1
|
Ait Hamdan Y, El-Mansoury B, Elouali S, Rachmoune K, Belbachir A, Oudadesse H, Rhazi M. A review of chitosan polysaccharides: Neuropharmacological implications and tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135356. [PMID: 39244136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
One of the current challenges in targeting neurological disorders is that many therapeutic molecules cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the use of natural molecules in nervous tissue regeneration. Thus, the development of new drugs to effectively treat neurological disorders would be a challenge. Natural resources are well known as a source of several therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurologic disorders. Recently, chitosan (CTS) and its derivatives from arthropod exoskeletons, have attracted much attention as a drug delivery system to transport therapeutic substances across the BBB and thanks to other neuroprotective effects including the participation to the CNS regenerations scaffolds to replicate the extracellular matrix and microenvironment of the body. This review will discuss the place of natural resource therapy in targeting neurological disorders. In particular, it will highlight recent understanding and progress in the applications of CTS as drug delivery systems and their therapeutic effects on these disorders through tissue regeneration, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which they exert these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Ait Hamdan
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Bilal El-Mansoury
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Team physiopathology Nutritional, Neurosciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des facultés, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Samia Elouali
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; University of Mons (UMONS) - Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Khawla Rachmoune
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; Biotechnology and Biomolecule Engineering Unit, CNESTEN, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Anass Belbachir
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, CHU MOHAMMED VI, Marrakech, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | | | - Mohammed Rhazi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wen H, Miao W, Liu B, Chen S, Zhang JS, Chen C, Quan MY. SPAUTIN-1 alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB pathway in neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111741. [PMID: 38394887 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory condition characterized by acute damage to lung tissue. SPAUTIN-1, recognized as a small molecule drug targeting autophagy and USP10/13, has been reported for its potential to inhibit oxidative stress damage in various tissue injuries. However, the role and mechanism of SPAUTIN-1 in ALI remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the protective effects of SPAUTIN-1 on ALI, with a particular focus on its role and mechanism in pulmonary inflammatory responses. METHODS Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were employed to induce inflammation-mediated ALI. Bleomycin was used to induce non-inflammation-mediated ALI. The mechanism of SPAUTIN-1 action was identified through RNA-Sequencing and subsequently validated in mouse primary cells. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was utilized to create an in vitro model of lung epithelial cell oxidative stress with MLE-12 cells. RESULTS SPAUTIN-1 significantly mitigated LPS-induced lung injury and inflammatory responses, attenuated necroptosis and apoptosis in lung epithelial cells, and inhibited autophagy in leukocytes and epithelial cells. However, SPAUTIN-1 exhibited no significant effect on bleomycin-induced lung injury. RNA-sequencing results demonstrated that SPAUTIN-1 significantly inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway in leukocytes, a finding consistently confirmed by mouse primary cell assays. In vitro experiments further revealed that SPAUTIN-1 effectively mitigated oxidative stress injury in MLE-12 cells induced by TBHP. CONCLUSION SPAUTIN-1 alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory injury by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in leukocytes and protected epithelial cells from oxidative damage, positioning it as a potential therapeutic candidate for ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hezhi Wen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wanqi Miao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Shiyin Chen
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Mei-Yu Quan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Guo C, Liu Y, Han B, Lv Z, Jiang H, Li S, Zhang Z. Chronic arsenic exposure-provoked biotoxicity involved in liver-microbiota-gut axis disruption in chickens based on multi-omics technologies. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00032-8. [PMID: 38237767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arsenic has been ranked as the most hazardous substance by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Environmental arsenic exposure-evoked health risks have become a vital public health concern worldwide owing to the widespread existence of arsenic. Multi-omics is a revolutionary technique to data analysis providing an integrated view of bioinformation for comprehensively and systematically understanding the elaborate mechanism of diseases. