Repeat pouch surgery by the abdominal approach safely salvages failed ileal pelvic pouch

Long Rectal Cuff and Remnant Mesorectum Are Major Preventable Causes of Ileal Pouch Failure

BACKGROUND

Long rectal cuff (>2 cm) and remnant mesorectum are known causes of pouch dysfunction because of obstructive defecation as well as pelvic sepsis after prolonged obstruction.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to report the rates and management of patients who underwent redo IPAA because of pouch failure associated with a retained mesorectum and long rectal cuff.

DESIGN

This is a retrospective study.

SETTINGS

The investigation is based on data from a quaternary IBD center.

PATIENTS

Patients undergoing redo IPAA surgery with a long rectal cuff and/or remnant mesorectum between September 2016 and September 2023 were included in the study.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The main outcomes were functioning pouch rate and functional results.

RESULTS

Of the 245 patients who underwent redo IPAA surgery, 98 patients (40%) had long rectal cuff and/or remnant mesorectum. Redo IPAA in this patient group was successful (92%) at a median follow-up of 28 (18-52) months.

LIMITATIONS

The retrospective nature of the study and inclusion of a single specialized center.

CONCLUSIONS

Long rectal cuff and remnant mesorectum are major causes of pouch failure, which can be successfully managed with redo IPAA surgery. Nearly half of pouch failure patients who had successful redo IPAA surgery initially received unnecessary biologic therapy before coming to our center. See Video Abstract .

MUON RECTAL LARGO Y MESORRECTO REMANENTE SON LAS PRINCIPALES CAUSAS PREVENIBLES DE DISFUNCIN DE LA BOLSA ILEAL

ANTECEDENTES:El muñon rectal largo (>2 cm) y el mesorrecto remanente son causas conocidas de disfunción de la bolsa debido a defecación obstructiva, así como de sepsis pélvica tras obstrucción prolongada.OBJETIVO:El objetivo de este estudio es informar las tasas y el tratamiento de los pacientes que se sometieron a una nueva anastomosis anal con bolsa ileal debido al fracaso de la bolsa asociado a mesorrecto remanente y el muñon rectal largo.DISEÑO:Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo.LUGAR:La investigación se basa en un centro cuaternario de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.PACIENTES:Se incluyeron en el estudio los pacientes sometidos a una nueva cirugía de anastomosis anal con bolsa ileal y que tenían muñon rectal largo y/o mesorrecto remanente entre septiembre de 2016 y septiembre de 2023.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACIÓN:Los principales resultados fueron la tasa de funcionamiento de la bolsa y los resultados funcionales.RESULTADOS:De los 245 pacientes que se sometieron a una nueva cirugía de anastomosis anal con bolsa ileal, 98 (40%) pacientes tenían un muñon rectal largo y/o mesorrecto remanente. La repetición de la anastomosis anal con bolsa ileal en este grupo de pacientes fue exitosa (92%) en una mediana de seguimiento de 28 (18-52) meses.LIMITACIONES:La naturaleza retrospectiva del estudio y la experiencia de un solo centro especializado.CONCLUSIONES:El muñon rectal largo y el mesorrecto remanente son las principales causas de fracaso de la bolsa, que pueden tratarse con éxito mediante una nueva cirugía de anastomosis anal con bolsa ileal. Casi la mitad de los pacientes con fracaso de la bolsa que se sometieron con éxito a una nueva cirugía de anastomosis anal con bolsa ileal recibieron inicialmente un tratamiento biológico innecesario antes de acudir a nuestro centro. (Traducción-Ingrid Melo ).

Treatment effect of ex vivo expanded allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of fistulizing Crohn's disease are durable at 12 months

BACKGROUND

Mesenchymal stem cells have been administered via direct injection to treat perianal Crohn's fistulizing disease. We herein sought to determine the safety and durability of treatment response to 12 months with 3 individual phase IB/IIA clinical trials of mesenchymal stem cells for refractory perianal, rectovaginal, and ileal pouch fistulas in the setting of Crohn disease.

METHODS

Three phase IB/IIA randomized placebo-controlled single-blinded clinical trials were performed for (1) perianal fistulas, (2) rectovaginal fistula, and (3) ileal pouch in situ with anovaginal and/or perianal fistulas. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (75 million in 7.5 mL) were injected at the time of exam under anesthesia on day 0 and month 3. Outcome measures were adverse events and combined clinical and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging healing at month 6 and month 12.

RESULTS

Across all 3 trials, 64 patients were enrolled; 49 were treatment and 15 were control. At 6 months, combined clinical and radiographic healing was achieved in 83.3%, 33.3%, and 30.8% of the perianal, rectovaginal, and pouch fistula treatment cohorts, respectively. At 12 months, the treatment response was durable, with 67.7% of perianal, 37.5% of rectovaginal, and 46.2% of peripouch fistulas maintaining complete clinical and radiographic healing. Two patients in the perianal fistula control cohort achieved combined clinical and radiographic healing at 12 months, whereas 0% of rectovaginal and pouch control patients healed.

CONCLUSION

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells offer a safe and effective alternative treatment approach for severe perianal, rectovaginal, and peripouch fistulizing Crohn's disease. Treatment results are durable at 12 months.

Classification of surgical causes of and approaches to the chronically failing ileoanal pouch

BACKGROUND

Although there are various surgical causes of and therapeutic approaches to the chronically failing ileoanal pouch (PF), cases are often detailed without distinguishing the exact cause and corresponding treatment. The aim of our study was to classify causes of PF and corresponding surgical treatment options, and to establish efficacy of surgical approach per cause.

METHODS

This retrospective study included all consecutive adult patients with chronic PF surgically treated at our tertiary hospital between July 2014 and March 2021. Patients were classified according to a proposed sub-classification for surgical related chronic PF. Results were reported accordingly.

RESULTS

A total of 59 procedures were completed in 50 patients (64% male, median age 45 years [IQR 34.5-54.3]) for chronic PF. Most patients had refractory ulcerative colitis as indication for their restorative proctocolectomy (68%). All patients could be categorized according to the sub-classification. Reasons for chronic PF were septic complications (n = 25), pouch body complications (n = 12), outlet problems (n = 11), cuff problems (n = 8), retained rectum (n = 2), and inlet problems (n = 1). For these indications, 17 pouches were excised, 10 pouch reconstructions were performed, and 32 pouch revision procedures were performed. The various procedures had different complication rates. Technical success rates of redo surgery for the different causes varied from 0 to 100%, with a 75% success rate for septic causes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our sub-classification for chronic PF and corresponding treatments is suitable for all included patients. Outcomes varied between causes and subsequent management. Chronic PF was predominantly caused by septic complications with redo surgery achieving a 75% technical success rate.

