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Sun H, Zhuang K, Du J, Duan H, Gao H, Xu W, Chen Y, Dong X, Zhang H, Liu F, Zhang DX. Sustainable lignin-modified epoxy nanocarriers for enhanced foliar insecticide efficacy and food safety. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135262. [PMID: 39241993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Reducing pesticide residues while extending their efficacy period is a critical challenge in the development of controlled-release pesticides. This study focuses on loading avermectin onto lignin-modified epoxy resin nanocarriers via the creation of photostable nanocapsules (NCs) for evaluating their efficacy against Plutella xylostella. This study also assesses the NCs' resistance to water scour on plant leaves by comparing them with traditional preparations. These NCs feature a stable core-shell structure, an encapsulation efficiency of 92.90 % and slow-release properties. Compared to emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and microemulsion (ME) under UV irradiation, the loading of nanocarriers significantly prolonged the degradation time of avermectin by fivefold. The Nano-formula demonstrated enhanced insecticidal activity in comparison to traditional preparations. Field tests revealed that the efficacy of the NCs on Day 7 (92.55 %) and Day 14 (78.54 %) significantly surpassed that of traditional preparations. Additionally, NCs are more readily washed off cabbage leaves by water than EC and ME, aiding in the reduction of pesticide residues. This technology is particularly suitable for leafy vegetable crops in arid regions or greenhouses, enhancing effectiveness period while minimizing pesticide residues. This research offers novel insights and directions for the development of controlled-release pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Zhuang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jiang Du
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hongfa Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Haiqiang Gao
- Shandong Shibang Agrochemical Co., Ltd., Shandong, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Shandong Shibang Agrochemical Co., Ltd., Shandong, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Shandong Shibang Agrochemical Co., Ltd., Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dong
- Jinan Tianbang Chemical Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huarong Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Da-Xia Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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El-Sayed MH, Ibrahim MMA, Elsobki AEA, Aioub AAA. Enhancing the Toxicity of Cypermethrin and Spinosad against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Inhibition of Detoxification Enzymes. TOXICS 2023; 11:215. [PMID: 36976980 PMCID: PMC10058348 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of wide-ranging insecticides in agricultural activities may develop resistance in insects. The dipping technique was utilized for examining changes in detoxifying enzyme levels in Spodoptera littoralis L. induced by cypermethrin (CYP) and spinosad (SPD) with and without a combination of three enzyme inhibitors: triphenyl phosphate (TPP), diethyl maleate (DEM), and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), at 70 μg/mL. PBO, DEM, and TPP showed 50% mortality against larvae at 236.2, 324.5, and 245.8 μg/mL, respectively. The LC50 value of CYP on S. littoralis larvae reduced from 2.86 μg/mL to 1.58, 2.26, and 1.96 μg/mL, while the LC50 value of SPD declined from 3.27 μg/mL to 2.34, 2.56, and 2.53, with the addition of PBO, DEM, and TPP, respectively, 24 h after treatment. Moreover, the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (Cyp 450) was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) by TPP, DEM, PBO plus CYP, and SPD in S. littoralis larvae in comparison with tested insecticides alone. These findings suggested that three enzyme inhibitors play a major role in increasing the toxicity of CYP and SPD in S. littoralis and will provide insight into how to overcome insecticide resistance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa H. El-Sayed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed E. A. Elsobki
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. A. Aioub
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Reduction in the Residues of Penthiopyrad in Processed Edible Vegetables by Various Soaking Treatments and Health Hazard Evaluation in China. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040892. [PMID: 36832967 PMCID: PMC9957162 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato and cucumber are two vital edible vegetables that usually appear in people's daily diet. Penthiopyrad is a new type of amide chiral fungicide, which is often used for disease control of vegetables (including tomato and cucumber) due to its wide bactericidal spectrum, low toxicity, good penetration, and strong internal absorption. Extensive application of penthiopyrad may have caused potential pollution in the ecosystem. Different processing methods can remove pesticide residues from vegetables and protect human health. In this study, the penthiopyrad removal efficiency of soaking and peeling from tomatoes and cucumbers was evaluated under different conditions. Among different soaking methods, heated water soaking and water soaking with additives (NaCl, acetic acid, and surfactant) presented a more effective reduction ability than other treatments. Due to the specific physicochemical properties of tomatoes and cucumbers, the ultrasound enhances the removal rate of soaking for tomato samples and inhibits it for cucumber samples. Peeling can remove approximately 90% of penthiopyrad from contaminated tomato and cucumber samples. Enantioselectivity was found only during tomato sauce storage, which may be related to the complex microbial community. Health risk assessment data suggests that tomatoes and cucumbers are safer for consumers after soaking and peeling. The results may provide consumers with some useful information to choose better household processing methods to remove penthiopyrad residues from tomatoes, cucumbers, and other edible vegetables.
