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Wang Y, Zeng Y, Yang W, Wang X, Jiang J. Targeting CD8 + T cells with natural products for tumor therapy: Revealing insights into the mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155608. [PMID: 38642413 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant advances in cancer immunotherapy over the past decades, such as T cell-engaging chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), therapeutic failure resulting from various factors remains prevalent. Therefore, developing combinational immunotherapeutic strategies is of great significance for improving the clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapy. Natural products are substances that naturally exist in various living organisms with multiple pharmacological or biological activities, and some of them have been found to have anti-tumor potential. Notably, emerging evidences have suggested that several natural compounds may boost the anti-tumor effects through activating immune response of hosts, in which CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role. METHODS The data of this review come from PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) with the keywords "CD8+ T cell", "anti-tumor", "immunity", "signal 1", "signal 2", "signal 3", "natural products", "T cell receptor (TCR)", "co-stimulation", "co-inhibition", "immune checkpoint", "inflammatory cytokine", "hesperidin", "ginsenoside", "quercetin", "curcumin", "apigenin", "dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOPS)", "luteolin", "shikonin", "licochalcone A", "erianin", "resveratrol", "procyanidin", "berberine", "usnic acid", "naringenin", "6-gingerol", "ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GL-PS)", "neem leaf glycoprotein (NLGP)", "paclitaxel", "source", "pharmacological activities", and "toxicity". These literatures were published between 1993 and 2023. RESULTS Natural products have considerable advantages as anti-tumor drugs based on the various species, wide distribution, low price, and few side effects. This review summarized the effects and mechanisms of some natural products that exhibit anti-tumor effects via targeting CD8+ T cells, mainly focused on the three signals that activate CD8+ T cells: TCR, co-stimulation, and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Clarifying the role and underlying mechanism of natural products in cancer immunotherapy may provide more options for combinational treatment strategies and benefit cancer therapy, to shed light on identifying potential natural compounds for improving the clinical outcome in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenyong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuxuan Wang
- Research and Development Department, Beijing DCTY Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Roy G, Chakraborty A, Swami B, Pal L, Ahuja C, Basak S, Bhaskar S. Type 1 interferon mediated signaling is indispensable for eliciting anti-tumor responses by Mycobacterium indicus pranii. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1104711. [PMID: 37122749 PMCID: PMC10140407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The evolving tumor secretes various immunosuppressive factors that reprogram the tumor microenvironment (TME) to become immunologically cold. Consequently, various immunosuppressive cells like Tregs are recruited into the TME which in turn subverts the anti-tumor response of dendritic cells and T cells.Tumor immunotherapy is a popular means to rejuvenate the immunologically cold TME into hot. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) has shown strong immunomodulatory activity in different animal and human tumor models and has been approved for treatment of lung cancer (NSCLC) patients as an adjunct therapy. Previously, MIP has shown TLR2/9 mediated activation of antigen presenting cells/Th1 cells and their enhanced infiltration in mouse melanoma but the underlying mechanism by which it is modulating these immune cells is not yet known. Results This study reports for the first time that MIP immunotherapy involves type 1 interferon (IFN) signaling as one of the major signaling pathways to mediate the antitumor responses. Further, it was observed that MIP therapy significantly influenced frequency and activation of different subsets of T cells like regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+ T cells in the TME. It reduces the migration of Tregs into the TME by suppressing the expression of CCL22, a Treg recruiting chemokine on DCs and this process is dependent on type 1 IFN. Simultaneously, in a type 1 IFN dependent pathway, it enhances the activation and effector function of the immunosuppressive tumor resident DCs which in turn effectively induce the proliferation and effector function of the CD8+ T cells. Conclusion This study also provides evidence that MIP induced pro-inflammatory responses including induction of effector function of conventional dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells along with reduction of intratumoral Treg frequency are essentially mediated in a type 1 IFN-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Roy
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anush Chakraborty
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharati Swami
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Pal
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Charvi Ahuja
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sangeeta Bhaskar
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Sangeeta Bhaskar,