A Phase IB/IIA study of allogeneic bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of refractory ileal anal anastomosis and peripouch fistulas in the setting of Crohn's disease of the pouch

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used for the treatment of perianal Crohn's fistulizing disease by direction injection. No studies to date have included patients with an ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) in situ.

METHODS

A phase IB/IIA randomized control trial of bone marrow derived allogeneic MSCs via direct injection to treat adult patients with a peripouch fistula(s) was conducted. 75 million MSCs were administered with a 22G needle; repeat injection at 3 months was given if complete clinical and radiographic healing were not achieved. Adverse and serious adverse events at post procedure day 1, week 2, week 6, month 3, month 6 and month 12 were assessed. Clinical healing, radiographic healing per pelvic MRI, and patient reported outcomes were assessed at the same time points.

RESULTS

A total of 22 patients were enrolled and treated; 16 were treatment and 6 were control. There were no adverse or serious adverse events related to MSC therapy. At six months, 31% of the treatment group and 20% of the control had complete clinical and radiographic healing. When stratifying the treatment group into perianal (n=7) and anovaginal (n=8) fistulas, 6 month healing in the treatment groups was 57% and 0%, respectively. The perianal Crohn's disease activity index (PCDAI), Wexner incontinence score, and VanAssche score all significantly decreased in treatment patients at six months; only the PCDAI decreased in the control group.

CONCLUSION

Bone marrow derived allogeneic MSCs offer a safe and effective alternative treatment approach for peripouch fistulas in the setting of a Crohn's like phenotype of the pouch.

The Evolution of Pelvic Pouch Surgery: Optimal Pouch Design for an Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis

The history of pouch surgery is rooted in surgical innovation to improve quality of life in patients requiring surgical extirpation of the colon and rectum. From the early straight ileoanal anastomosis to the continent ileostomy to the modern ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA), techniques have evolved in response to pitfalls in design. Optimal IPAA design and construction have changed in response to functional outcomes. Nowadays, restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA is the optimal treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis. The J-pouch with stapled anastomosis has become the preferred procedure. Historical configurations and technical pearls, as described in this article, should be considered by surgeons who regularly care for patients requiring ileal pouch surgery.

Pouch Function Over Time and With Advancing Age

BACKGROUND

No long-term pouch studies have included follow-up >30 years or an analysis in patients >80 years old.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate pouch function and pouch failure in patients with a pouch in situ >30 years and in patients >80 years old.

DESIGN

This is a retrospective review.

SETTING

This study was conducted at an IBD referral center.

PATIENTS

Adult patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent an IPAA between 1983 and 1990 were selected.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcomes measured were pouch function and pouch failure rates.

METHODS

Data collection included diagnosis, age at IPAA, indication for IPAA, medications at IPAA, pathology at the time of IPAA, postoperative morbidity, functional outcomes, quality of life, pouch excision or ileostomy and indication, and date of last follow-up. All living patients were contacted in April 2020 to retrieve functional data and pouch failure rates.

RESULTS

A total of 566 patients had a pouch constructed between 1983 and 1990; of the 145 at most recent contact, 75 had their pouch in situ ≥30 years and 14 were ≥80 years old. Mean age at diagnosis was 25.8 years (10.6 SD), age at surgery was 34.7 years (11.3 SD), and age at last follow-up was 60.5 years (13.2 SD). At a median of 30 years (IQR, 21-32), 145 patients responded to the functional survey. Significantly increased rates of urgency (always, mostly, sometimes: 71.5% vs 23.5%) and seepage during the day (71.4% vs 22.4%) were observed in patients ≥80 years. In patients ≥80 years with a pouch in situ ≥30 years, urgency and incontinence were sometimes experienced by nearly 50% and pouch failure occurred in one third of patients. The overall rate of pouch failure was 19.4% (n = 110) at a median follow-up of 15 years; risk factors were female sex, 3-stage approach, and pelvic sepsis.

LIMITATIONS

A retrospective database was used.

CONCLUSION

Patients with IPAA maintain good pouch function even after 30 years and in patients over the age of 80 years. Pouch function declines with time and failure rates increase over time. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B684.Función De La Bolsa Ileal En El Tiempo Y En Pacientes De Edad Avanzada.

ANTECEDENTES

No se han efectuado estudios en pacientes con bolsa a largo plazo que incluyan un seguimiento por treinta años o más y en pacientes mayores de 80 años.

OBJETIVO

Investigar la funcionalidad o la falla de la bolsa en pacientes bolsa in situ por mas de treinta años y en pacientes mayors de 80 años.

DISEO

Revisión retrospective.

ESCENARIO

Centro de referencia de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal.

PACIENTES

Pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de colitis ulcerative sometidos a anastomosis bolsa ileal anal (IPAA) entre 1983 y 1990.

PRINCIPALES PARAMETROS DE RESULTADOS

Indices de efectividad y disfunción de la bolsa ileal.

METODOS

Recopilación de la información incluyendo diagnóstico, edad del procedimiento (IPAA), indicaciones para IPAA, medicamentos para IPAA, patología en el transcurso del IPAA, morbilidad postoperatoria, resultados funcionales, calidad de vida, excisión de la bolsa o ileostomía y su indicación y fecha de seguimiento mas reciente. Se contactaron a todos los pacientes vivos en abril de 202 para recuperar la información de los índices de funcionalidad o disfunción de la bolsa.

RESULTADOS

Se les construyó una bolsa a un total de 566 pacientes entre 1983 y 1990; de los 145 mas recientemente contactados, 75 permanecían con su bolsa in situ ≥ 30 años y 14 eran mayores de 80 años. La edad media en el momento de diagnóstico fue de 25.8 años (con desviación estándar de 10.6, sd), edad al momento de la cirugía fue de 34.7 años (11.3sd), y la edad en el último seguimiento de 60.5 años (13.2,sd). A una media de 30 años (IQR: 21,32), 145 pacientes respondieron al cuestionario de funcionalidad. En pacientes mayores de 80 años se observaron tasas aumentadas de urgencia (siempre, la mayor parte de las veces, algunas veces: 71.5% vs 23.5%) y fuga durante el día (71.4% versus 22.4%). En pacientes mayores de 80 años con una bolsa in situ durante 30 años o más, experimentaron urgencia e incontinencia en cerca del 50% y disfunción de la bolsa en un tercio de los pacientes. La tasa global de fallo de la bolsa fue de 19.4% (n = 110) en un seguimiento a 15 años; los factores de riesgo asociados fueron: sexo femenino, abordaje de tres tiempos y sepsis pélvica.

LIMITACIONES

Información retrospective.

CONCLUSIONES

Los pacientes con IPAA continúan con una función adecuada de la bolsa aún después de 30 años de efectuada así como en pacientes mayores de 80 años. La funcionalidad de la bolsa disminuye con el tiempo y las tasa de falla aumentan de igual forma con el tiempo. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B684. (Traducción- Dr. Miguel Esquivel-Herrera).

