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Massarotti A, Brunelli F, Aprile S, Giustiniano M, Tron GC. Medicinal Chemistry of Isocyanides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10742-10788. [PMID: 34197077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In eons of evolution, isocyanides carved out a niche in the ecological systems probably thanks to their metal coordinating properties. In 1859 the first isocyanide was synthesized by humans and in 1950 the first natural isocyanide was discovered. Now, at the beginning of XXI century, hundreds of isocyanides have been isolated both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and thousands have been synthesized in the laboratory. For some of them their ecological role is known, and their potent biological activity as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antifouling, and antitumoral compounds has been described. Notwithstanding, the isocyanides have not gained a good reputation among medicinal chemists who have erroneously considered them either too reactive or metabolically unstable, and this has restricted their main use to technical applications as ligands in coordination chemistry. The aim of this review is therefore to show the richness in biological activity of the isocyanide-containing molecules, to support the idea of using the isocyanide functional group as an unconventional pharmacophore especially useful as a metal coordinating warhead. The unhidden hope is to convince the skeptical medicinal chemists of the isocyanide potential in many areas of drug discovery and considering them in the design of future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Li XW, Chen SH, Ye F, Mollo E, Zhu WL, Liu HL, Guo YW. Axiriabilines A-D, uncommon nitrogenous eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes from the Hainan sponge Axinyssa variabilis. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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White AM, Pierens GK, Skinner-Adams T, Andrews KT, Bernhardt PV, Krenske EH, Mollo E, Garson MJ. Antimalarial Isocyano and Isothiocyanato Sesquiterpenes with Tri- and Bicyclic Skeletons from the Nudibranch Phyllidia ocellata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1422-1427. [PMID: 26056748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Five new isocyano/isothiocyanato sesquiterpenes (1-5) with tri- or bicyclic carbon skeletons have been characterized from Australian specimens of the nudibranch Phyllidia ocellata. Spectroscopic analyses at 900 MHz were informed by DFT calculations. The 1S, 5S, 8R configuration of 2-isocyanoclovene (1) was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis of formamide 6. A biosynthetic pathway to clovanes 1 and 2 from epicaryolane precursors is proposed. Isocyanides 1, 2, and 4 showed activity against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 0.26-0.30 μM), while isothiocyanate 3 and formamide 6 had IC50 values of >10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tina Skinner-Adams
- §Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Katherine T Andrews
- §Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | | | - Ernesto Mollo
- ⊥Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Na), 80078, Italy
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Ye J, Ma S. Allene Relay: Palladium-Catalyzed Bicyclization of Allene-Propargylic Carbonates with Geminal Bis(nucleophile)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10809-13. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Allene Relay: Palladium-Catalyzed Bicyclization of Allene-Propargylic Carbonates with Geminal Bis(nucleophile)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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McGinnis DM, Deplazes SF, Barybin MV. Synthesis, properties and complexation of (pS)-1-isocyano-2-methylferrocene, the first planar-chiral isocyanide ligand. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Takahashi K, Honda T. Diastereoselective Syntheses of Functionalized Five-Membered Carbocycles and Heterocycles by a SmI2-Promoted Intramolecular Coupling of Bromoalkynes and α,β-Unsaturated Esters. Org Lett 2010; 12:3026-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101034s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Honda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Stockmann V, Bakke JM, Bruheim P, Fiksdahl A. Formation of new 4-isocyanobut-2-enenitriles by thermal ring cleavage of 3-pyridyl azides. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Deng Y, Shi Y, Ma S. An Efficient Synthesis of 2,5-Dihydrofuran-Fused Bicyclic Skeletons via the Pd(II)-Catalyzed Tandem-Cyclization Reaction of 1,ω-Bisallenols. Org Lett 2009; 11:1205-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol802794t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youqian Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Toriyama M, Maher TR, Holovics TC, Vanka K, Day VW, Berrie CL, Thompson WH, Barybin MV. Multipoint Anchoring of the [2.2.2.2]Metacyclophane Motif to a Gold Surface via Self-Assembly: Coordination Chemistry of a Cyclic Tetraisocyanide Revisited. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:3284-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ic702401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Toriyama
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Tiffany R. Maher
