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Vassiliev P, Gusev E, Komelkova M, Kochetkov A, Dobrynina M, Sarapultsev A. Computational Analysis of CD46 Protein Interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins: Elucidating a Putative Viral Entry Mechanism into Human Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:2297. [PMID: 38140538 PMCID: PMC10747966 DOI: 10.3390/v15122297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines an unexplored aspect of SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, which is widely understood to occur via the viral spike (S) protein's interaction with human ACE2-associated proteins. While vaccines and inhibitors targeting this mechanism are in use, they may not offer complete protection against reinfection. Hence, we investigate putative receptors and their cofactors. Specifically, we propose CD46, a human membrane cofactor protein, as a potential putative receptor and explore its role in cellular invasion, acting possibly as a cofactor with other viral structural proteins. Employing computational techniques, we created full-size 3D models of human CD46 and four key SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins-EP, MP, NP, and SP. We further developed 3D models of CD46 complexes interacting with these proteins. The primary aim is to pinpoint the likely interaction domains between CD46 and these structural proteins to facilitate the identification of molecules that can block these interactions, thus offering a foundation for novel pharmacological treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Vassiliev
- Laboratory for Information Technology in Pharmacology and Computer Modeling of Drugs, Research Center for Innovative Medicines, Volgograd State Medical University, 39 Novorossiyskaya Street, Volgograd 400087, Russia;
| | - Evgenii Gusev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 106 Pervomaiskaya Street, Yekaterinburg 620049, Russia; (E.G.); (M.D.)
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia;
| | - Maria Komelkova
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia;
| | - Andrey Kochetkov
- Laboratory for Information Technology in Pharmacology and Computer Modeling of Drugs, Research Center for Innovative Medicines, Volgograd State Medical University, 39 Novorossiyskaya Street, Volgograd 400087, Russia;
| | - Maria Dobrynina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 106 Pervomaiskaya Street, Yekaterinburg 620049, Russia; (E.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 106 Pervomaiskaya Street, Yekaterinburg 620049, Russia; (E.G.); (M.D.)
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia;
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Complement Regulation in Immortalized Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes and Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Response to SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine TNFα. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101527. [PMID: 36294967 PMCID: PMC9604721 DOI: 10.3390/life12101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Case reports are available showing that patients develop symptoms of acute arthritis during or after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the interrelation is still unknown, our aim was to study the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) on human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and human endothelial cells (hEC) in terms of complement and cytokine regulation. Methods: Non-arthritic (K4IM) synoviocyte, arthritic (HSE) synoviocyte cell lines and primary hEC were stimulated with recombinant NP and/or TNFα. Analyses of cell viability, proliferation, gene and protein expression of cytokines and complement factors were performed. Results: NP suppressed significantly the vitality of hEC and proliferation of HSE. NP alone did not induce any significant changes in the examined gene expressions. However, NP combined with TNFα induced significantly higher TNFα in HSE and K4IM as well as higher IL-6 and CD55 gene expression in HSE and suppressed C3aR1 gene expression in hEC. HSE proliferated twice as fast as K4IM, but showed significantly lesser gene expressions of CD46, CD55, CD59 and TNFα with significantly higher IL-6 gene expression. CD35 gene expression was undetectable in K4IM, HSE and hEC. Conclusions: NP might contribute in combination with other inflammatory factors to complement regulation in arthritis.
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RNA Sequencing of CD4 + T Cells in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients at Relapse: Deciphering the Involvement of Novel genes and Pathways. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2628-2645. [PMID: 34286457 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are known as a noteworthy potential modulator of inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the current study, we investigated the transcriptome profile of CD4+ T cells in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) at the relapse phase. We performed RNA sequencing of CD4+ T cells isolated from four relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients at the relapse phase and four age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The edgeR statistical method was employed to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene set enrichment analysis was subsequently performed. Applying a physical interaction network, genes with higher degrees were selected as hub genes. A total of 1278 and 1034 genes were defined at significantly higher or lower levels, respectively, in CD4+ T cells of RRMS patients at the relapse phase as compared with healthy controls. The top up- and downregulated genes were JAML and KDM3A. The detected DEGs were remarkable on chromosomes 1 and 2, respectively. The DEGs were mainly enriched in the pathways "regulation of transcription, DNA-templated," "regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway," "protein phosphorylation," "epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway," and "positive regulation of neurogenesis." Moreover, 16 KEGG pathways mostly associated with the immune system and viral infections were enriched. In the constructed physical interaction networks, UBA52 and TP53 were shown to be the most highly ranked hub genes among upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively. By applying global transcriptome profiling of CD4+ T cells, we deciphered the involvement of several novel genes and pathways in MS pathogenesis. The present results must be confirmed by in vivo and in vitro studies.
