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Kurimoto A, Nasseri SA, Hunt C, Rooney M, Dvorak DJ, LeSage NE, Jansonius RP, Withers SG, Berlinguette CP. Bioelectrocatalysis with a palladium membrane reactor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1814. [PMID: 37002213 PMCID: PMC10066381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis is used to generate approximately 50,000 tons of value-added chemical products per year. Nearly a quarter of this production requires a stoichiometric cofactor such as NAD+/NADH. Given that NADH is expensive, it would be beneficial to regenerate it in a way that does not interfere with the enzymatic reaction. Water electrolysis could provide the proton and electron equivalent necessary to electrocatalytically convert NAD+ to NADH. However, this form of electrocatalytic NADH regeneration is challenged by the formation of inactive NAD2 dimers, the use of high overpotentials or mediators, and the long-term electrochemical instability of the enzyme during electrolysis. Here, we show a means of overcoming these challenges by using a bioelectrocatalytic palladium membrane reactor for electrochemical NADH regeneration from NAD+. This achievement is possible because the membrane reactor regenerates NADH through reaction of hydride with NAD+ in a compartment separated from the electrolysis compartment by a hydrogen-permselective Pd membrane. This separation of the enzymatic and electrolytic processes bypasses radical-induced NAD+ degradation and enables the operator to optimize conditions for the enzymatic reaction independent of the water electrolysis. This architecture, which mechanistic studies reveal utilizes hydride sourced from water, provides an opportunity for enzyme catalysis to be driven by clean electricity where the major waste product is oxygen gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Kurimoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Seyed A Nasseri
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Camden Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mike Rooney
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - David J Dvorak
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Natalie E LeSage
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ryan P Jansonius
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Curtis P Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6Y 1Z3, Canada.
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 661 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1M1, ON, Canada.
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2
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Nikolaev A, Safarian S, Thesseling A, Wohlwend D, Friedrich T, Michel H, Kusumoto T, Sakamoto J, Melin F, Hellwig P. Electrocatalytic evidence of the diversity of the oxygen reaction in the bacterial bd oxidase from different organisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148436. [PMID: 33940039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome bd oxidase is a bacterial terminal oxygen reductase that was suggested to enable adaptation to different environments and to confer resistance to stress conditions. An electrocatalytic study of the cyt bd oxidases from Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Geobacillus thermodenitrificans gives evidence for a different reactivity towards oxygen. An inversion of the redox potential values of the three hemes is found when comparing the enzymes from different bacteria. This inversion can be correlated with different protonated glutamic acids as evidenced by reaction induced FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of the microenvironment of the hemes on the reactivity towards oxygen is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Nikolaev
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg - CNRS 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasborg, France
| | - Schara Safarian
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Wohlwend
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Friedrich
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Michel
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomoichirou Kusumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junshi Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Frederic Melin
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg - CNRS 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasborg, France.
| | - Petra Hellwig
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg - CNRS 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasborg, France; USIAS, University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France.
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3
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Melin F, Hellwig P. Redox Properties of the Membrane Proteins from the Respiratory Chain. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10244-10297. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Melin
- Chimie de la Matière Complexe UMR 7140, Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Petra Hellwig
- Chimie de la Matière Complexe UMR 7140, Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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Ranieri A, Bortolotti CA, Di Rocco G, Battistuzzi G, Sola M, Borsari M. Electrocatalytic Properties of Immobilized Heme Proteins: Basic Principles and Applications. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ranieri
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Carlo Augusto Bortolotti
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Giulia Di Rocco
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemical and Geological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Marco Sola
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Marco Borsari
- Department of Chemical and Geological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
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Yates NDJ, Fascione MA, Parkin A. Methodologies for "Wiring" Redox Proteins/Enzymes to Electrode Surfaces. Chemistry 2018; 24:12164-12182. [PMID: 29637638 PMCID: PMC6120495 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of redox proteins or enzymes onto conductive surfaces has application in the analysis of biological processes, the fabrication of biosensors, and in the development of green technologies and biochemical synthetic approaches. This review evaluates the methods through which redox proteins can be attached to electrode surfaces in a "wired" configuration, that is, one that facilitates direct electron transfer. The feasibility of simple electroactive adsorption onto a range of electrode surfaces is illustrated, with a highlight on the recent advances that have been achieved in biotechnological device construction using carbon materials and metal oxides. The covalent crosslinking strategies commonly used for the modification and biofunctionalization of electrode surfaces are also evaluated. Recent innovations in harnessing chemical biology methods for electrically wiring redox biology to surfaces are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison Parkin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington RoadYorkYO10 5DDUK