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at uncovering the potential contribution of liver-microbiota-gut axis in chronic inorganic arsenic exposure-triggered biotoxicity in chickens based on multi-omics technologies. METHODS Forty Hy-Line W-80 laying hens were chronically exposed to sodium arsenite with a dose-dependent manner (administered with drinking water containing 10, 20, or 30 mg/L arsenic, respectively) for 42 d, followed by transcriptomics, serum non-targeted metabolome, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing accordingly. RESULTS Arsenic intervention induced a serious of chicken liver dysfunction, especially severe liver fibrosis, simultaneously altered ileal microbiota populations, impaired chicken intestinal barrier, further drove enterogenous lipopolysaccharides translocation via portal vein circulation aggravating liver damage. Furtherly, the injured liver disturbed bile acids (BAs) homoeostasis through strongly up-regulating the BAs synthesis key rate-limiting enzyme CYP7A1, inducing excessive serum total BAs accumulation, accompanied by the massive synthesis of primary BA-chenodeoxycholic acid. Moreover, the concentrations of secondary BAs-ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid were markedly repressed, which might involve in the repressed dehydroxylation of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families. Abnormal BAs metabolism in turn promoted intestinal injury, ultimately perpetuating pernicious circle in chickens. Notably, obvious depletion in the abundance of four profitable microbiota, Christensenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Faecalibacterium, were correlated tightly with this hepato-intestinal circulation process in chickens exposed to arsenic. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that chronic inorganic arsenic exposure evokes liver-microbiota-gut axis disruption in chickens and establishes a scientific basis for evaluating health risk induced by environmental pollutant arsenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Changming Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Biqi Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhanjun Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huijie Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Siyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sen'kova AV, Savin IA, Odarenko KV, Salomatina OV, Salakhutdinov NF, Zenkova MA, Markov AV. Protective effect of soloxolone derivatives in carrageenan- and LPS-driven acute inflammation: Pharmacological profiling and their effects on key inflammation-related processes. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114231. [PMID: 36640672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory potential of three cyanoenone-containing triterpenoids, including soloxolone methyl (SM), soloxolone (S) and its novel derivative bearing at the C-30 amidoxime moiety (SAO), was studied in murine models of acute inflammation. It was found that the compounds effectively suppressed the development of carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-driven acute lung injury (ALI) with therapeutic outcomes comparable with that of the reference drugs indomethacin and dexamethasone. Non-immunogenic carrageenan-stimulated inflammation was more sensitive to the transformation of C-30 of SM compared with immunogenic LPS-induced inflammation: the anti-inflammatory properties of the studied compounds against carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis decreased in the order of SAO > S > > SM, whereas the efficiency of these triterpenoids against LPS-driven ALI was similar (SAO ≈ S ≈ SM). Further studies demonstrated that soloxolone derivatives significantly inhibited a range of immune-related processes, including granulocyte influx and the expression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the inflamed sites as well as the functional activity of macrophages. Moreover, SM was found to prevent inflammation-associated apoptosis of A549 pneumocytes and effectively inhibited the protease activity of thrombin (IC50 = 10.3 µM) tightly associated with rodent inflammatome. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that soloxolone derivatives can be considered as novel promising anti-inflammatory drug candidates with multi-targeted mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra V Sen'kova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev avenue, 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Innokenty A Savin
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev avenue, 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Kirill V Odarenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev avenue, 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Oksana V Salomatina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev avenue, 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev avenue, 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Marina A Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev avenue, 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Markov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev avenue, 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Study on the mechanism of anti-acute lung injury of Shuanghuanglian oral liquid based on identification of transitional components in blood and network pharmacology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1212:123498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
6
|
Zhang Z, Xiao K, Wang S, Ansari AR, Niu X, Yang W, Lu M, Yang Z, Rehman ZU, Zou W, Bei W, Song H. Visfatin is a multifaceted molecule that exerts regulation effects on inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells and mice immune organs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1018973. [PMID: 36532047 PMCID: PMC9753570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Visfatin, a multifunctional adipocytokine, is particularly important in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation through an unidentified mechanism. Clarifying the control mechanisms of visfatin on inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells and mice immunological organs was the goal of the current investigation. In order to create a pathophysiological model, the RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 200 ng/mL visfatin and 20 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), either separately or combined. The effects of exogenous visfatin on inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells were investigated by flow cytometry assay, RNA-seq analysis and fluorescence quantitative PCR. According to the findings, exogenous visfatin exhibits dual