Staging Pouch Surgery in Ulcerative Colitis in the Biological Era

Restorative proctocolectomy, or ileal pouch anal anastomosis, is considered the standard treatment for intractable ulcerative colitis. When the pelvic pouch was first introduced in 1978, a two-stage procedure with proctocolectomy, construction of the pelvic pouch, and a diverting loop with subsequent closure were suggested. Over the decades that the pelvic pouch has been around, some principal technical issues have been addressed to improve the method. In more recent days the laparoscopic approach has been additionally introduced. During the same time-period the medical arsenal has developed far more with the increasing use of immune modulators and the introduction of biologicals. Staging of restorative proctocolectomy with a pelvic pouch refers to how many sessions, or stages, the procedure should be divided into. The main goal with restorative proctocolectomy is a safe operation with optimal short- and long-term function. In this paper we aim to review the present knowledge and views on staging of the pouch procedure in ulcerative colitis, especially with consideration to the treatment with biologicals.

Indications, functional and quality of life outcomes of new pouch creation during re-do ileal pouch anal anastomosis: A comparative study with existing pouch salvage

BACKGROUND

Salvage of the existing ileal pouch is favored during re-do ileal pouch anal anastomosis if the pouch is not damaged after pelvic dissection and there are no other mechanical reasons that may necessitate construction of a new pouch. Excision of the existing pouch may be associated with some concerns for short-bowel syndrome and poor functional outcomes. This study aimed to report indications and compare functional and quality of life outcomes of new pouch creation versus salvage of the existing pouch during re-do ileal pouch anal anastomosis.

METHODS

Patients who underwent re-do ileal pouch anal anastomosis between September 2016 and June 2020 were included. The reasons for pouch excision and new pouch creation were reported. Perioperative, functional outcomes and quality of life were compared between patients who had creation of a new pouch versus salvage of existing pouch.

RESULTS

A total of 105 patients with re-do ileal pouch anal anastomosis (new pouch, n = 63) were included. Most common indications for a new pouch creation were chronic pelvic infection that compromised the integrity and viability of the existing pouch (n = 32) and small pouch (n = 21). No patient developed short-bowel syndrome. The number of bowel movements, daily restrictions and Cleveland Global Quality of Life score scores were similar between 2 groups. Day-time seepage, day-time and night-time pad usage were more common after new pouch creation. Two-year pouch survival rates were comparable (new pouch: 92% versus existing pouch: 85%, P = .31).

CONCLUSION

New pouch creation can be safely performed at the time of re-do ileal pouch anal anastomosis. It provides acceptable functional and quality of life outcomes if existing pouch salvage is not feasible.

Closure of leak at the tip of the “J” after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis using a novel over-the-scope clipping system

Objective leaks from the body or the tip of the J-pouch can occur after restorative proctocolecotmy. Although it may follow an indolent clinical course, it often requires surgical repair or pouch revision. Here we describe a novel endoscopic approach to close the leak at the tip of the J pouch.

Design pouchoscopy was performed under sedation and endoscopic over-the-scope clipping system was used for the management of a leak from the tip of a J-pouch.

Results under sedation, a pouchoscopy was performed and the deep tip of “J” leak was detected with a guidewire, along with water-contrasted pouchogram. The contained cavity from the leak was cleaned with hydrogen peroxide and 50% dextrose. Debridement of the epithelialized mouth of the leak was performed with an endoscopic cytology brush. Then endoscopic over-the-scope clipping system was used and the leak defect was completely closed. There was no bleeding or perforation. The entire procedure took 25 min. The patient continued to do well and reported resolution of the low back pain symptom.

Conclusion we reported the first case in the literature that a leak from the tip of a J-pouch was endoscopically occluded using a novel over-the-scope clipping system.

Transabdominal Pouch Salvage for Failed Minimally Invasive Versus Open IPAA: A Case-Matched Study

BACKGROUND

Modality of index IPAA creation may affect the results after redo IPAA surgery for IPAA failure. To our knowledge, there is no study evaluating the effects of modality of index IPAA creation on redo IPAA outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to compare short- and long-term outcomes of transabdominal redo IPAA surgery for failed minimally invasive IPAA and open IPAA.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS

This investigation was based on a single-surgeon experience on redo IPAA.

PATIENTS

Patients undergoing transabdominal redo IPAA for a failed minimally invasive IPAA and open IPAA between September 2007 and September 2017 were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Short-term complications and long-term outcomes were compared between 2 groups.

RESULTS

A total of 42 patients with failed index minimally invasive IPAA were case matched with 42 failed index open IPAA counterparts. The interval between index IPAA and redo IPAA operations was shorter in patients who had minimally invasive IPAA (median, 28.5 vs 56.0 mo; p = 0.03). A long rectal stump (>2 cm) was more common after minimally invasive IPAA (26% vs 10%; p = 0.046). Redo IPAAs were constructed more commonly with staplers in the laparoscopy group compared with open counterparts (26% vs 10%; p = 0.046), and other intraoperative details were comparable. Although short-term morbidity was similar between 2 groups, abscess formation (7% vs 24%; p = 0.035) was more frequent in patients who had index IPAA with open technique. Functional outcomes were comparable. Redo IPAA survival for failed minimally invasive IPAA and open IPAA was comparable.

LIMITATIONS

This study was limited by its retrospective, nonrandomized nature and relatively low patient number.