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Yalçın M, Turgut N, Gökbulut C, Mermer S, Sofuoğlu SC, Tari V, Turgut C. Removal of pesticide residues from apple and tomato cuticle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:15821-15829. [PMID: 36171324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues are always an unsolved problem in the world despite all kinds of prevention measures. The present research work is based on a scientific hypothesis, i.e., "The removal of average pesticide residue is inversely proportional to the thickness of cuticle." The effects of boron-containing products and plant-based surfactants were tested for the removal of five pesticides (lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos, diflubenzuron, metaflumizone, acetamiprid) on tomatoes and apples. Boron-containing products were able to remove the pesticide residues on average between 58.0 and 72.6% in tomatoes and 33.2-58.8% in an apple. While plant-based surfactants removed residues on average between 58.5 and 66.6% in tomatoes and 41.0-53.2% in an apple. The highest removal rate was 72% with etidot at 1%. The solution of 1% C8-C10 provided 66.6% average removal for tomatoes. Less removal was achieved in apples. For an apple, Log Kow and molecular mass (independent variables) were significant with p < 0.01, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was > 0.87. However, the multiple linear regression analysis for ground colemanite was significant with R2 of 0.96. In tomatoes, neither Log Kow nor molecular mass as significant. The correlation was found between the physical and chemical properties of pesticides, but it is estimated that the thickness of the cuticle is effective in removing pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Yalçın
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Nalan Turgut
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Gökbulut
- Department of Pharmacology, Balikesir University, Cagis Campus, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Serhan Mermer
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 09331, USA
| | - Sait C Sofuoğlu
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vinaya Tari
- University of Mumbai, Subcentre Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cafer Turgut
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
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Effect of Thermal and Non-Thermal Processing on Nutritional, Functional, Safety Characteristics and Sensory Quality of White Cabbage Powder. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233802. [PMID: 36496613 PMCID: PMC9737565 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to improve nutritional, functional and consumer safety aspects of cabbage powder (CP). White cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba) was dehydrated to CP following microwave heating, blanching, alkali or acid washing treatments. The results for nutrients and mineral composition of raw and processed CP elucidated raw CP to exhibit significantly (p < 0.05) higher amounts of protein (12.2%), dietary fiber (25.2%), Na (52 mg/100 g), Ca (355 mg/100 g), K (286 mg/100 g), Fe (14 mg/100 g) and Zn (32 mg/100 g). Among different processing techniques, microwave treatment resulted in a higher rate of reduction for alkaloids, oxalates, tannins and phytates contents, i.e., 77%, 85%, 85%, and 86%, respectively. Likewise, microwave treatment was found more effective in reducing residual levels of neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, organophosphates including imidacloprid, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin in cabbage in the range of 0.98−0.12 ppm, 1.22−0.23 ppm, 1.03−0.15 ppm, 1.97−0.43 ppm, and 2.12−0.36 ppm, respectively. CP supplementation at the rate of 5% in unleavened flatbreads was observed to maintain textural and sensory attributes of the product. The results suggest microwave heating as a cost-effective technique to reduce toxicants load in cabbage powder. Further, ~5% supplementation of CP in wheat flour may also improve nutritional and functional properties of the baked goods.
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Phopin K, Wanwimolruk S, Norkaew C, Buddhaprom J, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C. Boiling, Blanching, and Stir-Frying Markedly Reduce Pesticide Residues in Vegetables. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101463. [PMID: 35627033 PMCID: PMC9141337 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a lot of produce (fruits and vegetables) sold in many countries are contaminated with pesticide residues, which cause severe effects on consumer health, such as cancer and neurological disorders. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether cooking processes can reduce the pesticide residues in commonly consumed vegetables (Chinese kale and yard long beans) in Thailand. For cooking experiments, the two vegetables were cooked using three different processes: boiling, blanching, and stir-frying. After the treatments, all cooked and control samples were subjected to extraction and GC-MS/MS analysis for 88 pesticides. The results demonstrated that pesticide residues were reduced by 18–71% after boiling, 36–100% after blanching, and 25–60% after stir-frying for Chinese kale. For yard long beans, pesticide residues were reduced by 38–100% after boiling, 27–28% after blanching, and 35–63% after stir-frying. Therefore, cooking vegetables are proven to protect consumers from ingesting pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonrat Phopin
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (K.P.); (C.N.); (J.B.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Sompon Wanwimolruk
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (K.P.); (C.N.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-441-4370; Fax: +66-2-441-4380
| | - Chosita Norkaew
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (K.P.); (C.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Jaruwat Buddhaprom
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (K.P.); (C.N.); (J.B.)