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6
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PEREIRA ANDRESSAR, SEDENHO GRAZIELAC, SOUZA JOÃOCPDE, CRESPILHO FRANKN. Advances in enzyme bioelectrochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:825-857. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Analysis of factors governing direct electron transfer-type bioelectrocatalysis of bilirubin oxidase at modified electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Berry SM, Strange JN, Bladholm EL, Khatiwada B, Hedstrom CG, Sauer AM. Nitrite Reductase Activity in Engineered Azurin Variants. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4233-47. [PMID: 27055058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite reductase (NiR) activity was examined in a series of dicopper P.a. azurin variants in which a surface binding copper site was added through site-directed mutagenesis. Four variants were synthesized with copper binding motifs inspired by the catalytic type 2 copper binding sites found in the native noncoupled dinuclear copper enzymes nitrite reductase and peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase. The four azurin variants, denoted Az-NiR, Az-NiR3His, Az-PHM, and Az-PHM3His, maintained the azurin electron transfer copper center, with the second designed copper site located over 13 Å away and consisting of mutations Asn10His,Gln14Asp,Asn16His-azurin, Asn10His,Gln14His,Asn16His-azurin, Gln8Met,Gln14His,Asn16His-azurin, and Gln8His,Gln14His,Asn16His-azurin, respectively. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy, and electrochemistry of the sites demonstrate copper binding as well as interaction with small exogenous ligands. The nitrite reduction activity of the variants was determined, including the catalytic Michaelis-Menten parameters. The variants showed activity (0.34-0.59 min(-1)) that was slower than that of native NiRs but comparable to that of other model systems. There were small variations in activity of the four variants that correlated with the number of histidines in the added copper site. Catalysis was found to be reversible, with nitrite produced from NO. Reactions starting with reduced azurin variants demonstrated that electrons from both copper centers were used to reduce nitrite, although steady-state catalysis required the T2 copper center and did not require the T1 center. Finally, experiments separating rates of enzyme reduction from rates of reoxidation by nitrite demonstrated that the reaction with nitrite was rate limiting during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Jacob N Strange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Erika L Bladholm
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Balabhadra Khatiwada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Christine G Hedstrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Alexandra M Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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9
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Vatsyayan P. Recent Advances in the Study of Electrochemistry of Redox Proteins. TRENDS IN BIOELECTROANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/11663_2015_5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Sugimoto Y, Kitazumi Y, Shirai O, Yamamoto M, Kano K. Role of 2-mercaptoethanol in direct electron transfer-type bioelectrocatalysis of fructose dehydrogenase at Au electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Paulo TDF, de Sousa TP, de Abreu DS, Felício NH, Bernhardt PV, Lopes LGDF, Sousa EHS, Diógenes ICN. Electrochemistry, surface plasmon resonance, and quartz crystal microbalance: an associative study on cytochrome c adsorption on pyridine tail-group monolayers on gold. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8673-80. [PMID: 23819458 DOI: 10.1021/jp400694k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrochemistry techniques were used to study the electron-transfer (ET) reaction of cytochrome c (Cyt c) on gold surfaces modified with thionicotinamide, thioisonicotinamide, 4-mercaptopyridine, 5-(4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol, 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol, 4,4'-bipyridine, and 4,4'-dithiopyridine. The electrochemical results showed that the ET process is complex, being chiefly diffusional with steps depending on the orientation of the pyridine or phenyl tail group of the modifiers. The correlation between the electrochemical results and those acquired by SPR and QCM indicated the presence of an adlayer of Cyt c adsorbed on the thiolate SAMs. This adlayer, although being not electroactive, is essential to assess the ET reaction of Cyt c in solution. The results presented in this work are consistent with the statement (Feng, Z. Q.; Imabayashi, S.; Kakiuchi, T.; Niki, K. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 394, 149-154) that the ET reaction of Cyt c can be explained in terms of the through-bond tunneling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tércio de F Paulo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Cx. Postal 6021, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil 60455-970
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12