CONCLUSIONS

A long rectal cuff after minimally invasive IPAA is a potential and preventable risk factor for failure. Due to its technical and patient-related complexity, handsewn anastomoses in redo IPAA are associated with increased risk of abscess formation. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B252. RESCATE DEL RESERVORIO ILEO-ANAL POR VIA TRANSABDOMINAL EN CASOS DE FUGA ANASTOMÓTICA ENTRE ABORDAGE MINIMAMENTE INVASIVO Y ABORDAJE ABIERTO: ESTUDIO DE EMPAREJAMIENTO DE MUESTRAS Y CASOS: La creación de modalidades e índices de Reservorios Ileo-Anales (RIA) pueden afectar los resultados después de rehacer la cirugía de RIAs por fallas en el reservorio. Hasta donde sabemos, no hay ningún estudio que evalúe los efectos de la modalidad de creación de índices RIA en los resultados para el rescate del reservorio.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar los resultados a corto y largo plazo de la cirugía transabdominal redo RIA en casos de fracaso por via mínimamente invasiva (MI-RIA) o por la vía abierta (A-RIA).Estudio de cohortes tipo retrospectivo.Investigación basada en la experiencia de un solo cirujano en redo del Reservorio Ileo-Anal.Se incluyeron aquellos pacientes sometidos a re-operación transabdominal y re-confección de un RIA por fallas en el MI-RIA y en el A-RIA durante un lapso de tiempo entre septiembre 2007 y septiembre 2017.Las complicaciones a corto plazo y los resultados a largo plazo se compararon entre los dos grupos.Un total de 42 pacientes con índice fallido de MI-RIA fueron emparejados con 42 homólogos con índice fallido de A-RIA. El intervalo entre las operaciones de RIA y redo RIA fué más corto en pacientes que tenían MI-RIA (mediana, 28,5 meses frente a 56 meses, p = 0,03). Un muñón rectal largo (> 2 cm) fue más común después de MI-RIA (26% vs 10%, p = 0.046). Redo RIAs se construyeron más comúnmente con engrampadoras en el grupo Minimalmente Invasivo en comparación con la contraparte abiertas (26% vs 10%, p = 0.046). Aunque la morbilidad a corto plazo fue similar entre los dos grupos, la aparición de abscesos (7% frente a 24%, p = 0.035) fue más frecuente en pacientes que tenían RIA con técnica abierta. Los resultados funcionales fueron comparables. La sobrevida de las redo RIAs para MI-RIA y A-RIA fallidas, también fué comparable.Este estudio estuvo limitado por su naturaleza retrospectiva, no aleatoria y el número relativamente bajo de pacientes.Un muñon rectal largo después de MI-RIA es un factor de riesgo potencial y previsible para el fracaso. Debido a su complejidad técnica y relacionada con el paciente, las anastomosis suturadas a mano en redo RIA están asociadas con un mayor riesgo de formación de abscesos. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B252.

Inflammation of the Ileal Anal Pouch: Do Biologics Really Change the Trajectory?

Inflammatory conditions of the ileal pouch are relatively common after ileal pouch anal anastomoses. Although biologics can induce mucosal healing and may have decreased rates of colectomy for medically refractory ulcerative colitis in recent years, they have not decreased rates of pouch failure due to inflammatory conditions of the pouch.

Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Era of Biologics

INTRODUCTION

The advent of monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease has greatly changed the multidisciplinary management of these patients, including surgical approaches. As an increasing number of inflammatory bowel disease patients are being medically managed with monoclonal antibody therapy or combination therapy with immunomodulators, more patients are coming to the operating room having been exposed to these medical therapies.

METHODS

A search of the relevant literature regarding monoclonal antibody therapy and postoperative outcomes was performed.

RESULTS

Significant controversy remains regarding the association between monoclonal antibodies and postoperative outcomes. Different classes of monoclonal antibodies may have different impacts on infectious complications. Operations for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis alter how we think about a change in care in the era of monoclonal antibodies.

CONCLUSION

In Crohn's disease, intestinal diversion may be considered in patient and disease specific scenarios and in ulcerative colitis, the use of a 3-stage approach to an ileal pouch is now more often used.

Re-operation surgery following IPAA: is there a role for laparoscopy?

BACKGROUND

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal J pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the standard of care for mucosal ulcerative colitis and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Some patients require re-operation, including pouch revision, advancement, or excision. Re-operative procedures are technically demanding and usually performed only by experienced colorectal surgeons in a small number of referral centers. There is a paucity of data regarding feasibility, safety, and outcomes of laparoscopic re-operative IPAA surgery. This study aimed to determine the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic approach for re-operative IPAA, trans-abdominal surgery.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of IRB-approved prospective database for patients who underwent trans-abdominal re-operative IPAA from 2011 to 2018. Patient demographics and operative reports were reviewed to classify type of re-operation into pouch excision, revision, or advancement and further classify as laparoscopic, laparoscopic converted to open, or open surgery. Main outcome measures were post-operative morbidity and mortality.

RESULTS

Seventy-six patients met the inclusion criteria: 19 underwent attempted laparoscopic re-operative IPAA surgery, 12 of whom underwent successful laparoscopic surgery while 7 were converted to laparotomy, for an overall laparoscopic intent to treat 63% success rate. The remaining operations (n = 57) were performed through midline laparotomy. Length of stay (LOS) for patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery was significantly shorter (5.5 vs 9.7 days, p < 0.001) as were abdominal superficial surgical site infections (SSI) (0% vs 18%, p < 0.001) and deep SSI (0% vs 17%, p < 0.001). Laparotomy was performed by 6 colorectal surgeons at our institution while laparoscopy was successfully performed only by the senior author. There was no significant difference in overall complications, re-admission, re-operation, or mortality.

CONCLUSION

Re-operative, trans-abdominal, laparoscopic IPAA is both feasible and safe and has clear benefits compared to laparotomy in terms of LOS and superficial and deep SSI. However, this approach needs to be undertaken only by very experienced, high-volume laparoscopic IPAA surgeons.

Inflammatory bowel disease position statement of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR): ulcerative colitis

The Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR) promoted the project reported here, which consists of a Position Statement of Italian colorectal surgeons to address the surgical aspects of ulcerative colitis management. Members of the society were invited to express their opinions on several items proposed by the writing committee, based on evidence available in the literature. The results are presented, focusing on relevant points. The present paper is not an alternative to available guidelines; rather, it offers a snapshot of the attitudes of SICCR surgeons about the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. The committee was able to identify some points of major disagreement and suggested strategies to improve the quality of available data and acceptance of guidelines.

Recommendations of the Spanish Working Group on Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) on pouchitis in ulcerative colitis. Part 1: Epidemiology, diagnosis and prognosis

Pouchitis is a common complication in ulcerative colitis patients after total proctocolectomy. This is an unspecific inflammation of the ileo-anal pouch, the aetiology of which is not fully known. This inflammation induces the onset of symptoms such as urgency, diarrhoea, rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. Many patients suffering from pouchitis have a lower quality of life. In addition to symptoms, an endoscopy with biopsies is mandatory in order to establish a definite diagnosis. The recommended index to assess its activity is the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (PDAI), but its modified version (PDAIm) can be used in clinical practice. In accordance with the duration of symptoms, pouchitis can be classified as acute (<4 weeks) or chronic (>4 weeks), and, regarding its course, pouchitis can be infrequent (<4 episodes per year), recurrent (>4 episodes per year) or continuous.

Ileal-anal pouches: A review of its history, indications, and complications

The ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) has revolutionised the surgical management of ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Despite refinement in surgical technique(s) and patient selection, IPAA can be associated with significant morbidity. As the IPAA celebrated its 40^th anniversary in 2018, this review provides a timely outline of its history, indications, and complications. IPAA has undergone significant modification since 1978. For both UC and FAP, IPAA surgery aims to definitively cure disease and prevent malignant degeneration, while providing adequate continence and avoiding a permanent stoma. The majority of patients experience long-term success, but “early” and “late” complications are recognised. Pelvic sepsis is a common early complication with far-reaching consequences of long-term pouch dysfunction, but prompt intervention (either radiological or surgical) reduces the risk of pouch failure. Even in the absence of sepsis, pouch dysfunction is a long-term complication that may have a myriad of causes. Pouchitis is a common cause that remains incompletely understood and difficult to manage at times. 10% of patients succumb to the diagnosis of pouch failure, which is traditionally associated with the need for pouch excision. This review provides a timely outline of the history, indications, and complications associated with IPAA. Patient selection remains key, and contraindications exist for this surgery. A structured management plan is vital to the successful management of complications following pouch surgery.

