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Pinto AE, Matos J, Pereira T, Silva GL, André S. DNA aneuploidy identifies a subset of Luminal subtype breast carcinoma patients with worse clinical outcome. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 246:154513. [PMID: 37167811 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM In breast carcinoma (BC), the relationship between the ploidy pattern and molecular subtyping is still unknown. We aim to investigate the prognostic impact of DNA ploidy within molecular subtypes of a large cohort of BC patients. METHODS The series involved 520 BC patients with no neoadjuvant therapy and a median follow-up of 115.5 months. Immunohistochemical assessment of hormonal receptors, ERBB2 (HER2) status and Ki67 proliferative activity was the basis of the surrogate molecular subtyping. Ploidy was evaluated by DNA flow cytometry in fresh/frozen tumour samples. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival estimation was used for prognostic statistical analysis. RESULTS Luminal A subtype had the lowest prevalence of disease recurrences (23.6 %) and deaths from disease (18.3 %), while Luminal B (42.2 %/37.9 %), Triple-negative (46.4 %/40.6 %), and HER2-positive (55.9 %/50.0 %) subtypes had the highest. The Triple-positive subtype shows an intermediate/low frequency of adverse events (29.4 % of disease recurrences and 17.6 % of deaths from disease). Luminal A tumours were mostly diploid (55.3 %), while Triple-negative and HER2-positive tumours showed a high incidence of aneuploidy (82.6 % and 88.2 %, respectively). Luminal B and Triple-positive tumours had an intermediate percentage of aneuploidy (63.8 % and 70.6 %, respectively). K-M survival curves showed that DNA aneuploidy is significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival and overall survival in Luminal A and Luminal B molecular subtypes. CONCLUSION DNA aneuploidy identifies a subset of Luminal BC patients with worse clinical outcome, potentially eligible for more aggressive adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- António E Pinto
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João Matos
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Pereira
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Giovani L Silva
- Department of Mathematics, Higher Technical Institute, University of Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Statistics and Applications, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Saudade André
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, Portugal
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Pinto AE, Pereira T, Silva GL, André S. Prognostic relevance of DNA flow cytometry in breast cancer revisited: The 25-year experience of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2027-2033. [PMID: 28454358 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential prognostic significance of DNA flow cytometric measurements (DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction) in breast cancer remains in dispute. Inconclusive data, primarily due to the lack of consistent standardization and quality control programs, have limited its translation into clinical practice. The aim of the present review, based on the 25-year experience of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, is to assess the clinical relevance and application of DNA flow cytometry for the prognosis of breast cancer. Overall, data from Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon indicate that DNA flow cytometry provides significant prognostic information that is biologically relevant and clinically useful for the management of patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, this data has demonstrated the independent value of DNA aneuploidy as a prognostic indicator of poor clinical outcome in various subgroups of patients with early or locally advanced breast cancer at short- and long-term follow-up. Notably, aneuploidy identifies subsets of patients with grade (G)1 or G2 tumours who exhibit a poor clinical outcome. These patients may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, particularly those with luminal A and luminal B/human epidermal growth factor-2-negative endocrine-responsive breast cancer. In conclusion, data from Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon reinforces the clinical importance and utility of DNA flow cytometric analysis, particularly DNA ploidy, in the prognostic assessment and therapeutic planning for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- António E Pinto
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, Lisbon 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Teresa Pereira
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, Lisbon 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Giovani L Silva
- Department of Mathematics, Centre for Statistics and Applications, Higher Technical Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Saudade André
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, Lisbon 1099-023, Portugal
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Xu J, Huang L, Li J. DNA aneuploidy and breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 141,163 cases. Oncotarget 2016; 7:60218-60229. [PMID: 27528028 PMCID: PMC5312380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS DNA ploidy, a DNA flow cytometry parameter, reflects tumor cell cycle. In breast cancer (BC), ploidy status characterizes genotypic stability and potential metastatic capacity. It is suggested that aneuploidy is an independent prognosticator for BC patients and could aid for individualized medicine. There are extensive studies concerning the prognostic significance of DNA aneuploidy, however, its clinical utility remains controversial. Herein we conducted a meta-analysis to determine the correlation between DNA ploidy status and BC characteristics and survival. METHODS The electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched for relevant studies. The major investigated parameters were the BC aneuploidy rates in relation to tumor stage, size, lymph node metastasis, grading, estrogen receptor (ER) status, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Hazard ratios (HRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for DFS and OS were extracted from each study before meta-analyzed. Risk ratios (RRs) were computed using the fixed-effect or random-effects model according to data heterogeneity, and the Mantel-Haenszel or the inverse-variance