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Imbs AB, Dembitsky VM. Coral Lipids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:539. [PMID: 37888474 PMCID: PMC10608786 DOI: 10.3390/md21100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals, recognized as cornerstone species in marine ecosystems, captivate with their unique duality as both symbiotic partners and autotrophic entities. Beyond their ecological prominence, these corals produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, many of which are poised to revolutionize the domains of pharmacology and medicine. This exhaustive review delves deeply into the multifaceted world of coral-derived lipids, highlighting both ubiquitous and rare forms. Within this spectrum, we navigate through a myriad of fatty acids and their acyl derivatives, encompassing waxes, sterol esters, triacylglycerols, mono-akyl-diacylglycerols, and an array of polar lipids such as betaine lipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, phospholipids, and phosphonolipids. We offer a comprehensive exploration of the intricate biochemical variety of these lipids, related fatty acids, prostaglandins, and both cyclic and acyclic oxilipins. Additionally, the review provides insights into the chemotaxonomy of these compounds, illuminating the fatty acid synthesis routes inherent in corals. Of particular interest is the symbiotic bond many coral species nurture with dinoflagellates from the Symbiodinium group; their lipid and fatty acid profiles are also detailed in this discourse. This exploration accentuates the vast potential and intricacy of coral lipids and underscores their profound relevance in scientific endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B. Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, 17 Palchevsky Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valery M. Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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Nong XH, Zheng ZH, Zhang XY, Lu XH, Qi SH. Polyketides from a marine-derived fungus Xylariaceae sp. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1718-27. [PMID: 23697953 PMCID: PMC3707170 DOI: 10.3390/md11051718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighteen polyketides (1-18) including six citrinin derivatives, two phenol derivatives, one cyclopentenone, two naphthol derivatives, and seven tetralone derivatives were isolated from the culture broth of a marine-derived fungal strain Xylariaceae sp. SCSGAF0086. Five of these compounds (1, 2, 8, 9, and 10) were new, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 4, 6, 7, and 17 showed enzyme-inhibitory activities towards several tested enzymes, and 6 and 7 showed strong antifouling activity against Bugula neritina larvae settlement. This is the first time that the antifouling and enzyme-inhibitory activities of these compounds has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hua Nong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.N.); (X.-Y.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zheng
- New Drug Research & Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 052260, China; E-Mails: (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.N.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Xin-Hua Lu
- New Drug Research & Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 052260, China; E-Mails: (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-H.L.)
| | - Shu-Hua Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.N.); (X.-Y.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-20-8902-2112; Fax: +86-20-8445-8964
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Cutignano A, Lamari N, d'ippolito G, Manzo E, Cimino G, Fontana A. LIPOXYGENASE PRODUCTS IN MARINE DIATOMS: A CONCISE ANALYTICAL METHOD TO EXPLORE THE FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL OF OXYLIPINS(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:233-243. [PMID: 27021855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are oxygenated derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that act as chemical mediators in many ecological and physiological processes in marine and freshwater diatoms. The occurrence and distribution of these molecules are relatively widespread within the lineage with considerable species-specific differences due to the variability of both the fatty acids recognized as substrates and the enzymatic transformations. The present review provides a general introduction to recent studies on diatom oxylipins and describes an analytical method for the detection and assessment of these elusive molecules in laboratory and field samples. This methodology is based on selective enrichment of the oxylipin fraction by solvent extraction, followed by parallel acquisition of full-scan UV and tandem mass spectra on reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC) peaks. The analytical procedure enables identification of potential genetic differences, enzymatic regulation, and ecophysiological conditions that result in different oxylipin signatures, thus providing an effective tool for probing the functional relevance of this class of lipids in plankton communities. Examples of oxylipin measurements in field samples are also provided as a demonstration of the analytical potential of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Cutignano
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Lamari
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana d'ippolito
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Cimino
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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Varvas K, Kurg R, Hansen K, Järving R, Järving I, Valmsen K, Lõhelaid H, Samel N. Direct evidence of the cyclooxygenase pathway of prostaglandin synthesis in arthropods: genetic and biochemical characterization of two crustacean cyclooxygenases. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:851-860. [PMID: 19854273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins, well-known lipid mediators in vertebrate animals, have also shown to play certain regulatory roles in insects and other arthropods acting on reproduction, immune system and ion transport. However, knowledge of their biosynthetic pathways in arthropods is lacking. In the present study, we report the cloning and expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) from amphipod crustaceans Gammarus spp and Caprella spp. The amphipod COX proteins contain key residues shown to be important for cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities. Differently from all other known cyclooxygenases the N-terminal signal sequence of amphipod enzymes is not cleaved during protein expression in mammalian cells. The C-terminus of amphipod COX is shorter than that of mammalian isoforms and lacks the KDEL(STEL)-type endoplasmic reticulum retention/retrieval signal. Despite that, amphipod COX proteins are N-glycosylated and locate similarly to the vertebrate COX on the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. Both amphipod COX mRNAs encode functional cyclooxygenases that catalyze the transformation of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Using bioinformatic analysis we identified a COX-like gene from the human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis genome that encodes a protein with about 30% sequence identity with human COX-1 and COX-2. Although the COX gene is known to be absent from genomes of Drosophila sp., Aedes aegypti, Bombyx mori, and other insects, our studies establish the existence of the COX gene in certain lineages within the insect world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Külliki Varvas