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Cao X, Lai SWT, Chen S, Wang S, Feng M. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:61-108. [PMID: 35636930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant immune components in the tumor microenvironment and play a plethora of roles in regulating tumorigenesis. Therefore, the therapeutic targeting of TAMs has emerged as a new paradigm for immunotherapy of cancer. Herein, the review summarizes the origin, polarization, and function of TAMs in the progression of malignant diseases. The understanding of such knowledge leads to several distinct therapeutic strategies to manipulate TAMs to battle cancer, which include those to reduce TAM abundance, such as depleting TAMs or inhibiting their recruitment and differentiation, and those to harness or boost the anti-tumor activities of TAMs such as blocking phagocytosis checkpoints, inducing antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and reprogramming TAM polarization. In addition, modulation of TAMs may reshape the tumor microenvironment and therefore synergize with other cancer therapeutics. Therefore, the rational combination of TAM-targeting therapeutics with conventional therapies including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other immunotherapies is also reviewed. Overall, targeting TAMs presents itself as a promising strategy to add to the growing repertoire of treatment approaches in the fight against cancer, and it is hopeful that these approaches currently being pioneered will serve to vastly improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
| | - Seigmund W T Lai
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Sadira Wang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
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4
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Xia N, Zhou T, Shen B. Antitumor effects of a Toxoplasma mutant lacking lactate dehydrogenases. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3335-3339. [PMID: 34405281 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
"Bug as drug" is a concept recognized over a century ago and has gained significant research attention recently for fighting diseases such as immune disorders and others. Bacteria and viruses are constantly studied for this purpose, but the use of parasitic organisms is still rare. Recently, we found that Toxoplasma gondii mutants lacking two lactate dehydrogenases (ME49 Δldh1-Δldh2) were avirulent in mice but able to stimulate high levels of Th1 immunity. This outcome prompted us to determine whether Δldh mutants also displayed antitumor activities. Using a mouse melanoma model, we showed that intratumoral administration of Δldh1-Δldh2 repressed the growth of established tumors and helped to inhibit lethal tumor development in the mice. The sera of parasite-treated mice had high levels of TNF-α and INF-γ, which likely contributed to the tumor-repressing activity. We also found that chronic Toxoplasma infection, which is common in animals and humans, also led to antitumor activity. In addition, pre-existing chronic infections did not affect the antitumor efficiency of the Δldh1-Δldh2 mutant. Together, these results suggest that the attenuated T. gondii mutant Δldh1-Δldh2 has the potential to be a good antitumor therapy and provide new insights into the development of novel tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ningbo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taifang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Gaignage M, Uyttenhove C, Jones LL, Bourdeaux C, Chéou P, Mandour MF, Coutelier JP, Vignali DAA, Van Snick J. Novel antibodies that selectively block mouse IL-12 enable the re-evaluation of the role of IL-12 in immune protection and pathology. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1482-1493. [PMID: 33788263 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dimeric cytokine IL-12 is important in the control of various infections but also contributes to the pathology of certain diseases making it a potential target for therapy. However, its specific inhibition with antibodies is complicated by the fact that its two subunits are present in other cytokines: p40 in IL-23 and p35 in IL-35. This has led to erroneous conclusions like the alleged implication of IL-12 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we report the development of a mouse anti-mouse IL-12 vaccine and the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that do not react with p40 or p35 (in IL-35) but specifically recognize and functionally inhibit the IL-12 heterodimer. Using one of these mAbs, MM12A1.6, that strongly inhibited IFN-γ production and LPS-induced septic shock after viral infection, we demonstrate the critical role played by IL-12 in the rejection of male skin graft by female C57BL/6 syngeneic recipients and in the clearance of an immunogenic mastocytoma tumor variant by DBA/2 mice, but not in a parent to F1 immune aggression model nor in MOG-induced EAE, which was clearly prevented by anti-p40 mAb C17.8. Given this selective inhibition of IL-12, these mAbs provide new options for reassessing IL-12 function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Uyttenhove
- de Duve Institute, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lindsay L Jones
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Paméla Chéou
- de Duve Institute, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamed F Mandour
- de Duve Institute, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacques Van Snick
- de Duve Institute, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