method was adopted where appropriate to obtain pooled estimates using RevMan 5.3. The Egger's test was conducted with Stata 11. RESULTS Pooled analyses of data from 29 studies involving a total of 141,163 cases showed that BC patients with more advanced tumors (stage I vs. stages II-IV, RR=0.84; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.96; P=0.01), larger tumors (≤2 cm vs. >2 cm: RR=0.82; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.87; P<0.00001), lymph node metastasis (pN0 vs. pN1-3: RR=0.85; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.87, P<0.00001), poorer tumor proliferation (G2 vs. G1: RR=1.58; 95% CI, 1.40 to 1.79; P<0.00001; G3 vs. G1: RR=2.17; 95% CI, 1.77 to 2.67; P<0.00001; G3 vs. G2: RR=1.41; 95% CI, 1.25 to 1.60; P<0.00001), and ER- status (ER-vs. ER+: RR=1.32; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.43; P<0.00001) were significantly more frequently aneuploid. BC patients with diploid tumors had better clinical outcomes than those with aneuploid cancers. The pooled HR estimates were0.73 (P<0.0001) for DFS and 0.72 (P=0.0001) for OS, respectively. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis implies that DNA aneuploidy is a significant predictor for BC progression and survival, and should be focused on in the therapeutic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Tumor Cytology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Ermiah E, Abdalla F, Buhmeida A, Alshrad M, Salem N, Pyrhönen S, Collan Y. Prognostic significance of DNA image cytometry in Libyan breast cancer. Oncology 2012; 83:165-76. [PMID: 22906963 DOI: 10.1159/000339788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the relation of nuclear DNA content and clinicopathological features and prognosis in primary breast cancer of female Libyan patients with variable stage and grade and different treatment regimes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Histological samples from 104 patients of breast carcinoma were retrospectively studied by computerized nuclear DNA cytometry. Isolated nuclei from paraffin sections were stained with Feulgen stain and DNA was measured using a computer-assisted image analysis cytometry system. In each case, 200 nuclei were measured and the DNA histograms, S phase fraction (SPF) and number of cells above 5c and 9c were determined. We applied different approaches in the analysis of DNA to compare the DNA histograms with different clinicopathological features and survival. RESULTS The mean of DNA ploidy mode for all tumors was 3.43; 82.7% of tumors were aneuploid and 17.3% were diploid. The median SPF was 3.5% for DNA diploid and 13.5% for DNA aneuploid tumors. DNA aneuploid tumors and high SPF were associated with advanced stage, distant metastasis, high histological grade and lymph node involvement. The SPF was also associated with large tumor size and with younger patients (<50 years). In the overall population (median follow-up 51 months), patients with aneuploid DNA histograms and high SPF values had shorter survival times than those with diploid DNA histograms and low SPF values (p = 0.001, p < 0.0001, respectively). Also, short survival was associated with a multiploid DNA histogram and with DNA aneuploid cells ≥5 cells (p < 0.0001, p = 0.001, respectively). In a Cox multivariate analysis, DNA ploidy (p = 0.010), age (p = 0.038) and clinical stage (p = 0.001) were independent predictors of overall survival, and DNA ploidy (p = 0.018) and clinical stage (p = 0.001) also proved to be independent predictors of disease-specific survival. The SPF cutoff point of 11% might be applied to separate patients into good and poor prognosis groups. CONCLUSIONS DNA image cytometry with careful analysis of the histograms may provide valuable prognostic information in Libyan breast cancer, with potential clinical implications in patient management, particularly in predicting the patients at high risk for metastasis and recurrence who should be considered as candidates for combined adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eramah Ermiah
- Department of Oncology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Motohara T, Tashiro H, Miyahara Y, Sakaguchi I, Ohtake H, Katabuchi H. Long-term oncological outcomes of ovarian serous carcinomas with psammoma bodies: a novel insight into the molecular pathogenesis of ovarian epithelial carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1550-6. [PMID: 20384630 PMCID: PMC11158184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-tier system in which ovarian epithelial carcinomas are subdivided into type I and type II tumors has been proposed on the basis of recent molecular pathogenesis findings. Type I tumors, unrelated to tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutations, show favorable prognosis in a slow step-wise process, whereas type II tumors, related to TP53 mutations, contribute to poor prognosis. Ovarian serous carcinomas with excessive psammoma bodies behave like type I tumors. However, their etiology and prognostic significance remain obscure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the characteristic features and potential relevance of psammoma bodies to the clinical outcome of 44 patients with serous carcinomas with long-term follow-up. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were significantly different between the serous carcinomas with less than 5% area of psammoma bodies and those at least 5% area (P < 0.01). All tumors with at least 5% area were both diploid and immunohistochemically negative for TP53 mutations. All patients with these tumors, including eight with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages III or IV disease, survived more than 5 years and their 10-year survival rate was 76%. In multivariate analysis using clinical parameters, the apparent existence of psammoma bodies was an indication to view serous carcinomas as type I tumors with long-term survival. Our results suggested that the formation of psammoma bodies is associated with increased apoptotic tumor cell death related to normal TP53 function. The pathological findings of psammoma bodies might contribute to the consideration of pathogenesis and to the development of prognostic prediction rules for serous carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Motohara
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Japan