effects on inflammation by modulating the expression of IL-1α, TNFRSF1B, and LIF as well as taking part in various signaling pathways, including the MAPK and Rap1 signaling pathways. By controlling the expression levels of Bcl2l1, Bcl2a1a, and Fas and primarily participating in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and Hippo signaling pathway, exogenous visfatin can inhibit apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. The visfatin inhibitor FK866 was used to further confirm the effects of visfatin on inflammation and apoptosis in mice immune organs. Subsequently, mice spleen and thymus were collected. It is interesting to note that in LPS-treated mice, suppression of endogenous visfatin might worsen the immune system's inflammatory response and even result in rapid mortality. Additionally, endogenous visfatin promotes the apoptosis in mice immune organs by regulating the expression levels of Bcl2l1, Fas, Caspase 3, Bcl2a1a, and Bax. Together, these results imply that visfatin is a multifaceted molecule that regulates inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells and mice immunological organs by taking part in a variety of biological processes and regulating the amounts of associated cytokines expression. Our findings offer additional understandings of how visfatin affects apoptosis and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute of Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Jhang University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengqi Lu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Taihe County, Fuyang, China
| | - Zia ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Weihua Zou
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Company Limited, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Hui Song,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Q, Cheng S, Xin Z, Deng H, Wang Y, Li Q, Wu G, Chen W. 1,2,3,4,6-O-Pentagalloylglucose Protects against Acute Lung Injury by Activating the AMPK/PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214423. [PMID: 36430900 PMCID: PMC9699101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious lung disease with a high mortality rate, warranting the development of novel therapies. Previously, we reported that 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloylglucose (PGG) could afford protection against ALI, however, the PGG-mediated protective effects remain elusive. Herein, PGG (60 and 30 mg/kg) markedly inhibited the lung wet/drug weight ratio and attenuated histological changes in the lungs (p < 0.05). A pretreatment with PGG (60 and 30 mg/kg) reduced the number of total leukocytes and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (p < 0.05). In addition, PGG (60 and 30 mg/kg) also attenuated oxidative stress by reducing the formation of formation and the depletion of superoxide dismutase to treat an ALI (p < 0.05). To further explore the PGG-induced mechanism against an ALI, we screened the PGG pathway using immunohistochemical analysis, immunofluorescence assays, and Western blotting (WB). WB revealed that the expression levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (p-AMPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B phosphorylation (P-Akt), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) were significantly higher in the PGG group (60 and 30 mg/kg) than in the lipopolysaccharide group (p < 0.05); these findings were confirmed by the immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence results. Accordingly, PGG could be effective against an ALI by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress via AMPK/PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling, allowing for the potential development of this as a natural drug against an ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Sai Cheng
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zhiming Xin
- Fujian Research Center of Drug’s Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Haohua Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Gangwei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (W.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bahceli O, Pinar Seno S, Temiz-Resi M, Furkan Hor M, Sahan-Fira S, Tunctan B. Bexarotene Ameliorates LPS-Induced Hyperalgesia: Contribution of TLR4/MyD88-Dependent Pro-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.1171.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
9
|
Rahman SU, Zhou K, Zhou S, Sun T, Mi R, Huang Y, Han X, Gong H, Chen Z. Curcumin mitigates Cryptosporidium parvum infection through modulation of gut microbiota and innate immune-related genes in immunosuppressed neonatal mice. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105424. [PMID: 35092833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of diarrheal disease in immature or weakened immune systems, mainly in infants and young children in resource-poor settings. Despite its high prevalence, fully effective and safe drugs for the treatment of C. parvum infections remain scarce, and there is no vaccine. Meanwhile, curcumin has shown protective effects against C. parvum infections. However, the mechanisms of action and relationship to the gut microbiota and innate immune responses are unclear. Immunosuppressed neonatal mice were infected with oocysts of C. parvum and either untreated or treated with a normal diet, curcumin or paromomycin. We found that curcumin stopped C. parvum oocysts shedding in the feces of infected immunosuppressed neonatal mice, prevented epithelial damage, and villi degeneration, as well as prevented recurrence of infection. Curcumin supplementation increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in mice infected with C. parvum as shown by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Akkermansia, Desulfovibrio, Prevotella, and Helicobacter was significantly associated with C. parvum infection inhibited by curcumin. Curcumin significantly (P < 0.01) suppressed IFN-γ and IL -18 gene expression levels in immunosuppressed neonatal C. parvum-infected mice. We demonstrate that the therapeutic effects curcumin are associated with alterations in the gut microbiota and innate immune-related genes, which may be linked to the anti-Cryptosporidium mechanisms of curcumin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ur Rahman