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Thomas C. Holovics
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Victor W. Day
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Cindy L. Berrie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Ward H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Mikhail V. Barybin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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Paul VJ, Arthur KE, Ritson-Williams R, Ross C, Sharp K. Chemical defenses: from compounds to communities. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2007; 213:226-251. [PMID: 18083964 DOI: 10.2307/25066642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Marine natural products play critical roles in the chemical defense of many marine organisms and in some cases can influence the community structure of entire ecosystems. Although many marine natural products have been studied for biomedical activity, yielding important information about their biochemical effects and mechanisms of action, much less is known about ecological functions. The way in which marine consumers perceive chemical defenses can influence their health and survival and determine whether some natural products persist through a food chain. This article focuses on selected marine natural products, including okadaic acid, brevetoxins, lyngbyatoxin A, caulerpenyne, bryostatins, and isocyano terpenes, and examines their biosynthesis (sometimes by symbiotic microorganisms), mechanisms of action, and biological and ecological activity. We selected these compounds because their impacts on marine organisms and communities are some of the best-studied among marine natural products. We discuss the effects of these compounds on consumer behavior and physiology, with an emphasis on neuroecology. In addition to mediating a variety of trophic interactions, these compounds may be responsible for community-scale ecological impacts of chemically defended organisms, such as shifts in benthic and pelagic community composition. Our examples include harmful algal blooms; the invasion of the Mediterranean by Caulerpa taxifolia; overgrowth of coral reefs by chemically rich macroalgae and cyanobacteria; and invertebrate chemical defenses, including the role of microbial symbionts in compound production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Paul
- Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, Florida 34949, USA.
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Wegerski CJ, Sonnenschein RN, Cabriales F, Valeriote FA, Matainaho T, Crews P. Stereochemical challenges in characterizing nitrogenous spiro-axane sesquiterpenes from the Indo-Pacific sponges Amorphinopsis and Axinyssa. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Duque C, Bonilla A, Bautista E, Zea S. Exudation of low molecular weight compounds (thiobismethane, methyl isocyanide, and methyl isothiocyanate) as a possible chemical defense mechanism in the marine sponge Ircinia felix. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2001; 29:459-467. [PMID: 11274769 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(00)00081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The volatile constituents of the marine sponge Ircinia felix were obtained by dynamic headspace extraction and analyzed by HRGC, HRGC-MS and HRGC-Odor at sniffing port. Fifty-nine volatiles were identified for the first time in the odor of this sponge. Hydrocarbons (32.9%), alcohols (17.8%) and carbonyl compounds (16.0%) predominated in the sponge volatile profile, followed by esters (11.6%), halogen compounds (8.6%), ethers (7.7%), nitrogen and/or sulfur compounds (4.6%) and carboxylic acids (0.8%). Among the identified volatiles, thiobismethane (commonly known as dimethylsulfide), methyl isocyanide and methyl isothiocyanate were found to be responsible for the nauseating and toxic smell emitted by the sponge and for the antimicrobial activity detected in the volatile extract. Exudation experiments in aquarium and in situ conditions revealed that thiobismethane, methyl isocyanide and methyl isothiocyanate are continuously released by the sponge. Upon injury, the concentration of these volatiles increased strongly. Hence, these substances form a chemical protective barrier which may help these sponges avoid fouling, compete for space, prevent infection in the short term, and/or signal generalist predators regarding the existence of other toxic substances in the internal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Duque
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, AA 14490, Bogotá, Colombia
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Chang CW. Naturally occurring isocyano/isothiocyanato and related compounds. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2001; 80:1-186. [PMID: 11036790 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6331-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C W Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of West Florida, Pensacola, USA
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New Isocyano and Isothiocyanato Terpene Metabolites from the Tropical Marine Sponge Acanthella cavernosa. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Simpson JS, Raniga P, Garson MJ. Biosynthesis of dichloroimines in the tropical marine sponge stylotella aurantium. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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