repetitious and laborious endeavor, any minimization in the steps to accomplish these graphical elements could offer substantial time-savings to the field. The purpose of this report is to provide an updated way (and templates in the supplemental materials) to add phase change lines with their respective labels, which stay embedded to the graph when they are moved or updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Deochand
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, 3700 Wood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
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14
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Recording an Excel(®) Macro to Specify Date Ranges for Clinical Data. Behav Anal Pract 2016; 9:230-4. [PMID: 27622124 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-015-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The individuals served by behavior analysts are often funded by Medicaid, insurance companies, or private pay. The first two options usually require progress notes detailing graphically and quantitatively the behavioral outcomes. These progress notes usually come in the form of a written account of milestones achieved or barriers faced, graphical displays of behavioral data, and summary tables. The graphical displays are monthly, quarterly, and annual reports for the individuals that they serve. Microsoft Excel® is one of the most accessible tools by which to accomplish this task; however, presenting the required date ranges can be a time-consuming task. A task analysis is outlined to automate this process and reduce the time taken to accomplish indirect service hours to the clients served.
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Abstract
Microsoft Excel® is a popular graphing tool used by behavior analysts to visually display data. However, this program is not always friendly to the graphing conventions used by behavior analysts. For example, adding phase change lines has typically been a cumbersome process involving the insertion of line objects that do not move when new data is added to a graph. The purpose of this article is to describe a novel way to add phase change lines that move when new data is added and when graphs are resized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick M Dubuque
- grid.412724.6000000012107308XApplied Behavior Analysis Program, Spalding University, Mansion East, Office #214, 845 South 3rd St., Louisville, KY 40203 USA
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16
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Deochand N, Costello MS, Fuqua RW. Phase-change lines, scale breaks, and trend lines using Excel 2013. J Appl Behav Anal 2015; 48:478-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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