Transabdominal re-do pouch surgery in pediatric patients for failed ileal pouch anal anastomosis: a case matched study

PURPOSE

Data regarding safety and feasibility of re-do ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for failed ileal pouch in children are limited. In this study, we compared the short- and long-term outcomes of re-do IPAA in pediatric and adult populations in a case-matched setting.

METHODS

Between March 2007 and June 2017, pediatric patients undergoing a transabdominal re-do IPAA by single surgeon were reviewed and case matched with adult counterparts. Short- and long-term outcomes including complications, functional outcomes, and quality of life of the two groups were compared.

RESULTS

60 patients were included (pediatric, n = 30; adult, n = 30). Time between index IPAA and re-do IPAA was shorter in the pediatric group (30 ± 26 vs 86 ± 74 months, p = 0.001). In the pediatric population, the existing pouch was more commonly used to construct the re-do pouch (n = 19 vs n = 12, p = 0.07). There was a trend towards the presence of less postoperative complications in pediatric group (n = 13 vs n = 20, p = 0.07). There were no reoperations or mortality. Long-term pouch survival was comparable between two groups (p = 0.96). Six re-do IPAAs failed in the study period.

CONCLUSION

Re-do IPAA is safe and feasible in pediatric population with failed IPAA and can be performed with similar short- and long-term outcomes compared to adults in experienced hands.

The ABC's of re-do ileoanal pouches, what every gastroenterologist should know

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To describe the development of re-do pouch surgery, what it entails, its indications and role in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

RECENT FINDINGS

Re-do pouch surgery has very good outcomes and excellent patient satisfaction when performed on carefully selected patients in specialized centers.

SUMMARY

The ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) procedure, which was developed 40 years ago, is a mainstay in the reconstruction of patients who undergo a proctoclectomy for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). It allows these patients to avoid a permanent ileostomy, with the majority having a very good quality of life and functional outcomes. Unfortunately, a small but not insignificant number of patients will develop technical complications that may severely affect their quality of life and function of the pouch. In the past, pouch excision with permanent diversion or Koch pouch were the only option available to these patients. Recent advances have resulted in the development of corrective surgical measures to restore pouch function. We will discuss strategies to evaluate and select the right patients for a re-do pouch surgery, how to surgically optimize them, and describe the proper technique of ileal pouch revision and reconstruction.

Short- and Long-term Outcomes After Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the procedures of choice for restoration of intestinal continuity in ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis. This systematic review aims to assess short-term postoperative and long-term functional outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing IPAA.

METHODS

A literature search was performed for all publications of pediatric IPAA in which short- and long-term outcomes were reported. Papers were excluded based on title, abstract, and full-length review. Data collection included patient demographics, medication use preoperatively, operative approach, 30-day postoperative outcomes, long-term functional outcomes (to maximal date of follow-up), and pouch failure rate. Outcomes were compared in those patients with and without perioperative corticosteroid exposure. Study quality and risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale as all studies were cohort studies.

RESULTS

Of 710 records reviewed, 42 full papers were included in the analysis. Rates of superficial surgical site infection, pelvic sepsis, ileus, and small bowel obstruction at <30 days were 10%, 11%, 10%, and 14%, respectively. Rates of pouchitis, stricture, chronic fistula tract, incontinence, and pouch failure were 30%, 17%, 12%, 20%, and 8%, respectively, at 37-109 months of follow-up; incontinence was significantly higher in those exposed to corticosteroids preoperatively (52% vs 20%; P < 0.001). The median daytime, nighttime, and 24-hour stool frequency were 5.3, 1.4, and 5 bowel movements, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

IPAA is safe with good long-term functional outcomes in pediatric patients.

Is Conversion of a Failed IPAA to a Continent Ileostomy a Risk Factor for Long-term Failure?

BACKGROUND

A continent ileostomy may be offered to patients in hopes of avoiding permanent ileostomy. Data on the outcomes of continent ileostomy patients with a history of a failed IPAA are limited.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess whether a history of previous failed IPAA had an effect on continent ileostomy survival and the long-term outcomes.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS

This investigation took place in a high-volume, specialized colorectal surgery department.

PATIENTS

Patients who underwent continent ileostomy construction after IPAA failure between 1982 and 2013 were evaluated and compared with patients who have no history of IPAA surgery.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Functional outcomes and long-term complications were compared.

RESULTS

A total of 67 patients fulfilled the case-matching criteria and were included in the analysis. Requirement of major (52% vs 61%; p = 0.756) and minor (15% vs 19%; p = 0.492) revisions were comparable between patients who had continent ileostomy after a failed IPAA and those who had continent ileostomy without having a previous restorative procedure. Intubations per day (5 vs 5; p = 0.804) and per night (1 vs 1; p = 0.700) were similar in both groups. Our data show no clear relationship between failure of continent ileostomy and history of failed IPAA (p = 0.638). The most common cause of continent ileostomy failure was enterocutaneous/enteroenteric fistula (n = 14). Six patients died during the study period because of other causes unrelated to continent ileostomy.

LIMITATIONS

This study was limited by its retrospective and nonrandomized nature.

CONCLUSIONS

Converting a failed IPAA to a continent ileostomy did not worsen continent ileostomy outcomes in this selected group of patients. When a redo IPAA is not feasible, continent ileostomy can be offered as an alternative to conventional end ileostomy in highly motivated patients. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A803.

Ileal pouch revision vs excision: short-term (30-day) outcomes from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

AIM

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) failure occurs in approximately 5%-10% of patients. We aimed to compare short-term (30-day) postoperative outcomes associated with pouch revision and pouch excision using a large international database. Our null hypothesis was that there is no statistically significant difference in overall postoperative complications between patients selected for pouch revision vs pouch excision.

METHODS

Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant User File from 2005 to 2016 we identified patients who underwent either IPAA revision via the combined abdominoperineal approach [Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) 46712] or IPAA excision (CPT 45136). Differences in baseline characteristics and short-term outcomes between groups were assessed with univariate and matched analyses.