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Hanus LO, Goldshlag P, Dembitsky VM. Identification of cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut (Juglans regia L.) oil. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2008; 152:41-5. [PMID: 18795073 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2008.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Identification of cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut oil. METHOD GC/MS method was developed for the determination of eight cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut (Juglans regia) oil. RESULTS Monocyclopropane acids: methyl 9-cyclopropyl-nonanoate, 6,7-methylene-, 8,9-methylene-, 9,10-methylene-, 11,12-methylene octadecanoates, and dicyclic acid - methyl 9,10,12,13-dimethylene octadecanoate, tricyclic acid - methyl 9,10,12,13,15,16-trimethylene octadecanoate, and unsaturated - methyl 2-octylcyclopropene-1-octanoate were detected in walnut oil by GC-MS and their mass spectra studied. Four cyclic fatty acids were identified for the fist time in seed oils. CONCLUSIONS Eight cyclopropyl fatty acids were detected in the Mediterranean nuts for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumir Ondrej Hanus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Hashimoto N, Fujiwara S, Watanabe K, Iguchi K, Tsuzuki M. Localization of clavulons, prostanoids with antitumor activity, within the Okinawan soft coral Clavularia viridis (alcyonacea, clavulariidae): Preparation of a high-purity Symbiodinium faction using a protease and a detergent. Lipids 2003; 38:991-7. [PMID: 14584607 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the localization of clavulones (CV), prostanoids with antitumor activity, in the Okinawan soft coral Clavularia viridis, we developed a method for the isolation of Symbiodinium cells from the coral, i.e., treatment of a coral homogenate with a protease, pronase E, and a detergent, Nonidet P-40. The conditions for the treatment were optimized by monitoring the morphology microscopically and the amount of chlorophyll in the Symbiodinium fraction (SymF) optically. To evaluate the purity of SymF and a Symbiodinium-free coral fraction (CorF), we analyzed them for proteins and lipids using cultivated Symbiodinium as a reference. TLC of lipids revealed that SymF contained a greater amount of glycolipids, whereas CorF comprised mostly phospholipids. SDS-PAGE of proteins in SymF and CorF revealed their distinct profiles. Thus, we could obtain each fraction with high purity; we reached the conclusion that CV and arachidonic acid, their possible precursor, are localized exclusively in the insoluble fraction of host coral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Hashimoto
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Valmsen K, Järving I, Boeglin WE, Varvas K, Koljak R, Pehk T, Brash AR, Samel N. The origin of 15R-prostaglandins in the Caribbean coral Plexaura homomalla: molecular cloning and expression of a novel cyclooxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7700-5. [PMID: 11427702 PMCID: PMC35405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131022398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The highest concentrations of prostaglandins in nature are found in the Caribbean gorgonian Plexaura homomalla. Depending on its geographical location, this coral contains prostaglandins with typical mammalian stereochemistry (15S-hydroxy) or the unusual 15R-prostaglandins. Their metabolic origin has remained the subject of mechanistic speculations for three decades. Here, we report the structure of a type of cyclooxygenase (COX) that catalyzes transformation of arachidonic acid into 15R-prostaglandins. Using a homology-based reverse transcriptase--PCR strategy, we cloned a cDNA corresponding to a COX protein from the R variety of P. homomalla. The deduced peptide sequence shows 80% identity with the 15S-specific coral COX from the Arctic soft coral Gersemia fruticosa and approximately 50% identity to mammalian COX-1 and COX-2. The predicted tertiary structure shows high homology with mammalian COX isozymes having all of the characteristic structural units and the amino acid residues important in catalysis. Some structural differences are apparent around the peroxidase active site, in the membrane-binding domain, and in the pattern of glycosylation. When expressed in Sf9 cells, the P. homomalla enzyme forms a 15R-prostaglandin endoperoxide together with 11R-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 15R-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid as by-products. The endoperoxide gives rise to 15R-prostaglandins and 12R-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, identified by comparison to authentic standards. Evaluation of the structural differences of this 15R-COX isozyme should provide new insights into the substrate binding and stereospecificity of the dioxygenation reaction of arachidonic acid in the cyclooxygenase active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Valmsen