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Brempelis KJ, Cowan CM, Kreuser SA, Labadie KP, Prieskorn BM, Lieberman NAP, Ene CI, Moyes KW, Chinn H, DeGolier KR, Matsumoto LR, Daniel SK, Yokoyama JK, Davis AD, Hoglund VJ, Smythe KS, Balcaitis SD, Jensen MC, Ellenbogen RG, Campbell JS, Pierce RH, Holland EC, Pillarisetty VG, Crane CA. Genetically engineered macrophages persist in solid tumors and locally deliver therapeutic proteins to activate immune responses. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001356. [PMID: 33115946 PMCID: PMC7594542 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though currently approved immunotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T cells and checkpoint blockade antibodies, have been successfully used to treat hematological and some solid tumor cancers, many solid tumors remain resistant to these modes of treatment. In solid tumors, the development of effective antitumor immune responses is hampered by restricted immune cell infiltration and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). An immunotherapy that infiltrates and persists in the solid TME, while providing local, stable levels of therapeutic to activate or reinvigorate antitumor immunity could overcome these challenges faced by current immunotherapies. Methods Using lentivirus-driven engineering, we programmed human and murine macrophages to express therapeutic payloads, including Interleukin (IL)-12. In vitro coculture studies were used to evaluate the effect of genetically engineered macrophages (GEMs) secreting IL-12 on T cells and on the GEMs themselves. The effects of IL-12 GEMs on gene expression profiles within the TME and tumor burden were evaluated in syngeneic mouse models of glioblastoma and melanoma and in human tumor slices isolated from patients with advanced gastrointestinal malignancies. Results Here, we present a cellular immunotherapy platform using lentivirus-driven genetic engineering of human and mouse macrophages to constitutively express proteins, including secreted cytokines and full-length checkpoint antibodies, as well as cytoplasmic and surface proteins that overcomes these barriers. GEMs traffic to, persist in, and express lentiviral payloads in xenograft mouse models of glioblastoma, and express a non-signaling truncated CD19 surface protein for elimination. IL-12-secreting GEMs activated T cells and induced interferon-gamma (IFNγ) in vitro and slowed tumor growth resulting in extended survival in vivo. In a syngeneic glioblastoma model, IFNγ signaling cascades were also observed in mice treated with mouse bone-marrow-derived GEMs secreting murine IL-12. These findings were reproduced in ex vivo tumor slices comprised of intact MEs. In this setting, IL-12 GEMs induced tumor cell death, chemokines and IFNγ-stimulated genes and proteins. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that GEMs can precisely deliver titratable doses of therapeutic proteins to the TME to improve safety, tissue penetrance, targeted delivery and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Brempelis
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney M Cowan
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shannon A Kreuser
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin P Labadie
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brooke M Prieskorn
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole A P Lieberman
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chibawanye I Ene
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kara W Moyes
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harrison Chinn
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kole R DeGolier
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa R Matsumoto
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara K Daniel
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason K Yokoyama
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Immunotherapy Integration Hub, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amira D Davis
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Virginia J Hoglund
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly S Smythe
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie D Balcaitis
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Immunotherapy Integration Hub, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard G Ellenbogen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jean S Campbell
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert H Pierce
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Courtney A Crane
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA .,Discovery and Translational Sciences, Mozart Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, 98119
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7
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Vo JL, Yang L, Kurtz SL, Smith SG, Koppolu BP, Ravindranathan S, Zaharoff DA. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with chitosan and interleukin-12 to control breast cancer metastasis. Oncoimmunology 2015; 3:e968001. [PMID: 25964864 PMCID: PMC4352958 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.968001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for approximately 90% of breast cancer-related deaths. Therefore, novel approaches which prevent or control breast cancer metastases are of significant clinical interest. Interleukin-12 (IL-12)-based immunotherapies have shown promise in controlling metastatic disease, yet modest responses and severe toxicities due to systemic administration of IL-12 in early trials have hindered clinical application. We hypothesized that localized delivery of IL-12 co-formulated with chitosan (chitosan/IL-12) could elicit tumor-specific immunity and provide systemic protection against metastatic breast cancer while minimizing systemic toxicity. Chitosan is a biocompatible polysaccharide derived primarily from the exoskeletons of crustaceans. In a clinically relevant