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Bak DW, Elliott SJ. Conserved hydrogen bonding networks of MitoNEET tune Fe-S cluster binding and structural stability. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4687-96. [PMID: 23758282 DOI: 10.1021/bi400540m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While its biological function remains unclear, the three-cysteine, one-histidine ligated human [2Fe-2S] cluster containing protein mitoNEET is of interest because of its interaction with the anti-diabetes drug pioglitazone. The mitoNEET [2Fe-2S] cluster demonstrates proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and marked cluster instability, which have both been linked to the single His ligand. Highly conserved hydrogen bonding networks, which include the His-87 ligand, exist around the [2Fe-2S] cluster. Through a series of site-directed mutations, PCET of the cluster has been examined, demonstrating that multiple sites of protonation exist in addition to the His ligand, which can influence redox potential. The mutations also demonstrate that while replacement of the His ligand with cysteine results in a stable cluster, the removal of Lys-55 also greatly stabilizes the cluster. We have also noted for the first time that the oxidation state of the cluster controls stability: the reduced cluster is stable, while the oxidized one is much more labile. Finally, it is shown that upon cluster loss the mitoNEET protein structure becomes less stable, while upon in vitro reconstitution, both the cluster and the secondary structure are recovered. Recently, two other proteins have been identified with a three-Cys(sulfur), one-His motif, IscR and Grx3/4-Fra2, both of which are sensors of iron and redox homeostatsis. These results lead to a model in which mitoNEET could sense the cellular oxidation state and proton concentration and respond through cluster loss and unfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bak
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Borgmann S, Schulte A, Neugebauer S, Schuhmann W. Amperometric Biosensors. ADVANCES IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527644117.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Monari S, Ranieri A, Bortolotti CA, Peressini S, Tavagnacco C, Borsari M. Unfolding of cytochrome c immobilized on self-assembled monolayers. An electrochemical study. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Faridnouri H, Ghourchian H, Hashemnia S. Direct electron transfer enhancement of covalently bound tyrosinase to glassy carbon via Woodward's reagent K. Bioelectrochemistry 2011; 82:1-9. [PMID: 21715233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the reaction mechanism for chemical modification of tyrosinase by Woodward's Reagent K and its covalent attachment to a glassy carbon electrode. The spectrophotometric studies revealed that the modification does not cause a significant structural change to tyrosinase. The direct electrochemistry of modified enzyme was achieved after immobilization on an oxidatively activated glassy carbon electrode. The enzyme film exhibited a pair of well-defined quasi-revesible voltammetric peaks corresponding to the Cu (II)/Cu (I) redox couple located in the active site of tyrosinase. The formal potential of immobilized enzyme was measured to be 90mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0. The charge-transfer coefficient and apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant were estimated to be 0.5 and 0.9±0.06s(-1), respectively. Finally, the electrochemical behavior of the immobilized enzyme in the presence of caffeic acid and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as substrates was investigated. The amperometric study of biosensor toward L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine resulted a linear response in the concentration range from 1.66×10(-6) to 8.5×10(-5)M with detection limit of 9.0×10(-5)M and sensitivity of 135mAμM(-1)cm(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Faridnouri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Iran.
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Gates AJ, Kemp GL, To CY, Mann J, Marritt SJ, Mayes AG, Richardson DJ, Butt JN. The relationship between redox enzyme activity and electrochemical potential—cellular and mechanistic implications from protein film electrochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:7720-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02887h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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The impact of urea-induced unfolding on the redox process of immobilised cytochrome c. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:1233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Prabhulkar S, Alwarappan S, Liu G, Li CZ. Amperometric micro-immunosensor for the detection of tumor biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:3524-30. [PMID: 19520564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a highly sensitive, reagentless, electrochemical strategy is reported for the detection of a cancer biomarker-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Disc shaped carbon fiber microelectrodes were used as the immunosensor platform. Ferrocene monocarboxylic acid labeled anti-VEGF was covalently immobilized on the microelectrode surface using a Jeffamine cross-linker. The formation of immunocomplexes leads to a decrease in the electrochemical signal of ferrocene monocarboxylic acid owing to increased spatial blocking of microelectrode surface. These signal changes enable quantitative detection of VEGF in solution. Voltammetric measurements were conducted to evaluate the interfacial immunoreactions and to quantitatively detect VEGF biomarker. The proposed immunosensing strategy allows a rapid and sensitive means of VEGF analysis with a limit of detection of about 38 pg/mL. This opens up the possibility of employing these electrodes for various single cell analysis and clinical applications. Further, experimental conditions such as concentration of the immobilized antibodies and incubation period were optimized. Following this, the stability and specificity of the immunosensors were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Prabhulkar
- Nanobioengineering/Bioelectronics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W. Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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Monari S, Ranieri A, Di Rocco G, van der Zwan G, Peressini S, Tavagnacco C, Millo D, Borsari M. Redox thermodynamics of cytochromes c subjected to urea induced unfolding. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-009-9804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Hashemnia S, Ghourchian H, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Faridnouri H. Direct electrochemistry of chemically modified catalase immobilized on an oxidatively activated glassy carbon electrode. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-008-9631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Protein electrodes with direct electrochemical communication. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 109:19-64. [PMID: 17928972 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry using direct electron transfer between an electrode and a protein or an enzyme has developed into a means for studying biological redox reactions and for bioanalytics, biosynthesis and bioenergetics. This review summarizes recent work on direct protein electrochemistry with special emphasis on our results in bioelectrocatalysis using isolated enzymes and enzyme-protein couples.