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Keke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - ShaSha Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tiancong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Zhaoguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen J, Wang M, Wang H, Long M. Zearalenone promotes apoptosis of mouse Leydig cells by targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog and thus inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signal pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67779-67787. [PMID: 34264493 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin with estrogenic activity whose main effect is to impair the reproductive systems of animals. It leads to reproductive disorders in livestock and thus causes serious losses to agriculture and animal husbandry. This study aims to examine whether ZEA induces toxicity in Leydig cells through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and also to investigate the role played by the upstream phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene. An adenovirus vector model was constructed to interfere with the PTEN gene to investigate whether ZEA promotes the apoptosis of TM3 cells through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Apoptosis was detected cytometrically and the protein expression levels of PTEN, AKT, p-AKT, Bax, and Bcl-2 were evaluated via western blot analysis. The results show that ZEA induces apoptosis of TM3 cells. PTEN expression is significantly increased (P < 0.01), Bax expression is increased (P < 0.05), AKT and p-AKT expression of anti-apoptotic protein is significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and Bcl-2 protein expression is decreased (P < 0.05) in the ZEA group compared with the control group. In the shRNA+ZEA group, the expression levels of PTEN and Bax proteins are significantly decreased (P < 0.01), AKT protein is significantly increased (P < 0.01), and p-AKT protein is increased (P < 0.05) compared with the ZEA group. This study thus demonstrates that ZEA promotes apoptosis of TM3 cells by targeting PTEN and thus inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hanli Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Miao Long
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Erten M. Visfatin as a Promising Marker of Cardiometabolic Risk. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2021; 37:464-472. [PMID: 34584379 DOI: 10.6515/acs.202109_37(5).20210323b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that produces molecules with important functions in the human body called adipokines. Visfatin can be secreted from various sources, such as macrophages, chondrocytes and amniotic epithelial cells other than adipose tissue. The main effect of visfatin is to promote inflammatory processes. In addition, visfatin has pivotal effects on the entire cardiovascular system, such as endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, plaque rupture and mobilization, myocardial damage, fibrosis and new vessel formation. Vascular pathologies in other tissues also mediate its effects. Visfatin changes in a similar manner to cardiac markers in acute myocardial infarction, and the most cited feature in research studies is that it may be a cardiovascular risk marker. Visfatin is therefore expected to be widely used in cardiovascular pathology in the near future. Visfatin has many target tissues and various effects that occur in relatively complex biological pathways, making it difficult to understand visfatin adequately. In this review, we provide comprehensive information about this promising molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erten
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Public Health Lab., Malatya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma xing shi gan decoction eliminates PM2.5-induced lung injury by reducing pulmonary cell apoptosis through Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway in rats. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225703. [PMID: 32627816 PMCID: PMC7350893 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the anti-apoptosis effect of Ma xing shi gan decoction (MXD) on PM2.5-induced lung injury via protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. A UPLC-MS/MS system was introduced for component analysis of MXD. Rats were instilled with PM2.5 solution suspension intratracheally to induce acute lung injury. The rats were then orally administered with MXD (16, 8, and 4 g/kg) once a day for 7 consecutive days. The therapeutic effects of MXD were evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. The apoptotic cell death was analyzed by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The alterations in cytochrome c (Cytc) and cleaved-caspase-3 (C-caspase-3) were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expressions of Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K were detected by Western blot. In vitro, PM2.5 exposure model was introduced in A549 cell, followed by incubation with MXD-medicated serum. Hoechst staining was used to determine apoptotic rate. The levels of Bax, Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K were detected by Western blot. Our results in vivo indicated that treatment with MXD decreased histopathological changes score, TUNEL-positive cells rate, expressions of Cytc and C-caspase-3. The in vitro results revealed that incubation with MXD-mediated serum decreased apoptotic rate. Both results in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that MXD inhibited pro-apoptotic protein Bax and promoted anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression. Likewise, MXD activated Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signal pathway, which was also confirmed by Western immunoblotting. In conclusion, MXD attenuates lung injury and the underlying