RESULTS

We identified 593 reoperative IPAA procedures: revision group 78 (13%) and excision group 515 (86%). The groups had similar age and body mass index (kg/m² ), but the revision group had more women (65.4% vs 51.8%, P = 0.02) and fewer were on chronic steroids (3.9% vs 17.9%, P = 0.0008) relative to the excision group. Revision IPAA patients were more likely to have received a preoperative transfusion (5.1% vs 0.97%, P = 0.02). Revision and excision were associated with similar postoperative length of stay (9.3 vs 8.6 days, 0.44), mortality (nil vs 0.58%, respectively; P = 0.99) and short-term morbidity (34.6% vs 40.2%, respectively; P = 0.88) at 30 days.

CONCLUSIONS

Pouch revision and excision have comparable short-term postoperative outcomes, but pouch excision appears to be more commonly utilized. Increased awareness of the indications for pouch revision or referral to specialized centres may improve pouch revision rates.

The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland consensus guidelines in surgery for inflammatory bowel disease

AIM

There is a requirement of an expansive and up to date review of surgical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can dovetail with the medical guidelines produced by the British Society of Gastroenterology.

METHODS

Surgeons who are members of the ACPGBI with a recognised interest in IBD were invited to contribute various sections of the guidelines. They were directed to produce a procedure based document using literature searches that were systematic, comprehensible, transparent and reproducible. Levels of evidence were graded. An editorial board was convened to ensure consistency of style, presentation and quality. Each author was asked to provide a set of recommendations which were evidence based and unambiguous. These recommendations were submitted to the whole guideline group and scored. They were then refined and submitted to a second vote. Only those that achieved >80% consensus at level 5 (strongly agree) or level 4 (agree) after 2 votes were included in the guidelines.

RESULTS

All aspects of surgical care for IBD have been included along with 157 recommendations for management.

CONCLUSION

These guidelines provide an up to date and evidence based summary of the current surgical knowledge in the management of IBD and will serve as a useful practical text for clinicians performing this type of surgery.

Revisional and Reconstructive Surgery for Failing IPAA is Associated with Good Function and Pouch Salvage in Highly Selected Patients

BACKGROUND

Revisional and reconstructive surgery for IPAA is rare given the high success of pouch surgery for chronic ulcerative colitis. Limited data exist on both surgical and functional outcomes in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis who undergo IPAA revision or reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the surgical and functional outcome in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis who undergo IPAA revision or reconstruction.

DESIGN

A prospectively collected surgical database was accessed for this study.

SETTING

This study was conducted at an IBD referral center.

PATIENTS

Patients with chronic ulcerative colitis who underwent IPAA revision or reconstruction were selected.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcomes measured were 30-day postoperative outcomes and long-term pouch function.

RESULTS

Eighty-one patients were identified. Original IPAA was performed for chronic ulcerative colitis (n = 71; 88%) and indeterminate colitis (n = 11; 12.%), and the most common configuration was a J-pouch (n = 69; 86%) with handsewn anastomosis (n = 41;68%). No independent predictors of 30-day postoperative complications following reconstructive/revisional surgery were identified. Pelvic abscesses and Crohn's disease of the pouch were independently associated with ultimate pouch excision. Median follow-up following revision/reconstruction was 40 months (range, 1-292 months) during which 15 patients (23%) had pouch failure. The 5- and 10-year pouch survival rates following revision were 85 ± 5% and 65 ± 9% by Kaplan-Meier estimation; age <30 years was significantly associated with pouch survival. Long-term function (n = 30; 35%) compared with a matched control cohort of primary IPAA was characterized by significantly increased daytime bowel incontinence (p = 0.0119), liquid stool (p = 0.0062), and medication to thicken stools (p = 0.0452).

LIMITATIONS

This was a single-center series, and response rate for functional data was 35%.

CONCLUSIONS

In properly selected patients with a failing pouch, originally made for chronic ulcerative colitis or indeterminate colitis, revisional and reconstructive surgery is associated with low complication rates, high pouch salvage, and acceptable long-term pouch function. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A640.

Outcome of restorative proctocolectomy with an ileo-anal pouch for ulcerative colitis: effect of changes in clinical practice

AIM

Surgery for ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has evolved over time, especially since the introduction of laparoscopy. The aim of this retrospective study was to report the impact of surgical evolution on outcome over a period of 25 years.

METHOD

All patients who had IPAA surgery for ulcerative colitis from 1990 to 2015 at the University Hospitals of Leuven were included. Patients were divided into three period arms (period A 1990-1999; period B 2000-2009; period C 2010-2015). The main outcome measure was anastomotic leakage.

RESULTS

A total of 335 patients (58.8% male) with a median age of 39 years (interquartile range 32-49 years) at surgery were included. Median follow-up was 5 years (interquartile range 2-10 years). Overall anastomotic leakage (grades A-C) was 14.9%. A significant decrease in leakage rate was observed over time (from 21.4% in period A to 12.1% in period B to 10.0% in period C; P = 0.04). The defunctioning ileostomy rate at the time of pouch construction decreased from 91.7% (period A) to 40.3% (period B) to 11.1% (period C) (P < 0.001). We observed an increase in the use of laparoscopy (23.9% in period A vs 72.6% in period B, vs 84.4% in period C; P = 0.001) and a shift to a modified two-stage procedure (4.1% in period A, vs 66.7% in period C; P < 0.0001). In a monocentric study with some of the data retrieved retrospectively it was not possible to account for the impact of preoperative nutritional status (weight loss, serum albumin level) or disease burden. Other outcome factors were not measured, for example sexual function and fecundity.

CONCLUSION

A higher rate of laparoscopic IPAA surgery, together with a shift towards modified two-stage procedures, was associated with a lower leakage rate despite a reduction in the use of defunctioning ileostomy.

The usefulness of the H-pouch configuration in salvage surgery for failed ileal pouches

AIM

Abdominal salvage surgery for a failed ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (5) is safe and feasible in experienced hands. When salvaging an ileal pouch or creating a new J, S or W pouch may not be feasible, construction of an H-pouch may be the final option. This study reports a single colorectal surgeon's experience on H-pouch anal anastomosis in patients referred with a failed ileal pouch.

METHOD

Patients undergoing transabdominal salvage surgery with H-pouch formation for a failed pouch from February 2012 to May 2016 were evaluated.

RESULTS

Five patients were identified with a mean age of 46 (22-63) years. The pathological diagnosis was mucosal ulcerative colitis in all patients. Three patients had an initial traditional two-stage J-pouch creation and two patients had an initial three-stage approach. The median time to redo pouch surgery after the index IPAA creation was 99 (11-158) months. One patient required excision of the pouch and two patients had a complication within 30 days of surgery.

CONCLUSION

The H-pouch is a good alternative for a failed IPAA when another type of reservoir is not an option.

Long-term Outcomes After Continent Ileostomy Creation in Patients With Crohn's Disease

BACKGROUND

Patients with Crohn's disease have a higher failure rate after ileal pouch surgery compared with their counterparts with ulcerative colitis.