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Elzagheid A, Kuopio T, Pyrhönen S, Collan Y. Lymph node status as a guide to selection of available prognostic markers in breast cancer: the clinical practice of the future? Diagn Pathol 2006; 1:41. [PMID: 17092354 PMCID: PMC1654187 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-1-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosticators evaluating survival in breast cancer vary in significance in respect to lymph node status. Studies have shown e.g. that HER2/neu immunohistochemistry or HER2/neu gene amplification analysis do perform well as prognosticators in lymph node positive (LN +) patients but are less valuable in lymph node negative (LN -) patients. We collected data from different studies and tried to evaluate the relative significance of different prognosticators in LN+/LN- patient groups. In LN+ patients HER2/neu and E-cadherin immunohistochemistry were the statistically most significant prognosticators followed by proliferation associated features (mitotic counts by SMI (standardised mitotic index) or MAI (mitotic activity index), or S-phase fraction). Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry was also significant but p53 and cystatin A had no significance as prognosticators. In LN- patients proliferation associated prognosticators (SMI, MAI, Ki-67 index, PCNA immunohistochemistry, S-phase fraction) are especially valuable and also Cathepsin D, cystatin A, and p53 are significant, but HER2/neu or bcl-2, or E-cadherin less significant or without significance. We find that in studies evaluating single prognosticators one should distinguish between prognosticators suitable for LN+ and LN- patients. This will allow the choice of best prognosticators in evaluating the prospects of the patient. The distinction between LN+ and LN- patients in this respect may also be of special value in therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elzagheid
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Savitehtaankatu 1 PB 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - T Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, FIN-40620, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - S Pyrhönen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Savitehtaankatu 1 PB 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Y Collan
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland
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Massoner A, Augustin F, Duba HC, Zojer N, Fiegl M. FISH cytogenetics and prognosis in breast and non-small cell lung cancers. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2005; 62:52-6. [PMID: 15468329 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interphase cytogenetics by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been demonstrated to be a valuable diagnostic tool in effusions from patients with solid tumors. As the next step, we investigated whether certain patterns of numeric aberrations in malignant effusion cells supply prognostic information. METHODS From a large series of effusions from patients with solid tumors, 55 effusions from breast cancer and 39 effusions from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were classified as malignant by cytology or FISH. Tumor cells were classified as FISH aneuploid for chromosome 11 and/or 17 or as not aneuploid. Predominant cytogenetic anomalies and patterns of intratumor cytogenetic heterogeneity were brought in relation to overall survival rate. RESULTS There was no difference with respect to overall survival rate when effusions with or without aneuploidy for chromosomes 11 and 17 were compared. Likewise, in effusions with aneuploidy, there was no difference in overall survival rate among patients with different modal chromosome copy numbers (e.g., trisomy vs. tetrasomy 11) or among patients with a low or high grade of intratumor complexity (defined by the intratumor heterogeneity of FISH aneuploidy). In breast cancer, aneuploidy with gain of chromosome 11 was associated with a significantly superior survival rate, suggesting that amplification of chromosome 11 DNA is associated with a less aggressive phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Simple chromosomal changes as determined by FISH, such as gain of chromosome 11 copy numbers in breast cancer, may be prognostic. Prospective studies in primary tumors that classify distinct prognostic groups by FISH cytogenetics are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Massoner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Elzagheid A, Kuopio T, Collan Y. Implementation of DNA cytometric measurements in fine-needle aspiration biopsy diagnostics of breast disease. Cancer 2005; 102:380-8. [PMID: 15494977 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For this study, the diagnostic protocol included fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and DNA cytometric measurements. The objective of the study was to improve the diagnostic sensitivity of FNAB. METHODS Sixty-eight FNAB samples were stained using the Feulgen stain, and DNA histograms were produced by selecting the nuclei of cell groups and free cells separately. RESULTS Among 28 samples that were classified as definitely benign (n = 17 samples) or atypical but benign (n = 11 samples), DNA cytometry generally showed diploid/peridiploid peaks. Three of those samples were associated later with carcinoma. In those samples DNA cytometry did not improve sensitivity. Among moderately atypical samples (n = 17 samples), 8 samples were diagnosed later as carcinoma. DNA cytometry helped the diagnostic procedure in 62.5% of those samples. Among 21 samples that were classified as highly suspicious (n = 10 samples) or definitely malignant (n = 11 samples), DNA cytometry generally showed atypical DNA histograms (20 of 21 histograms), and DNA cytometry supported the diagnosis of carcinoma in 95.2%. Histograms that were based on free cells frequently were more abnormal compared with histograms that were based on cell groups. Histologically verified benign lesions also could show abnormalities in DNA histograms. Accepting wider gates than are used normally for primarily Feulgen stained samples on these restained samples resulted in improved specificity, efficiency, and predictive values. CONCLUSIONS DNA cytometry has a potential to support the differential diagnosis of breast lesions, and sampling of free cells increases sensitivity. Benign breast lesions (fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma) included DNA-cytometrically abnormal cell clones and showed tendencies toward polyploidy, which should be included in the diagnostic criteria.