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Li C, Zhu H, Li C, Qian H, Yao W, Guo Y. The present situation of pesticide residues in China and their removal and transformation during food processing. Food Chem 2021; 354:129552. [PMID: 33756332 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues are one of the most important issues affecting food safety. In this review, the general situation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables based on the background of the Chinese fruit and vegetable industry is first described. On the basis of primary processing of agricultural products, the effects of processing methods on the removal and metabolism of pesticide residues are reviewed in this paper. In addition, the transformation mechanism of pesticides in crops and in the environment is discussed. Finally, this study summarizes the development trend of pesticide-residue monitoring methods. With the prohibition of a large number of pesticides in China, the risk of pesticide residues is gradually reduced. However, some highly toxic pesticides can still be detected. Furthermore, the development of high-resolution mass spectrometry screening methods and rapid and intelligent detection instruments is the development trend for pesticide monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changyan Li
- YanTai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong Province, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Hua D, Zheng X, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Wan Y, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wu Q. Assessing Pesticide Residue and Spray Deposition in Greenhouse Eggplant Canopies to Improve Residue Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11920-11927. [PMID: 32970426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residue analysis is critically important for ensuring food safety and regulating international trade. In a greenhouse setting, we assessed pesticide residue and exposure patterns using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and Allura Red tracer analysis. Our results show significant effects of eggplant canopy position and spray concentration on deposition parameters. Specifically, spray coverage, spray density, deposition, and residue were generally greater for leaves in the higher canopy. Deposition and residue, unlike spray coverage and spray density, linearly correlated with spray concentration. Pesticide residues on leaves linearly correlated with depositions on artificial targets, and a correction factor was constructed to estimate residues from tracer depositions. This comparative analysis suggests that tracer analysis using Allura Red in combination with artificial targets is a time- and cost-saving alternative to conventional residue analysis for assessing spray parameters under high-volume spraying scenarios. A better understanding of pesticide residue and spray patterns will not only enhance the safety of our food supply chain but also improve pest control efficacy within the sustainable integrated pest management framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Hua
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanran Wan
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Wanwimolruk C, Phopin K, Wanwimolruk S. Food safety in Thailand 6: How to eat guava fruits safely? Effects of washing and peeling on removing pesticide residues in guava fruits. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chonthicha Wanwimolruk
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and InnovationMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and InnovationMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical TechnologyMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Sompon Wanwimolruk
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and InnovationMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
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Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Tipayamongkholgul M, Bunngamchairat A, Yimsabai J, Pataitiemthong A, Woskie S. A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112590. [PMID: 30463311 PMCID: PMC6267448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure has been implicated as a risk factor for developing a wide range of adverse health issues. Some examples are metabolic syndromes, including diabetes. This study investigated the relationship between current occupational use of pesticides and metabolic and cardiovascular biomarker levels among organic and conventional farmers in Thailand. In total, 436 recruited farmers were divided into two groups: conventional farmers (n = 214) and organic farmers (n = 222). Participants, free of diabetes, were interviewed and submitted to a physical examination. Serum samples were collected for clinical laboratory analyses, i.e., serum glucose and lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins). Potential risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and heavy exercise were significantly different between the two groups. There were significant differences in terms of the years of pesticide use, pesticide use at home, sources of drinking water, and distance between the farmers’ homes and farms between the groups. After adjusting for confounders, current conventional farmers had significantly higher abnormal body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage (% body fat), triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein values as compared to organic farmers. Conventional farmers had higher risk of many metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors as compared to organic farmers, putting them at higher risk of metabolic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Kongtip
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Noppanun Nankongnab
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Ariya Bunngamchairat
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Jutharak Yimsabai
- Buddhachinaraj Phitsanulok, 90 Sithamma traipidok Road, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
| | - Aranya Pataitiemthong
- Buddhachinaraj Phitsanulok, 90 Sithamma traipidok Road, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
| | - Susan Woskie
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854-2867, USA.
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Hassan H, Elsayed E, El-Raouf AERA, Salman SN. Method validation and evaluation of household processing on reduction of pesticide residues in tomato. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-018-1197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cypermethrin resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from three locations in Thailand and detoxification enzyme activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anres.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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