resection model, mice bearing spontaneously metastatic 4T1 mammary adenocarcinomas received intratumoral injections of chitosan/IL-12, or appropriate controls, prior to tumor resection. Neoadjuvant chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy resulted in long-term tumor-free survival in 67% of mice compared to only 24% or 0% of mice treated with IL-12 alone or chitosan alone, respectively. Antitumor responses following chitosan/IL-12 treatment were durable and provided complete protection against rechallenge with 4T1, but not RENCA renal adenocarcinoma, cells. Lymphocytes from chitosan/IL-12-treated mice demonstrated robust tumor-specific lytic activity and interferon-γ production. Cell-mediated immune memory was confirmed in vivo via clinically relevant delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assays. Comprehensive hematology and toxicology analyses revealed that chitosan/IL-12 induced transient, reversible leukopenia with no changes in critical organ function. Results of this study suggest that neoadjuvant chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy prior to breast tumor resection is a promising translatable strategy capable of safely inducing to tumor-specific immunity and, in the long term, reducing breast cancer mortality due to progressive recurrences.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- CBC, complete blood count
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity
- ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot
- Gy, gray
- IFNγ, interferon-γ;. IL-12, interleukin-12
- RENCA, renal cell adenocarcinoma
- TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer
- chitosan
- cytokine delivery
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- i.t., intratumoral
- interleukin-12
- metastatic breast cancer
- neoadjuvant immunotherapy
- s.c., subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Ln Vo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA
| | - Lirong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA
| | - Samantha L Kurtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA
| | - Sean G Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA
| | | | | | - David A Zaharoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA
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Pyo KH, Jung BK, Xin CF, Lee YW, Chai JY, Shin EH. Prominent IL-12 production and tumor reduction in athymic nude mice after Toxoplasma gondii lysate antigen treatment. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:605-12. [PMID: 25548411 PMCID: PMC4277022 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a Th1 cellular immunity. Our previous study showed that T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) treatment in S180 tumor-bearing mice resulted in tumor reduction by suppressing CD31 expression, a marker of angiogenesis. In the present study, to investigate tumor suppressive effect of TLA under the absence of T lymphocytes, athymic nude mice were compared with euthymic mice in the anti-tumorigenic effect triggered by TLA in CT26 tumors. According to the results, intratumorally injected TLA reduced tumor growth and TIMP-1 level, a metastatic marker, in both euthymic and athymic mice. TLA treatment led to a sharp increase in IL-12 expression in serum cytokine profiling of athymic mice, and increased MyD88 signals in macrophages derived from the bone marrow, implying the activation of innate immunity. The selective induction of IL-12 by TLA treatment had an anti-tumorigenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Pyo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Chun-Feng Xin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - You-Won Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
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9
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Fox BA, Sanders KL, Chen S, Bzik DJ. Targeting tumors with nonreplicating Toxoplasma gondii uracil auxotroph vaccines. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:431-7. [PMID: 23928100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that has evolved to actively control its invaded host cells. Toxoplasma triggers then actively regulates host innate interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses that elicit T cell control of infection. A live, nonreplicating avirulent uracil auxotroph vaccine strain (cps) of Toxoplasma triggers novel innate immune responses that stimulate amplified CD8(+) T cell responses and life-long immunity in vaccinated mice. Here, we review recent reports showing that intratumoral treatment with cps activated immune-mediated regression of established solid tumors in mice. We speculate that a better understanding of host-parasite interaction at the molecular level and applying improved genetic models based on Δku80 Toxoplasma strains will stimulate development of highly effective immunotherapeutic cancer vaccine strategies using engineered uracil auxotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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10