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Tsutsui S, Kume M, Era S. Prognostic value of microvessel density in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer 2004; 10:312-9. [PMID: 14634509 DOI: 10.1007/bf02967651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the prognostic value of microvessel density (MVD) has been studied in breast cancer, the results still remain controversial. PATIENTS AND METHODS Paraffin embedded sections of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were immunohistochemically stained for factor VIII- related antigen in 252 patients with a median follow-up duration of 7.0 years. MVD quantification of the three most vascular areas at a magnification of x 200 was performed. RESULTS The 252 patients were stratified into high and low MVD groups according to a cut-off value that was the upper one-third MVD value of all patients. The patients with a high MVD had a significantly worse outcome in terms of both disease free survival (DFS) (p< 0.0001) and overall survival (OS) (p= 0.0012) compared with those with a low MVD. The same effects were seen in patients with lymph node negative as well as positive breast cancer. Multivariate analyses indicated the nodal status, nuclear grade and MVD (p= 0.0001) to be independent prognostic factors for the DFS, while the nodal status, estrogen receptor status, tumor size and MVD (p= 0.0006) were independent prognostic factors for the OS. CONCLUSION MVD was found to be an independent prognostic indicator of recurrence and death for breast cancer, and is therefore considered to be a useful factor for selecting high risk patients to receive adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Tsutsui
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beppu National Hospital, 1473 Oaza-Uchikamado, Beppu 874-0011, Japan
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Tsutsui S, Ohno S, Murakami S, Kataoka A, Kinoshita J, Hachitanda Y. Histological classification of invasive ductal carcinoma and the biological parameters in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2003; 10:149-52. [PMID: 12736568 DOI: 10.1007/bf02967640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histological classification of invasive ductal carcinoma proposed by the Japanese Breast Cancer Society is based on the appearance of breast cancer invasion. However, few studies have been done to clarify the relationship between the histological classification and other parameters that represent the biological characteristics of individual breast cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 1,025 invasive ductal carcinomas, consisting of 424 papillotubular, 330 solid-tubular and 271 scirrhous cases, with regard to the status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), DNA ploidy, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and p53 protein. RESULTS Absence of ER and PgR, aneuploidy, EGFR positivity and p53 protein positivity were all observed significantly more frequently in solid-tubular tumors than in the other two types. In addition, the number of abnormal features with regard to these 5 biological parameters was also significantly higher in solid-tubular tumors than in the other two types. CONCLUSION Abnormalities in the biological parameters listed above were frequently found in the solid-tubular type of invasive ductal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Tsutsui
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beppu National Hospital, 1473 Oaza-Uchikamado, Beppu 874-0011, Japan
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Ruibal A, Arias JI. [Hormone-dependent, diploid, infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas less than 2 cm in size: influence of an exclusive and moderate cellular proliferation on the clinicobiological features and recurrences of these malignant tumors]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE MEDICINA NUCLEAR 2002; 21:437-8. [PMID: 12425893 DOI: 10.1016/s0212-6982(02)72122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cathepsin D/analysis
- Cell Division
- Diploidy
- Disease Progression
- ErbB Receptors/analysis
- Estrogens
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glycoproteins/analysis
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/analysis
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/chemistry
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Progesterone
- Prognosis
- Proteins/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Trefoil Factor-1
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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