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Kwaśny M, Bombalska A, Kaliszewski M, Włodarski M, Kopczyński K. Fluorescence Methods for the Detection of Bioaerosols in Their Civil and Military Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3339. [PMID: 36992050 PMCID: PMC10054245 DOI: 10.3390/s23063339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The article presents the history of the development and the current state of the apparatus for the detection of interferents and biological warfare simulants in the air with the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method. The LIF method is the most sensitive spectroscopic method and also enables the measurement of single particles of biological aerosols and their concentration in the air. The overview covers both the on-site measuring instruments and remote methods. The spectral characteristics of the biological agents, steady-state spectra, excitation-emission matrices, and their fluorescence lifetimes are presented. In addition to the literature, we also present our own detection systems for military applications.
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Abstract
Cross-contamination is an increasingly important risk factor in food safety. Cleaning and disinfection regimens are essential components in its prevention but need to be validated, monitored, and verified. This in turn requires the implementation of protocols for surface sampling and the assessment of residual contamination. Visual assessment although widely used, in isolation, is ineffective but can be useful as part of an integrated approach. Microbial and nonmicrobial methods of sampling and testing are compared. Nonmicrobial assessment methods, especially ATP, are effective at monitoring residual surface soil. Traditional specific, and nonspecific, microbial methods indicate residual microbial contamination but not surface soil. Recent advances in molecular microbial methods and bioluminogenic tests are discussed. There is no single ideal surface test method and how, when, and where to sample are discussed within the framework of suggested guidelines, an integrated approach, and the use of trend analysis.
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Włodarski M, Kaliszewski M, Trafny EA, Szpakowska M, Lewandowski R, Bombalska A, Kwaśny M, Kopczyński K, Mularczyk-Oliwa M. Fast, reagentless and reliable screening of "white powders" during the bioterrorism hoaxes. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 248:71-7. [PMID: 25598484 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The classification of dry powder samples is an important step in managing the consequences of terrorist incidents. Fluorescence decays of these samples (vegetative bacteria, bacterial endospores, fungi, albumins and several flours) were measured with stroboscopic technique using an EasyLife LS system PTI. Three pulsed nanosecond LED sources, generating 280, 340 and 460nm were employed for samples excitation. The usefulness of a new 460nm light source for fluorescence measurements of dry microbial cells has been demonstrated. The principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) have been used for classification of dry biological samples. It showed that the single excitation wavelength was not sufficient for differentiation of biological samples of diverse origin. However, merging fluorescence decays from two or three excitation wavelengths allowed classification of these samples. An experimental setup allowing the practical implementation of this method for the real time fluorescence decay measurement was designed. It consisted of the LED emitting nanosecond pulses at 280nm and two fast photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for signal detection in two fluorescence bands simultaneously. The positive results of the dry powder samples measurements confirmed that the fluorescence decay-based technique could be a useful tool for fast classification of the suspected "white powders" performed by the first responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Włodarski
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miron Kaliszewski
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Anna Trafny
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szpakowska
- Department of Microbiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Lewandowski
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Bombalska
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Kwaśny
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kopczyński
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Mularczyk-Oliwa
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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