Influence of the process parameters on the morphology and enzyme production of Aspergilli

The phenomenon of strain degeneration in biotechnologically relevant fungi

Fungi are widely exploited for large-scale production in the biotechnological industry to produce a diverse range of substances due to their versatility and relative ease of growing on various substrates. The occurrence of a phenomenon-the so-called fungal strain degeneration-leads to the spontaneous loss or decline of production capacity and results in an economic loss on a tremendous scale. Some of the most commonly applied genera of fungi in the biotechnical industry, such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma, and Penicillium, are threatened by this phenomenon. Although fungal degeneration has been known for almost a century, the phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms still need to be understood. The proposed mechanisms causing fungi to degenerate can be of genetic or epigenetic origin. Other factors, such as culture conditions, stress, or aging, were also reported to have an influence. This mini-review addresses the topic of fungal degeneration by describing examples of productivity losses in biotechnical processes using Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Further, potential reasons, circumvention, and prevention methods are discussed. This is the first mini-review which provides a comprehensive overview on this phenomenon in biotechnologically used fungi, and it also includes a collection of strategies that can be useful to minimize economic losses which can arise from strain degeneration. KEY POINTS: • Spontaneous loss of productivity is evident in many fungi used in biotechnology. • The properties and mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are very versatile. • Only studying these underlying mechanisms enables the design of a tailored solution.

Comprehension of viscous morphology--evaluation of fractal and conventional parameters for rheological characterization of Aspergillus niger culture broth

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is a widely used host in industrial processes from food, chemical to pharmaceutical industry. The most prominent feature of this filamentous microorganism in submerged cultivation is its complex morphology which comprises dense spherical pellets as well as viscous elongated filaments. Depending on culture conditions, the exhibited morphology has tremendous effect on the overall process, making a precise understanding of fungal growth and morphology indispensable. Morphology, however, is only industrially relevant as long as it can be linked to important cultivation characteristics of filamentous microorganisms such as culture broth flow behavior. In the present study, different conventional and fractal morphological parameters gained from automatic image analysis were tested for their eligibility to predict culture broth rheology from morphologic appearance. The introduced biomass independent rheological parameters K(BDW) and n(BDW) obtained by power law relationship were successfully estimated from morphology related fractal and conventional parameters. For improved characterization of morphologic appearance of filamentous fungi newly introduced fractal quotient and lacunarity were compared to conventional particle shape parameters in form of the earlier established Morphology number (MN).

A review of advanced small-scale parallel bioreactor technology for accelerated process development: current state and future need

The pharmaceutical and biotech industries face continued pressure to reduce development costs and accelerate process development. This challenge occurs alongside the need for increased upstream experimentation to support quality by design initiatives and the pursuit of predictive models from systems biology. A small scale system enabling multiple reactions in parallel (n ≥ 20), with automated sampling and integrated to purification, would provide significant improvement (four to fivefold) to development timelines. State of the art attempts to pursue high throughput process development include shake flasks, microfluidic reactors, microtiter plates and small-scale stirred reactors. The limitations of these systems are compared to desired criteria to mimic large scale commercial processes. The comparison shows that significant technological improvement is still required to provide automated solutions that can speed upstream process development.

Physiological investigations by image analysis

Modern quantitative image analysis has been extensively used to characterize the morphology of microorganisms, especially those of the filamentous type. More recently physiological features have been quantified, making use of classical stains as well as fluorescent dyes. The potential of the technique is illustrated by a detailed analysis of the differentiation of Streptomyces ambofaciens. Three different staining procedures have been used to monitor the thinning and septation of hyphae (with propidium iodide staining), the leakage of cellular components through the membrane (with carbol gentian violet staining) and the respiration (with INT staining) in a batch submerged culture.