mechanisms may relate to regulating the apoptosis via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway activation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Recent insights on modulation of inflammasomes by adipokines: a critical event for the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolism-associated diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:997-1016. [PMID: 33078304 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant production of adipokines, a group of adipocytes-derived hormones, is considered one of the most important pathological characteristics of obesity. In individuals with obesity, beneficial adipokines, such as adiponectin are downregulated, whereas leptin and other pro-inflammatory adipokines are highly upregulated. Hence, the imbalance in levels of these adipokines is thought to promote the development of obesity-linked complications. However, the mechanisms by which adipokines contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases have not been clearly understood. Inflammasomes represent key signaling platform that triggers the inflammatory and immune responses through the processing of the interleukin family of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a caspase-1-dependent manner. Beyond their traditional function as a component of the innate immune system, inflammasomes have been recently integrated into the pathological process of multiple metabolism- and obesity-related disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cancer. Interestingly, emerging evidence also highlights the role of adipokines in the modulation of inflammasomes activation, making it a promising mechanism underlying distinct biological actions of adipokines in diseases driven by inflammation and metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize the effects of adipokines, in particular adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and apelin, on inflammasomes activation and their implications in the pathophysiology of obesity-linked complications.
Collapse
|
14
|
Li HZ, Xu FL, Ansari AR, Yang WJ, Zhang ZW, Dong L, Niu XY, Song H. Optimization and bioactivity verification of porcine recombinant visfatin with high expression and low endotoxin content using pig liver as template. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 178:105776. [PMID: 33065262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain the porcine recombinant visfatin protein with high expression and low endotoxin content, the current study aims to express and verify the biological activity of the purified porcine recombinant visfatin protein. Firstly, four different expression strains were successfully constructed. Then they were simultaneously induced at 37 °C for 4 h and 16 °C for 16 h. The results showed that Visfatin-pET28a-Transetta was the best strain with high protein expression and purity at 16 °C induction for 16 h. After that, endotoxin was reduced from the recombinant visfatin until the residual endotoxin was less than one endotoxin units per milliliter (EU/mL). Finally, the purified porcine recombinant visfatin protein was incubated with RAW264.7 cells. The results of cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) showed the survival rate of the cells first increased and then decreased with the increase in visfatin concentration. When the concentration of visfatin was 700 ng/mL, the survival rate of the cells was the highest. Thereafter, control (PBS), Visfatin and Visfatin + PolymyxinB (Ploy.B) groups were incubated with the RAW264.7 cells for 6 h. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) results showed that, as compared to the control group, the expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in Visfatin group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the Visfatin and Visfatin + Poly.B groups, indicating that porcine recombinant visfatin protein promoted the inflammatory activity of RAW264.7 cells while the residual endotoxin did not play a role, suggesting biological activity of porcine recombinant visfatin protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhen Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fen Liang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), Jhang, Pakistan; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Wen Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhe Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ling Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao Yu Niu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang S, Yang Y, Luo D, Wu D, Liu H, Li M, Sun Q, Jia L. Lung inflammation induced by exposure to Bisphenol-A is associated with mTOR-mediated autophagy in adolescent mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126035. [PMID: 32014637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies show that there is a link between Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and lung inflammation. Despite this, the molecular mechanisms are not entirely known. This study sought to determine whether exposure to BPA affected the development of ovalbumin (OVA) induced lung inflammation in adolescent female mice and whether the mechanism was related to mTOR-mediated autophagy pathway. Female 4-week-old C57BL/6 mice after one week of domestication were randomly divided into five groups (8/group): control group, OVA group, 0.1 μg mL-1 BPA + OVA group, 0.2 μg mL-1 BPA + OVA group and 0.4 μg mL-1 BPA + OVA group. BPA exacerbated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), induced the pathological changes in the lung, which also enhanced inflammatory cells and cytokine levels. In addition, BPA exposure affected expression of autophagy associated proteins and genes. This research results indicated that BPA aggravated OVA-induced lung inflammation and induced abnormal immune function in mice, and its mechanism was related to the activation of autophagy pathway by down-regulation expression of mTOR. These findings suggest that therapeutic strategies to target autophagy may offer a new approach for severe asthma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China.