OBJECTIVE

We hypothesized that risk of continent ileostomy failure can be stratified based on the timing of Crohn's disease diagnosis and aimed to assess long-term outcomes.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS

The investigation took place in a high-volume, specialized colorectal surgery department.

PATIENTS

Patients with Crohn's disease who underwent continent ileostomy surgery between 1978 and 2013 were evaluated.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Functional outcomes, postoperative complications, requirement of revision surgery, and continent ileostomy failure were analyzed.

RESULTS

There were 48 patients (14 male patients) with a median age of 33 years at the time of continent ileostomy creation. Crohn's disease diagnosis was before continent ileostomy (intentional) in 15 or made in a delayed fashion at a median 4 years after continent ileostomy in 33 patients. Median follow-up was 19 years (range, 1-33 y) after index continent ileostomy creation. Major and minor revisions were performed in 40 (83%) and 13 patients (27%). Complications were fistula (n = 20), pouchitis (n = 16), valve slippage (n = 15), hernia (n = 9), afferent limb stricture (n = 9), difficult intubation (n = 8), incontinence (n = 7), bowel obstruction (n = 7), valve stricture (n = 5), leakage (n = 4), bleeding (n = 3), and valve prolapse (n = 3). Median Cleveland global quality-of-life score was 0.8. Continent ileostomy failure occurred in 22 patients (46%). Based on Kaplan-Meier estimates, continent ileostomy survival was 48 % (95% CI, 33%-63%) at 20 years. Continent ileostomy failure was similar regardless of timing of diagnosis of Crohn's disease (p = 0.533).

LIMITATIONS

This study was limited by its retrospective and nonrandomized nature.

CONCLUSIONS

Outcomes of continent ileostomy in patients with Crohn's disease are poor, regardless of the timing of diagnosis. Very careful consideration should be given by both the surgeon and the patient before undertaking this procedure in patients with Crohn's disease. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A327.

Endoscopic treatment of leak at the tip of the "J" ileal pouch

Background and study aims The tip of the "J" of the ileal pouch is the vulnerable location for leak after restorative proctocolectomy, which has normally been treated with surgery. We aimed to describe a novel endoscopic method to treat the same. Patients and methods A cohort of 12 consecutive patients with a leak at the tip of the "J" was identified in our prospectively maintained Pouch Registry. The endoscopic over-the-scope clipping (OTSC) system was used for the closure of the leak. Results Eight patients (66.6 %) achieved complete closure of the leak documented by endoscopy confirmed with guidewire and/or contrasted pouchogram, with 6 requiring a single endoscopic session and 2 undergoing a repeat session. Four patients (33.3 %) had a persistent leak and required surgical intervention, of whom 1 developed abscess in the pre-spine region 14 days after the endoscopic procedure and underwent pouch revision surgery. Conclusions OSTC appears to be safe and effective in treating the leak at the tip of the "J" in the majority of patients.

Secondary pouchitis in a pediatric patient successfully treated by salvage surgery

Apart from primary pouchitis, patients with secondary pouchitis caused by surgical complications require surgical management. The use of abdomino-anal salvage surgery to treat secondary pouchitis caused by surgical complications in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been reported in detail. A girl was diagnosed with UC at 8 years old. She underwent restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) at 9 years old. She presented at 12 years old because of chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis. The fistula and stricture failed to improve despite multiple local salvage surgeries and ileostomy construction. At 15 years old, she underwent redo IPAA. The patient was well at 20 years old with no signs of pouchitis. Early treatment by abdomino-anal salvage surgery might be indicated to improve quality of life in pediatric patients with secondary pouchitis caused by surgical complication unresponsive to defunctioning and local salvage surgery.

Outcomes of salvage surgery for ileal pouch complications and dysfunctions. the experience of a referral centre and review of literature

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Failure rates of restorative proctocolectomy with ileo pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) range between 3.5 and 15%. Salvage surgery aims to preserve the pouch and transanal evacuation. We report our experience with salvage, review the outcomes of revisional pouch surgery, and propose a classification of pouch dysfunction.

METHODS

We collected data on patients undergoing pouch salvage surgery between 1987 and 2014 at our hospital. Pre- and post-salvage functional data were assessed. Function at the 3-year follow-up was compared with that of matched IPAA controls (study patients:controls, 1:3).

RESULTS

Considering only patients who underwent primary IPAA at our centre (n = 31), 5-year failure was higher after salvage compared with primary IPAA (28.8 vs 5.7% log rank test, p = 0.005). Overall, we included 39 patients, with eight additional patients who received primary IPAA elsewhere, undergoing 46 procedures. Most patients had a J-pouch (74.4%) and needed salvage for septic complications. A transperineal approach was used in 22 patients, whereas 17 underwent abdominal salvage, with 77.3 and 64.7% success rates, respectively. Minor surgery was effective but required repeated procedures. Overall failure was 28.2% at a median follow-up of 42 (1-153) months. A significant decrease in bowel frequency (p = 0.021) and rate of urgency (p = 0.009) was observed at the 3-year follow-up after salvage in 25 patients available for comparison. Functional results after major salvage procedures were poorer compared with healthy IPAA controls (p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

Salvage surgery is effective and safe in experienced teams, but the 5-year failure rate is higher after salvage than after successful primary pouch surgery. Sepsis brings about a higher risk of failure compared with mechanical causes of dysfunction.

Ileo-anal pouch excision: A review of indications and outcomes

Restorative proctocolectomy (RP) is the surgical treatment of choice for ulcerative colitis (UC) and patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). A devastating complication for both patient and surgeon is failure of the pouch that requires excision. There is currently no single paper in the literature that consolidates the indications for ileo-anal pouch excision and the subsequent outcomes following this procedure. A literature search was carried out to identify articles on RP and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The main search terms used were “RP”; “ileal pouch-anal anastomosis” or “ileal reservoir” or “ileal pouch”; “failure of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis” and “excision of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis”. The search was completed using electronic databases MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from 1975 to June 2014. Characteristics of patients with pouch failure differ between institutions. Reported overall excision rates of the pouches vary and in this review ranged from 0.93% to 12.8%. Age and lower institutional volume (less than 3.3 cases) were independent predictors of pouch failure; however surgeon case load was not. The main reasons identified for excision are sepsis (early cause), Crohn’s disease and poor functional outcomes (both late causes). Pouch cancers in UC and FAP are still rare but 135 cases exist in the literature. The most common complication following excision is persistent perineal sinus. The decision to excise a pouch should not be taken lightly and an awareness of the technical pitfalls and complications that can occur should be fully appreciated.