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry at Tallinn Technical University, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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Barloy-Da Silva C, Benkouider A, Pale P. Synthetic studies towards oxylipins: total synthesis of Constanolactones A and B. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Varvas K, Järving I, Koljak R, Valmsen K, Brash AR, Samel N. Evidence of a cyclooxygenase-related prostaglandin synthesis in coral. The allene oxide pathway is not involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:9923-9. [PMID: 10187766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.15.9923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain corals are rich natural sources of prostaglandins, the metabolic origin of which has remained undefined. By analogy with the lipoxygenase/allene oxide synthase pathway to jasmonic acid in plants, the presence of (8R)-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase in the coral Plexaura homomalla suggested a potential metabolic route to prostaglandins (Brash, A. R., Baertshi, S. W., Ingram, C.D., and Harris, T. M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15829-15839). Other evidence, from the Arctic coral Gersemia fruticosa, has indicated a cyclooxygenase intermediate in the biosynthesis (Varvas, K., Koljak, R., Järving, I., Pehk, T., and Samel, N. (1994) Tetrahedron Lett. 35, 8267-8270). In the present study, active preparations of G. fruticosa have been used to identify both types of arachidonic acid metabolism and specific inhibitors were used to establish the enzyme type involved in the prostaglandin biosynthesis. The synthesis of prostaglandins and (11R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was inhibited by mammalian cyclooxygenase inhibitors (indomethacin, aspirin, and tolfenamic acid), while the formation of the products of the 8-lipoxygenase/allene oxide pathway was not affected or was increased. The specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, nimesulide, did not inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in coral. We conclude that coral uses two parallel routes for the initial oxidation of polyenoic acids: the cyclooxygenase route, which leads to optically active prostaglandins, and the lipoxygenase/allene oxide synthase metabolism, the role of which remains to be established. An enzyme related to mammalian cyclooxygenases is the key to prostaglandin synthesis in coral. Based on our inhibitor data, the catalytic site of this evolutionary early cyclooxygenase appears to differ significantly from both known mammalian cyclooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Varvas
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Tallinn Technical University, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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Gill I, Valivety R. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Part 2: Biotransformations and biotechnological applications. Trends Biotechnol 1997; 15:470-8. [PMID: 9369030 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(97)01077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The realization of the important biomedical roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids has led to the development of methods for obtaining and manipulating polyunsaturated lipids. Enzyme-mediated reactions have demonstrated unique advantages over chemical approaches and commercial lipase- and phospholipase-catalysed processes have been developed to address the mid- to high-value polyunsaturated-lipid market. Research over the past two decades has also highlighted the broad spectrum of bioactive products derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The potential of these compounds in the flavour, fragrance, pharmaceutical and fine-chemical arenas has encouraged the elaboration of biotransformation strategies based on isolated enzymes and whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gill
- Biotechnology Department, Firmenich SA, Corporate Research, Geneve, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, UK.
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Howard RW, Stanley-Samuelson DW. Fatty acid composition of fat body and malpighian tubules of the tenebrionid beetle, Zophobas atratus: Significance in eicosanoid-mediated physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(96)00161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Grechkin AN. Clavulones and related tert-hydroxycyclopentenone fatty acids: occurrence, physiological activity and problem of biogenetic origin. JOURNAL OF LIPID MEDIATORS AND CELL SIGNALLING 1995; 11:205-18. [PMID: 7551677 DOI: 10.1016/0929-7855(94)00039-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present review is concerned with a group of prostanoids from soft corals, namely, clavulones and their congeners, as well as with related octadecanoids found in plants of the genus Chromolaena (Compositae). Known physiological properties of these prostaglandin-like fatty acids are discussed. Special attention is paid to published hypotheses on the biogenetic origin of clavulones and related fatty acids. According to a newly proposed biosynthetic route, acyclic alpha-ketols are metabolic precursors of cyclopentenolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Grechkin
- Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan
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De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. Aquatic invertebrates open up new perspectives in eicosanoid research: biosynthesis and bioactivity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1994; 51:215-29. [PMID: 7846088 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(94)90183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Leitz T, Beck H, Stephan M, Lehmann WD, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. Possible involvement of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids in metamorphic events in Hydractinia echinata (Coelenterata; Hydrozoa). THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1994; 269:422-31. [PMID: 8057074 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402690505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Upon induction of metamorphosis, larvae of the marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata release [14C]-arachidonic acid from previously labeled endogenous sources. The lipoxygenase inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid inhibited metamorphosis induced by Cs+ and 1,2-sn-dioctanoylglycerol, whereas the inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, indomethacin, and acetylsalicylic acid were ineffective, suggesting a role for lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid in induction of metamorphosis. Lipoxygenase products in Hydractinia echinata were isolated and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 8- and 12-HETE were the most abundant metabolites. In cytosolic fractions from larvae activity of an arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme, presumably a lipoxygenase, was found. The metabolic product was identified by 1H-NMR and chiral phase HPLC as 8(R)-HETE. Its production was strongly inhibited by NDGA, but not by indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Leitz
- Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
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