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Xiao H, Peng Y, Hong Y, Huang L, Guo ZS, Bartlett DL, Fu N, Munn DH, Mellor A, He Y. Local administration of TLR ligands rescues the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells and enhances the antitumor effect of lentivector immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5866-73. [PMID: 23610140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, to date, have shown limited effect to control the growth of established tumors due largely to effector failure of the antitumor immune responses. Tumor lesion is characterized as chronic indolent inflammation in which the effector function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is severely impaired. In this study, we investigated whether the effector function of CD8 TILs could be rescued by converting the chronic inflammation milieu to acute inflammation within tumors. We found that injection of TLR3/9 ligands (polyI:C/CpG) into a tumor during the effector phase of lentivector (lv) immunization effectively rescued the function of lv-activated CD8 TILs and decreased the percentage of T regulatory within the tumor, resulting in a marked improvement in the antitumor efficacy of lv immunization. Mechanistically, rescue of the effector function of CD8 TILs by TLR3/9 ligands is most likely dependent on production, within a tumor, of type-1 IFN that can mature and activate tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells. The effector function of CD8 TILs could not be rescued in mice lacking intact type I IFN signaling. These findings have important implications for tumor immunotherapy, suggesting that type I IFN-mediated activation of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells within a tumor will most likely restore/enhance the effector function of CD8 TILs and thus improve the antitumor efficacy of current cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xiao
- Immunology/Immunotherapy Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Yang L, Zaharoff DA. Role of chitosan co-formulation in enhancing interleukin-12 delivery and antitumor activity. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3828-36. [PMID: 23453060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Local delivery systems that provide sustained, high concentrations of antitumor cytokines in the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic dissemination are needed to realize the potential of cytokine-based immunotherapies. Recently, co-formulations of cytokines with chitosan solutions have been shown to increase local cytokine retention and bioactivity. In particular, intratumoral (i.t.) injections of chitosan/IL-12 can eliminate established tumors and generate tumor-specific immune responses. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms by which chitosan potentiated IL-12's antitumor activity. The location of chitosan/IL-12 injection was found to be critical for optimal cytokine delivery. I.t. injections eliminated 9 of 10 MC38 adenocarcinomas while contralateral and peritumoral injections delayed tumor growth but could not eliminate tumors. Microdosing studies demonstrated that IL-12 depots, simulated through daily i.t. injections with IL-12 alone, were not as effective as weekly i.t. chitosan/IL-12. 50-75% of mice receiving daily IL-12 microdoses and 87.5% of mice receiving weekly chitosan/IL-12 were cured of MC38 tumors. Chitosan was found to increase IL-12-mediated leukocytic expansion in tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) by 40 and 100%, respectively. Immunophenotyping studies demonstrated that chitosan co-formulation amplified IL-12-induced increases in important effector populations, such as CD8(+)IFN-γ(+) and NKT cells, in tumors and dendritic cell populations in TDLNs. Remarkable increases in Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) tumor infiltrates were also observed in mice receiving chitosan or chitosan/IL-12. This population does not appear be suppressive and may facilitate the local antitumor response. Presented data suggest that chitosan-mediated depot formation and enhanced local cytokine retention is significantly, but not entirely, responsible for increased cytokine bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Jones LL, Chaturvedi V, Uyttenhove C, Van Snick J, Vignali DAA. Distinct subunit pairing criteria within the heterodimeric IL-12 cytokine family. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:234-44. [PMID: 22487722 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterodimeric IL-12 cytokine family is characterized by the sharing of three α (p19, p28, p35) and two β (p40 and Ebi3) subunits, and includes IL-12 (p35/p40), IL-23 (p19/p40), IL-27 (p28/Ebi3) and IL-35 (p35/Ebi3). In this study, the dimerization interfaces of IL-12 family members were characterized, with emphasis on IL-35. Ebi3 and p35 subunits from human and mouse paired effectively with each other, indicating there is no species barrier to IL-35 dimerization and suggesting a conserved dimerization interface. Specific p35 residues that contribute to formation of the IL-12 interface were assessed for their contribution to the IL-35 interface, and candidate Ebi3 residues were screened for their contribution to both IL-27 and IL-35 interfaces. Several residues were identified as critical to the IL-12 or IL-27 interfaces. Conversely, no single mutation was identified that completely disrupts p35/Ebi3 pairing. Linear alanine scanning mutagenesis on both p35 and Ebi3 subunits was performed, focusing on residues that are conserved between the mouse and human proteins. Additionally, a structure-based alanine-scanning approach in which mutations were clustered based on proximitiy was performed on the p35 subunit. Both approaches suggest that IL-35 has distinct criteria for subunit pairing and is remarkabley less sensitive to structural perturbation than IL-12 and IL-27. Additionally, studies using a panel of anti-p35 and anti-Ebi3 antibodies indicate differential availability of epitopes within IL-12 family members that share these subunits, suggesting that IL-35 has distinct structural features, relative to IL-12 and IL-27. These results may be useful in future directed therapeutic targeting of IL-12 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay L Jones
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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