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Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the electron transfer reaction of bovine cytochrome c immobilized on 4-mercaptopyridine and 11-mercapto-1-undecanoic acid films. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-008-9493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Surface electric field manipulation of the adsorption kinetics and biocatalytic properties of cytochrome c on a 3D macroporous Au electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:333-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Synthesis, characterization, and SAMs electroactivity of ruthenium complexes with sulfur containing ligands. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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SERRS study of [Ru(CN)5(pyS)]4− SAM and cytochrome c: A suggestion toward the heterogeneous molecular recognition. J Solid State Electrochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-007-0366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bonanni B, Andolfi L, Bizzarri AR, Cannistraro S. Functional Metalloproteins Integrated with Conductive Substrates: Detecting Single Molecules and Sensing Individual Recognition Events. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:5062-75. [PMID: 17425359 DOI: 10.1021/jp070035m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been significant interest in the integration of biomaterials with electronic elements: combining biological functions of biomolecules with nanotechnology offers new perspectives for implementation of ultrasensitive hybrid nanodevices. In particular, great attention has been devoted to redox metalloproteins, since they possess unique characteristics, such as electron-transfer capability, possibility of gating redox activity, and nanometric size, which make them appealing for bioelectronics applications at the nanoscale. The reliable connection of redox proteins to electrodes, aimed at ensuring good electrical contact with the conducting substrate besides preserving protein functionality, is a fundamental step for designing a hybrid nanodevice and calls for a full characterization of the immobilized proteins, possibly at the single-molecule level. Here, we describe how a multitechnique approach, based on several scanning probe microscopy techniques, may provide a comprehensive characterization of different metalloproteins on metal electrodes, disclosing unique information not only about morphological properties of the adsorbed molecules but also about the effectiveness of electrical coupling with the conductive substrate, or even concerning the preserved biorecognition capability upon adsorption. We also show how the success of an immobilization strategy, which is of primary importance for optimal integration of metalloproteins with a metal electrode, can be promptly assessed by means of the proposed approach. Besides the characterization aspect, the complementary employment of the proposed techniques deserves major potentialities for ultrasensitive detection of adsorbed biomolecules. In particular, it is shown how sensing of single metalloproteins may be optimized by monitoring the most appropriate observable. Additionally, we suggest how the combination of several experimental techniques might offer increased versatility, real-time response, and wide applicability as a detection method, once a reproducible correlation among signals coming from different single-molecule techniques is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bonanni
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, CNISM, and CNR-INFM Facoltà di Scienze, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Wang G, Lu H, Hu N. Electrochemically and catalytically active layer-by-layer films of myoglobin with zirconia formed by vapor-surface sol–gel deposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guo W, Lu H, Hu N. Comparative bioelectrochemical study of two types of myoglobin layer-by-layer films with alumina: Vapor-surface sol–gel deposited Al2O3 films versus Al2O3 nanoparticle films. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lu H, Hu N. Comparative Permeation Study of Different Types of Myoglobin Layer-by-Layer Films and the Effect of Film Permeability on Their Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Runge AF, Mendes SB, Saavedra SS. Order Parameters and Orientation Distributions of Solution Adsorbed and Microcontact Printed Cytochrome c Protein Films on Glass and ITO. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:6732-9. [PMID: 16570979 DOI: 10.1021/jp056049e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure of solution adsorbed and microcontact printed (muCP) cytochrome c (cyt c) films on glass and indium tin oxide (ITO) was investigated using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopies to determine the orientation of the heme groups in the films. The second and fourth order parameters of the heme as well as information on the angle between the absorption and emission dipoles of the heme, gamma, were experimentally determined. The order parameters of the heme are related to the order parameters of the protein molecule using the known angle between the heme plane and the electrostatic dipole moment of the cyt c protein. The effect of the surface roughness of the substrates (glass and ITO) was also taken into account quantitatively using AFM data. Physically possible order parameters were obtained for the heme group in both solution adsorbed and muCP films, but not for the electrostatic dipole moment of the protein. In addition, the experimental values of {cos2 gamma} for immobilized zinc-substituted cyt c are greater than the values of {cos2 gamma} determined in viscous solutions, which could be an indication that the environment of the heme groups changes upon adsorption. The electron transfer behavior of solution adsorbed and muCP films on ITO, determined using electrochemical methods, is compared to their orientation distribution and surface coverage as determined by spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F Runge
- Department of Chemistry and College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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32
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Pinheiro SO, de Sousa JR, Santiago MO, Carvalho IM, Silva AL, Batista AA, Castellano EE, Ellena J, Moreira ÍS, Diógenes IC. Synthesis, characterization and structure of ruthenium(II) phosphine complexes with N-heterocyclic thiolate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Sosa AM, Ugalde-Saldı́var VM, González I, Gasque L. Electrochemical studies of a dinuclear copper complex with imidazole derivative ligand H3bphenim. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Mie Y, Mizutani F, Uno T, Yamada C, Nishiyama K, Taniguchi I. Direct electrochemistry of engineered cytochrome b562 molecules with a ligand binding pocket. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:1245-9. [PMID: 15833348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and reversible electron transfer reaction of cytochrome b562 was observed at an In2O3 electrode. The estimated heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0') was k0' > or = 5.0 x 10(-3) cm s(-1) at pH 6.5. When the methionine-7 (Met-7) residue, which coordinates to the heme iron as an axial ligand, of the wild-type cytochrome b562 was replaced by an Ala or Gly residue, a water molecule bound to the heme iron and the electron transfer rate constants decreased to 1.3 x 10(-3) and 1.8 x 10(-3) cm s(-1), respectively. This decrease in the electron transfer rate would be due to the larger reorganization energy for the structural change at the redox site. The midpoint potential of cytochrome b562 was shifted negatively by approximately 135 mV by replacing Met-7 with Ala or Gly. Similar dissociation kinetics of cyanide for the mutated molecules as compared to native myoglobin was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Mie
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-17-2-1, Tsukisamu-higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan.
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Shumyantseva VV, Bulko TV, Archakov AI. Electrochemical reduction of cytochrome P450 as an approach to the construction of biosensors and bioreactors. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:1051-63. [PMID: 15833328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present review an attempt was made to present an up-to-date amount of the data on electrochemical reduction of the hemoprotein cytochrome P450. The concept and potentialities of enzyme electrodes--transducers--as the main element for construction of electrochemical biosensors were discussed. Different types of electrodes for bioelectrochemistry were analysed. New nanotechnological approaches to cytochrome P450 immobilisation were reported. It was shown that nanobiotechnology in electrochemistry has potential application in manufacturing biosensors and bioreactors for clinical medicine and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Laboratory of Microsomal Oxidation, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Moscow 119121, Russia.