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Peruzzi L, Coppo R, Cocchi E, Loiacono E, Bergallo M, Bodria M, Vergano L, Krutova A, Russo ML, Amore A, Lundberg S, Maixerova D, Tesar V, Perkowska-Ptasińska A, Durlik M, Goumenos D, Papasotiriou M, Galesic K, Toric L, Papagianni A, Stangou M, Mizerska-Wasiak M, Gesualdo L, Montemurno E, Benozzi L, Cusinato S, Hryszko T, Klinger M, Kamińska D, Krajewska M. The switch from proteasome to immunoproteasome is increased in circulating cells of patients with fast progressive immunoglobulin A nephropathy and associated with defective CD46 expression. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:1389-1398. [PMID: 32582935 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome to immunoproteasome (iPS) switch consists of β1, β2 and β5 subunit replacement by low molecular weight protein 2 (LMP2), LMP7 and multicatalytic endopeptidase-like complex-1 (MECL1) subunits, resulting in a more efficient peptide preparation for major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-I) presentation. It is activated by toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and interferons and may also be influenced by genetic variation. In a previous study we found an iPS upregulation in peripheral cells of patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). We aimed to investigate in 157 IgAN patients enrolled through the multinational Validation Study of the Oxford Classification of IgAN (VALIGA) study the relationships between iPS switch and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) modifications from renal biopsy to sampling. Patients had a previous long follow-up (6.4 years in median) that allowed an accurate calculation of their slope of renal function decline. We also evaluated the effects of the PSMB8/PSMB9 locus (rs9357155) associated with IgAN in genome-wide association studies and the expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding for TLRs and CD46, a C3 convertase inhibitor, acting also on T-regulatory cell promotion, found to have reduced expression in progressive IgAN. We detected an upregulation of LMP7/β5 and LMP2/β1 switches. We observed no genetic effect of rs9357155. TLR4 and TLR2 mRNAs were found to be significantly associated with iPS switches, particularly TLR4 and LMP7/β5 (P < 0.0001). The LMP7/β5 switch was significantly associated with the rate of eGFR loss (P = 0.026), but not with eGFR at biopsy. Fast progressors (defined as the loss of eGFR >75th centile, i.e. -1.91 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) were characterized by significantly elevated LMP7/β5 mRNA (P = 0.04) and low CD46 mRNA expression (P < 0.01). A multivariate logistic regression model, categorizing patients by different levels of kidney disease progression, showed a high prediction value for the combination of high LMP7/β5 and low CD46 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Peruzzi
- Fondazione Ricerca Molinette, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy.,Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosanna Coppo
- Fondazione Ricerca Molinette, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Cocchi
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Loiacono
- Fondazione Ricerca Molinette, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimilano Bergallo
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Luca Vergano
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Russo
- Fondazione Ricerca Molinette, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Amore
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Sigrid Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nephrology, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dita Maixerova
- Department of Nephrology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Tesar
- Department of Nephrology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Magdalena Durlik
- Department of Transplantation Medicine and Nephrology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dimitris Goumenos
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Kresimir Galesic
- Department of Nephrology, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Toric
- Department of Nephrology, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aikaterini Papagianni
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Stangou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Nephrology, Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eustacchio Montemurno
- Department of Nephrology, Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Benozzi
- Department of Nephrology, Borgomanero Hospital, Borgomanero, Italy
| | - Stefano Cusinato
- Department of Nephrology, Borgomanero Hospital, Borgomanero, Italy
| | - Tomasz Hryszko
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Dialysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marian Klinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Opole University, Poland
| | - Dorota Kamińska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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5
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Hassanpour M, Hajihassani F, Hiradfar A, Aghamohammadzadeh N, Rahbarghazi R, Safaie N, Nouri M, Panahi Y. Real-state of autophagy signaling pathway in neurodegenerative disease; focus on multiple sclerosis. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2020; 17:6. [PMID: 32082082 PMCID: PMC7014934 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-020-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of neurodegenerative disease is increasingly raised. From physiopathological aspect, the emergence of auto-reactive antibodies against the nervous system antigens contributes to de-myelination in Multiple sclerosis (MS). These features cause the nervous system dysfunction. The follow-up of molecular alterations could give us a real-state vision about intracellular status during pathological circumstances. In this review, we focus on the autophagic response during MS progression and further understand the relationship between autophagy and MS and its modulatory effect on the MS evolution. The authors reviewed studies published on the autophagy status in neurodegenerative disease and on the autophagy modulation in MS prognosis, diagnosis, and possible therapies. The inevitable role of autophagy was shown in the early-stage progression of MS. Due to critical role of autophagy in different stage of cell activity in nervous system, the distinct role of autophagy should not be neglected in the development, pathogenesis, and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hassanpour