| | - Yilong Yang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China.
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China.
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China.
| | - Hezuo Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China.
| | - Mengqi Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China.
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China.
| | - Lihong Jia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tim‑3 regulates the ability of macrophages to counter lipopolysaccharide‑induced pulmonary epithelial barrier dysfunction via the PI3K/Akt pathway in epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:534-542. [PMID: 32377751 PMCID: PMC7248473 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary epithelial barrier dysfunction is a critical pathological component of lung injury, caused primarily by impaired epithelial cell migration. Moreover, macrophage-epithelial interactions in pulmonary alveoli may either protect or damage epithelial barrier function. To investigate the effects of different macrophage subtypes, M1 and M2, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction, M1 and M2 macrophages were used to treat LPS-injured musculus lung epithelial cells (MLE-12). Barrier function was evaluated by monitoring cell monolayer permeability, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3) small interfering RNA and anti-mouse Tim-3 antibody were used to knockdown or block endogenous Tim-3, to verify the role of the Tim-3 in macrophage-mediated barrier protection in LPS-injured MLE-12 cells. LY294002 was used to inhibit the activity of PI3K to verify the role of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the restoration of epithelial cell. The present results revealed that co-culture of LPS-treated epithelial MLE-12 cells with M1 macrophages decreased cell migration and promoted permeability, whereas co-culture with M2 macrophages caused the opposite effects. It was determined that blocking T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3) signaling in macrophages and PI3K/Akt signaling in epithelial cells eliminated the barrier protection supplied by M2 macrophages. Tim-3, which maintains macrophage M2 polarization, is a key component of the macrophage-mediated barrier-repair process, while M2 macrophages regulate PI3K/Akt signaling in epithelial cells, which in turn enhances pulmonary epithelial barrier function by restoring cell migration.
Collapse
|
17
|
Liao SX, Sun PP, Gu YH, Rao XM, Zhang LY, Ou-Yang Y. Autophagy and pulmonary disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2019; 13:1753466619890538. [PMID: 31771432 PMCID: PMC6887802 DOI: 10.1177/1753466619890538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of cell self-renewal that is dependent on the degradation of the cytoplasmic proteins or organelles of lysosomes. Many diseases, such as metabolic diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and lung diseases, have been confirmed to be associated with elevated or impaired levels of autophagy. At present, studies have found that autophagy participates in the regulation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury, lung cancer, and other pulmonary diseases. Using recent literature on the signal transduction mechanisms of autophagy and the effects of autophagy signalling on lung diseases, this review intends to clarify the mechanisms of lung disease to guide the treatment of related diseases. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-xia Liao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Peng-peng Sun
- Department of Osteopathy, Affiliated Hospital of
ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan-hui Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Xi-min Rao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Lan-ying Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Yao Ou-Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, 201 Daliang Road, Zunyi City, Guizhou
563003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|