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Wollenberger U. Chapter 2 Third generation biosensors—integrating recognition and transduction in electrochemical sensors. BIOSENSORS AND MODERN BIOSPECIFIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)44002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Xu Y, Peng W, Liu X, Li G. A new film for the fabrication of an unmediated H2O2 biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 20:533-7. [PMID: 15494236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel and stable film made from polyethylene glycol (PEG) on pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrode was presented in this paper for incorporating horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to study the direct electrochemistry of the enzyme. In PEG film, HRP showed a thin-layer electrochemistry behavior. The apparent standard potential (E degrees ') was -0.379 V versus SCE at pH 7.2. Moreover, the PEG-HRP modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytical response to the reduction of H2O2 with a calibration range between 2.0 x 10(-6) and 6.0 x 10(-4) M and a good linear relation from 2.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-4) M, on which an unmediated H2O2 biosensor was based. The detection limit of 6.7 x 10(-7) M was estimated when the signal-to-noise ratio was 3. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 4.7% for six successive determinations at a concentration of 4.0 x 10(-5) M. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km app) of the sensor was found to be 1.38 mM. Epinephrine, dopamine, and ascorbic acid did not interfere with the sensitive determination of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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39
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Gerunda M, Bortolotti CA, Alessandrini A, Sola M, Battistuzzi G, Facci P. Grabbing yeast iso-1-cytochrome c by Cys102: an effective approach for the assembly of functionally active metalloprotein carpets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:8812-8816. [PMID: 15379511 DOI: 10.1021/la049004y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach for immobilizing iso-1-cytochrome c from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on oxygen exposing surfaces derivatized with SH-terminated silanes. The SH moieties from silanes have been brought to react with the partially buried Cys102, forming an intermolecular disulfide bond which anchored covalently cytochrome c to the surface. The presence of a single cysteine residue on the protein surface imparted a well-defined orientation to the molecular edifice. Molecular constructs obtained with native cytochrome c and with a cysteine-depleted mutant (C102T) have been investigated by means of scanning force microscopy under liquid, which was performed to assay the quality of the molecular carpet, showing that the native protein formed a robust monolayer at the surface, whereas only a negligible amount of physisorbed molecules were detected in the case of a mutant. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy was performed to confirm that immobilization takes place via the Cys102 residue. Linear sweep voltammetric measurements showed retention of the redox activity of the covalently immobilized cytochrome c, confirming the viability of the proposed immobilization method for obtaining monolayers of redox active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmo Gerunda
- INFM National Center of nanoStructures and bioSystems at Surfaces-S3, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/A, I-41100, Italy
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Wang Q, Lu G, Yang B. Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin immobilized on carbon paste electrode by silica sol–gel film. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 19:1269-75. [PMID: 15046759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2003.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct electrochemical and electrocatalytic behaviors of hemoglobin (Hb) immobilized on carbon paste electrode (CPE) by a silica sol-gel film derived from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) were investigated for the first time. Hb/sol-gel film modified electrodes showed a pair of well-defined and nearly reversible cyclic voltammetric peaks for Hb Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple at about -0.312 V (versus Ag/AgCl) in a pH 7.0 phosphate buffer. The formal potential of Hb heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple varied linearly with the increase of pH in the range of 5.0-10.0 with a slope of 49.44 mV pH(-1), which suggests that a proton transfer is accompanied with each electron transfer (ET) in the electrochemical reaction. The immobilized Hb displayed the features of peroxidase and gave excellent electrocatalytic performance to the reduction of O2, NO2(-) and H2O2. The calculated apparent Michaelis-Menten constant was 8.98 x 10(-4)M, which indicated that there was a large catalytic activity of Hb immobilized on CPE by sol-gel film toward H2O2. In comparison with other electrodes, the chemically modified electrodes, used in this direct electrochemical study of Hb, are easy to be fabricated and rather inexpensive. Consequently, the Hb/sol-gel film modified electrode provides a convenient approach to perform electrochemical research on this kind of proteins. It also has potential use in the fabrication of the third generation biosensors and bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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41