- 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614756, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran.,2Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,3Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1435916471 Iran
| | - Fateme Hajihassani
- 4Department of Health Management, School of Management and Medical informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirataollah Hiradfar
- 5Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- 7Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,8Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Safaie
- 9Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614756, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran.,2Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- 3Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1435916471 Iran
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6
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Mishra N, Mohata M, Narang R, Lakshmy R, Hazarika A, Pandey RM, Das N, Luthra K. Altered Expression of Complement Regulatory Proteins CD35, CD46, CD55, and CD59 on Leukocyte Subsets in Individuals Suffering From Coronary Artery Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2072. [PMID: 31555286 PMCID: PMC6727527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in animal models have suggested that membrane complement regulatory proteins play an important role in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, a total of 100 individuals, with stable CAD and 100 healthy controls, both groups predominantly male, were recruited. We evaluated the plasma levels of complement regulatory proteins (Cregs) CD35, CD46, CD55, and CD59 and their surface expression on granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of these Cregs in total leukocytes was determined by quantitative PCR. The soluble forms of Cregs, C3c, Mannose binding protein-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2), Platelet activating factor-acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH), and inflammatory cytokines were quantified by ELISA. High plasma levels of C3c, indicative of complement activation, in addition to significantly low levels of Cregs, were observed in CAD patients. A significantly lower expression of CD46 and CD55 on the surface of lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes and higher surface expression of CD35 and CD59 on granulocytes (p < 0.0001) was seen in CAD patients as compared to healthy donors. The high expression of CD59 on granulocytes positively correlated with the severity of disease and may serve as a potential marker of disease progression in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhav Mohata
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Narang
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - R Lakshmy
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Hazarika
- Blood Bank, Cardio-Neuro Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - R M Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nibhriti Das
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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7
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Jia X, Zhai T, Wang B, Yao Q, Li Q, Mu K, Zhang JA. Decreased number and impaired function of type 1 regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12442-12450. [PMID: 30666652 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cell is a special type of T regulatory cells with surface molecular markers such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3 and CD49b. A key property of Tr1 cells is the capability to produce high-level interleukin 10 (IL-10) upon activation, in a FOXP3-independent manner. The immunosuppressive function of IL-10 producing Tr1 cells has been extensively studied for many years. Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are conditions in which the immune system breaks down and starts to attack the body. AIDs include inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes mellitus, Greaves' disease, and so forth. In recent years, more and more studies have documented that the number of Tr1 cells is decreased and the function is inhibited in a variety of AIDs, among which MS is the most widely studied. The protocol for engineering Tr1 cell therapy has been established and is gradually being used in clinical practice in recent years. Tr1 cell therapy has been proven to be safe and effective, but it is mainly involved in myeloid leukemia, graft versus host disease currently. Its therapeutic role in AIDs still needs to be further explored. In this study, we will summarize the research advances of Tr1 cells in AIDs, which will provide useful information for treating AIDs through Tr1 cell therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaida Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-An Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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8
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Danikowski KM, Jayaraman S, Prabhakar BS. Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:117. [PMID: 28599652 PMCID: PMC5466736 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease of the central nervous system primarily mediated by T lymphocytes with specificity to neuronal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. On the other hand, myasthenia gravis (MG) primarily involves destruction of the neuromuscular junction by antibodies specific to the acetylcholine receptor. Both autoimmune diseases are thought to result from loss of self-tolerance, which allows for the development and function of autoreactive lymphocytes. Although the mechanisms underlying compromised self-tolerance in these and other autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated, one possibility is numerical, functional, and/or migratory deficits in T regulatory cells (Tregs). Tregs are thought to play a critical role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. It is believed that Tregs function by suppressing the effector CD4+ T cell subsets that mediate autoimmune responses. Dysregulation of suppressive and migratory markers on Tregs have been linked to the pathogenesis of both MS and MG. For example, genetic abnormalities have been found in Treg suppressive markers CTLA-4 and CD25, while others have shown a decreased expression of FoxP3 and IL-10. Furthermore, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ secreted by T effectors have been noted in MS and MG patients. This review provides several strategies of treatment which have been shown to be effective or are proposed as potential therapies to restore the function of various Treg subsets including Tr1, iTr35, nTregs, and iTregs. Strategies focusing on enhancing the Treg function find importance in cytokines TGF-β, IDO, interleukins 10, 27, and 35, and ligands Jagged-1 and OX40L. Likewise, strategies which affect Treg migration involve chemokines CCL17 and CXCL11. In pre-clinical animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), several strategies have been shown to ameliorate the disease and thus appear promising for treating patients with MS or MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Danikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - S Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - B S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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9
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Intracellular complement - the complosome - in immune cell regulation. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:2-9. [PMID: 28601357 PMCID: PMC7112704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complement system was defined over a century ago based on its ability to "complement" the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses against pathogens. Today our understanding of this ancient part of innate immunity has changed substantially and we know now that complement plays an undisputed pivotal role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. The complement system consists of over 50 blood-circulating, cell-surface expressed and intracellular proteins. It is key in the recognition and elimination of invading pathogens, also in the removal of self-derived danger such as apoptotic cells, and it supports innate immune responses and the initiation of the general inflammatory reactions. The long prevailing classic view of complement was that of a serum-operative danger sensor and first line of defence system, however, recent experimental and clinical evidences have demonstrated that "local" tissue and surprisingly intracellular complement (the complosome) activation impacts on normal cell physiology. This review will focus on novel aspects of intracellular complement activation and its unexpected roles in basic cell processes such as metabolism. We also discuss what the existence of the complosome potentially means for how the host handles intracellular pathogens such as viruses.
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10
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Ellinghaus U, Cortini A, Pinder CL, Le Friec G, Kemper C, Vyse TJ. Dysregulated CD46 shedding interferes with Th1-contraction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1200-1210. [PMID: 28444759 PMCID: PMC5507296 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IFN‐γ‐producing T helper 1 (Th1) cell responses mediate protection against infections but uncontrolled Th1 activity also contributes to a broad range of autoimmune diseases. Autocrine complement activation has recently emerged as key in the induction and contraction of human Th1 immunity: activation of the complement regulator CD46 and the C3aR expressed by CD4+ T cells via autocrine generated ligands C3b and C3a, respectively, are critical to IFN‐γ production. Further, CD46‐mediated signals also induce co‐expression of immunosuppressive IL‐10 in Th1 cells and transition into a (self)‐regulating and contracting phase. In consequence, C3 or CD46‐deficient patients suffer from recurrent infections while dysregulation of CD46 signaling contributes to Th1 hyperactivity in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Here, we report a defect in CD46‐regulated Th1 contraction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We observed that MMP‐9‐mediated increased shedding of soluble CD46 by Th1 cells was associated with this defect and that inhibition of MMP‐9 activity normalized release of soluble CD46 and restored Th1 contraction in patients’ T cells. These data may deliver the first mechanistic explanation for the increased serum CD46 levels observed in SLE patients and indicate that targeting CD46‐cleaving proteases could be a novel avenue to modulate Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Ellinghaus
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrea Cortini
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christopher L Pinder
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gaelle Le Friec
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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11
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Tang SJ, Luo S, Ho JXJ, Ly PT, Goh E, Roca X. Characterization of the Regulation of CD46 RNA Alternative Splicing. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14311-14323. [PMID: 27226545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.710350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a detailed analysis of the alternative splicing regulation of human CD46, which generates different isoforms with distinct functions. CD46 is a ubiquitous membrane protein that protects host cells from complement and plays other roles in immunity, autophagy, and cell adhesion. CD46 deficiency causes an autoimmune disorder, and this protein is also involved in pathogen infection and cancer. Before this study, the mechanisms of CD46 alternative splicing remained unexplored even though dysregulation of this process has been associated with autoimmune diseases. We proved that the 5' splice sites of CD46 cassette exons 7 and 8 encoding extracellular domains are defined by noncanonical mechanisms of base pairing to U1 small nuclear RNA. Next we characterized the regulation of CD46 cassette exon 13, whose