[Special surgical complications in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases]

After colorectal and anorectal interventions for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, specific complications can occur.In Crohn's disease these complications mainly occur after proctocolectomy. Pelvic sepsis can be prevented by omentoplasty with fixation inside the pelvis. A persisting sepsis of the sacral cavity can be treated primarily by dissection of the anal sphincter which ensures better drainage. In cases of chronic sacral sepsis, transposition of the gracilis muscle is a further effective option. Early recurrence of a transsphincteric anal fistula should be treated by reinsertion of a silicon seton drainage.Complications after restorative proctocolectomy are frequent and manifold (35%). The main acute complications are anastomotic leakage and pelvic sepsis. Therapy consists of transperineal drainage of the abscess with simultaneous transanal drainage. Late complications due to technical and septic reasons are still a relevant problem even 36 years after introduction of this operative technique. A consistent approach with detailed diagnostic and surgical therapy results in a 75% rescue rate of ileoanal pouches.

Risk factors for Crohn’s disease of the neo-small intestine in ulcerative colitis patients with total proctocolectomy and primary or secondary ileostomies

BACKGROUND

De novo Crohn’s disease (CD) of the neo-small intestine in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients after total proctocolectomy (TPC) is a new disease entity, which may persist even after a secondary diverting permanent ileostomy for pouch failure. We sought to compare outcomes of primary ileostomy (PI, i.e., stoma created after colectomy without trying of ileal pouch) and secondary ileostomy (SI, i.e., stoma created after pouch failure) and to evaluate factors associated with the development of CD of the neo-small intestine proximal to ileostomy.

METHODS

A total of 123 eligible patients were identified from our Pouch Center Registry (PI group, n = 57 and SI group, n = 66). Demographics, clinical features and outcomes (CD of theneo-small intestine, non-CD related strictures, requirement of CD-related medications use, ileostomy-associated hospitalization, ileostomy failure with stoma revision/relocation, and shortgut syndrome) were compared. Step-wise logistic regression models were performed.

RESULTS

The median follow-up for the whole cohort was 5.0 (2.0–12.0) years. Younger age at diagnosis and surgery, family history of IBD, toxic megacolon/fulminant colitis, pre-diversion severe diarrhea, prediversion anti-TNF biological therapy, arthralgia/arthropathy and staged surgery were more common in the SI group (p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, the presence of SI [odds ratio (OR), 8.23; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.43–27.85], family history of IBD (OR, 9.14; 95% CI, 3.13–26.69), and pre-diversion of weight loss (OR, 3.72; 95% CI, 1.23–11.21) were contributing factors for developing CD of the neo-small intestine.

CONCLUSIONS

CD of the neo-small intestine in stoma patients was associated with the presence of SI, family history of IBD, and pre-diversion poor nutrition status. Patients with secondary ileostomy due to pouch failure should be carefully monitored. Aggressive medical, endoscopic or surgical therapy may be needed in patients at risk, before permanent diversion.

Is there still a role for continent ileostomy in the surgical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease?

The continent ileostomy (CI) was first described in 1969 as an important advancement in the surgical treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis, providing an option for fecal continence to patients who would otherwise require a conventional ileostomy. The CI enjoyed a brief period of relative popularity during the 1970s before being displaced by today's gold standard for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis, the restorative proctocolectomy (ileal pouch-anal anastomosis [IPAA]). Although the CI is only rarely performed today, it still has a role to play in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease who have failed medical treatment. Current indications are patients with failed IPAAs who are not candidates for redo-IPAA, patients who require total proctocolectomy but cannot be reconstructed with IPAA, and patients with an existing conventional ileostomy that is adversely affecting their quality of life. CI, however, is a complex procedure that carries significant risk of both postoperative complications and the need for reoperation over the long term due to slippage of the nipple valve. Patients being considered for this procedure should undergo extensive preoperative counseling and must have a thorough understanding of the associated risks and a realistic vision of anticipated benefits. In well-selected and properly motivated patients, however, CI can be durable in the majority with long-term pouch survival rates approaching 80%. Published data suggest that these patients enjoy greater quality of life than their counterparts with a conventional ileostomy and that 95% would choose to undergo the procedure again or recommend it to another.

Revision IPAA: strategies for success

The history of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is one of success with durable surgical and functional results. However, pouch failure, due to infection, mechanical, or functional disability, represents a challenge to both surgeon and patient. Practicing surgeons who deal with the revision pouch face a variety of challenges. Success requires a strategy, which includes critical planning, preparation, and surgical techniques in order that surgeons continue to provide solutions and hope to patients.

Long-term functional outcome after restorative proctocolectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term functional outcome of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis and to compare symptoms over time.

METHODS

In all, 188 patients were operated with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Short-term functional outcome has previously been evaluated with a symptom questionnaire. The same questionnaire was sent to the 162 patients who were alive and had an intact pouch. A symptom index was studied over time and in relation to early complications and pouchitis.

RESULTS

The response rate of the questionnaire was 139/162 at a median of 12.5 (9.5-21) years postoperatively. Overall, the symptom index remained unchanged over time but both the frequency of night-time defaecation and episodes of night-time incontinence increased. Patients' global assessment was unchanged with approximately 80% stating an excellent or a good result. Frequency of pouchitis doubled in 10 years. Symptom index for patients with episodic pouchitis [median 40 (8-89), P = 0.018] and recurrent/chronic pouchitis [71 (8-136), P < 0.001] was higher than in patients without pouchitis [29 (0-105)]. Early complications did not affect the symptom index.

CONCLUSION

The overall functional outcome of ileal pouch-anal surgery for ulcerative colitis is stable over time. Patients' satisfaction with outcome remains high. Pouchitis is a determinant of functional outcome.

Technical aspects of ileoanal pouch surgery in patients with ulcerative colitis

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the procedure of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis requiring surgery. A J-pouch with a stapled anastomosis has been the preferred technique because it is quicker, safer, and associated with good functional outcomes. A diverting loop ileostomy is usually created at the time of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. In patients with severe fulminant colitis or toxic megacolon, restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is performed in multistages. The technical aspects of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis are reviewed in this article.

Intraoperative, postoperative and reoperative problems with ileoanal pouches

BACKGROUND

Proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has been developed and refined since its introduction in the late 1970s. Nonetheless, it is a procedure associated with significant morbidity. The aim of this review was to provide a structured approach to the challenges that surgeons and physicians encounter in the management of intraoperative, postoperative and reoperative problems associated with ileoanal pouches.

METHODS

The review was based on relevant studies identified from an electronic search of MEDLINE, Embase and PubMed databases from 1975 to April 2011. There were no language or publication year restrictions. Original references in published articles were reviewed.

RESULTS

Although the majority of patients experience long-term success with an ileoanal pouch, significant morbidity surrounds IPAA. Surgical intervention is often critical to achieve optimal control of the situation.

CONCLUSION

A structured management plan will minimize the adverse consequences of the problems associated with pouches.