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A correlation study between the conformation of the 1,4-dithiane SAM on gold and its performance to assess the heterogeneous electron-transfer reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Liu X, Zhang W, Huang Y, Li G. Enhanced electron-transfer reactivity of horseradish peroxidase in phosphatidylcholine films and its catalysis to nitric oxide. J Biotechnol 2004; 108:145-52. [PMID: 15129723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) embedded in film of phosphatidylcholine (PC) is investigated at a pyrolytic graphite electrode by voltammetric methods. The electron-transfer reactivity between incorporated HRP and the electrode is found to be greatly enhanced by phosphatidylcholine film. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of this incorporated peroxidase shows a pair of well-defined and nearly reversible peaks, and the cathodic and anodic peak potentials are located at about -0.261 and -0.180 V, respectively versus saturated calomel electrode at pH 5.5. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra indicate that the heme microenvironment of HRP in phosphatidylcholine film is similar to that of its native status. It is also observed that HRP modified electrode is able to catalyze the electrochemical reduction of nitric oxide. Experimental results reveal that the peak current related to nitric oxide reduction is linearly proportional to its concentration in the ranges of 2.0 x 10(-7) -5.0 x 10(-6) mol (-1) and 2.0 x 10(-5) -1.0 x 10(-4) mol(-1), based on which an unmediated biosensor for nitric oxide is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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43
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Wang L, Wang E. Direct electron transfer between cytochrome c and a gold nanoparticles modified electrode. Electrochem commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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44
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Quartz crystal microbalance and voltammetry monitoring for layer-by-layer assembly of cytochrome c3 and poly(ester sulfonic acid) films on gold and silver electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(03)00347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Johnson D, Norman S, Tuckey RC, Martin LL. Electrochemical behaviour of human adrenodoxin on a pyrolytic graphite electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2003; 59:41-7. [PMID: 12699818 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(02)00188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adrenodoxin (Adx) functions as a redox protein in the delivery of electrons to all mitochondrial cytochromes P450. In order to further characterize the human form of this protein, direct electrochemistry of human adrenodoxin (Hadx) has been observed for the first time on a pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) modified with poly-L-lysine. A single well-defined redox wave was observed with a midpoint potential of -448+/-3 mV vs. Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl) at scan rates of 10 mV/s and over the pH range 4.0-8.0. At slow scan rates, the reduction process was close to being electrochemically reversible whereas, at faster scan rates, only quasi-reversibility was observed. A correlation was observed between the peak separation (DeltaE) for the cyclic voltammograms and pH over a wide range of scan rates. The variation of DeltaE with pH was at a minimum (optimum reversibility) at pH 7.0 for all scan rates tested. This correlation may suggest that the direct electrochemistry method could possibly provide a means for determining protein or enzyme activity. The electron transfer rate constant, k(s), was determined to be 0.28 s(-1) at pH 7.0 and a small pH dependence was observed. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the facile nature of direct electron transfer for human adrenodoxin, and provide an estimate of the midpoint reduction potential at a pyrolytic graphite electrode via electrostatic immobilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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46
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de Sousa JR, Batista AA, Diógenes ICN, Andrade GF, Temperini MLA, Lopes LGF, de Sousa Moreira Í. Characterization of a 1,4-dithiane gold self-assembled monolayer: an electrochemical sensor for the cyt-c redox process. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Nogueira Diógenes IC, Rodrigues de Sousa J, Moreira de Carvalho IM, Arruda Temperini ML, Tanaka AA, de Sousa Moreira Í. Self-assembled monolayers formed by [M(CN)5(pyS)]4−(M = Fe, Ru) on gold: a comparative study on stability and efficiency to assess the cyt c heterogeneous electron transfer reaction. Dalton Trans 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b211296e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Lojou É, Bianco P. Modified electrodes for probing the metal-reductase activity of metalloproteins: the reduction of iron(III) catalyzed by Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough cytochrome c3. Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Qian DJ, Nakamura C, Wenk SO, Ishikawa H, Zorin N, Miyake J. A hydrogen biosensor made of clay, poly(butylviologen), and hydrogenase sandwiched on a glass carbon electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2002; 17:789-96. [PMID: 12191927 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A hydrogen gas (H(2)) biosensor was developed in which hydrogenase (H(2)ase) was immobilized and sandwiched between two layers of a montmorillonite clay and poly(butylviologen) (PBV) mixture on a glass carbon electrode. The immobilized PBV efficiently enhanced the electron transfer among the electrode, H(2)ase, and methyl viologen in solution. Both PBV and methyl viologen acted as the electron carrier in the clay-PBV-H(2)ase modified electrode. The clay-PBV-H(2)ase electrode catalyzed the oxidation of H(2) to protons (H(+)) with the electrons being transferred by viologen groups to the electrode. The activation energy of this process was 38+/-2 kJ/mol at pH 7. The catalytic current of the clay-PBV-H(2)ase electrode increased linearly when exposed to increasing concentrations of H(2) gas. In contrast, this electrode showed no activity when exposed to three combustible compounds, namely, carbon monoxide, methane and methanol. The optimum pH range for the oxidation of H(2) by the clay-PBV-H(2)ase electrode was from 7 to 10. Electron transfer process in the clay-PBV-H(2)ase electrode is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Qian
- Tissue Engineering Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, 305-8562, Japan.
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50
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Lojou É, Pieulle L, Guerlesquin F, Bianco P. From the protein–polypeptide model system to the interaction between physiological partners using electrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)00743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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