inclusion or skipping generates different cytoplasmic tails with distinct functions. Using splicing minigenes, we identified multiple exonic and intronic splicing enhancers and silencers that regulate exon 13 inclusion via trans-acting splicing factors like PTBP1 and TIAL1. Interestingly, a common splicing activator such as SRSF1 appears to repress CD46 exon 13 inclusion. We also report that expression of CD46 mRNA isoforms is further regulated by non-sense-mediated mRNA decay and transcription speed. Finally, we successfully manipulated CD46 exon 13 inclusion using antisense oligonucleotides, opening up opportunities for functional studies of the isoforms as well as for therapeutics for autoimmune diseases. This study provides insight into CD46 alternative splicing regulation with implications for its function in the immune system and for genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Jing Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Shufang Luo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jia Xin Jessie Ho
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Phuong Thao Ly
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Eling Goh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xavier Roca
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Reiss CS. Virus-Induced Demyelination: The Case for Virus(es) in Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122906 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of man with over 400,000 cases in the United States and over 2.5 million cases worldwide. There are over 64,000 citations in Pubmed dating back as far as 1887. Much has been learned over the past 129 years with a recent burst in therapeutic options (mostly anti-inflammatory) with newer medications in development that are neuroprotective and/or neuroreparative. However, with all these advancements the cause of MS remains elusive. There is a clear interplay of genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors that influences both the development and progression of this disorder. This chapter will give a brief overview of the history and pathogenesis of MS with attention to how host immune responses in genetically susceptible individuals contribute to the MS disease process. In addition, we will explore the role of infectious agents in MS as potential “triggers” of disease. Models of virus-induced demyelination will be discussed, with an emphasis on the recent interest in human herpesviruses and the role they may play in MS disease pathogenesis. Although we remain circumspect as to the role of any microbial pathogen in MS, we suggest that only through well-controlled serological, cellular immune, molecular, and animal studies we will be able to identify candidate agents. Ultimately, clinical interventional trials that either target a specific pathogen or class of pathogens will be required to make definitive links between the suspected agent and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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Liang P, Le W. Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:435-44. [PMID: 26254059 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining the cellular homeostasis. One of its functions is to degrade unnecessary organelles and proteins for energy recycling or amino-acids for cell survival. Ablation of autophagy leads to neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS), a permanent neurological impairment typical of chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder, is an auto-immune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Autophagy is tightly linked to the innate and adaptive immune systems during the autoimmune process, and several studies have shown that autophagy directly participates in the progress of MS or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a mouse model of MS). Dysfunction of mitochondria that intensively influences the autophagy pathway is one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of MS. Autophagy-related gene (ATG) 5 and immune-related GTPase M (IRGM) 1 are increased, while ATG16L2 is decreased, in T-cells in EAE and active relapsing-remitting MS brains. Administration of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR), ameliorates relapsing-remitting EAE. Inflammation and oxidative stress are increased in MS lesions and EAE, but Lamp2 and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio are decreased. Furthermore, autophagy in various glial cells plays important roles in regulating neuro-inflammation in the CNS, implying potential roles in MS. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy in the peripheral immune system and the CNS in neuroinflammation associated with the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Kolev M, Le Friec G, Kemper C. The role of complement in CD4+ T cell homeostasis and effector functions. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Ni Choileain S, Astier AL. CD46 processing: a means of expression. Immunobiology 2011; 217:169-75. [PMID: 21742405 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD46 is a ubiquitously expressed type I transmembrane protein, first identified as a regulator of complement activation, and later as an entry receptor for a variety of pathogens. The last decade has also revealed the role of CD46 in regulating the adaptive immune response, acting as an additional costimulatory molecule for human T cells and inducing their differentiation into Tr1 cells, a subset of regulatory T cells. Interestingly, CD46 regulatory pathways are defective in T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, illustrating its importance in regulating T cell homeostasis. Indeed, CD46 expression at the cell surface is tightly regulated in many different cell types, highlighting its importance in several biological processes. Notably, CD46 is the target of enzymatic processing, being cleaved by metalloproteinases and by the presenilin/gamma secretase complex. This processing is required for its functions, at least in T cells. This review will summarize the latest updates on the regulation of CD46 expression and on its effects on T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Ni Choileain
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
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