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Huang Y, Pan W, Ma J. SKP2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of KLF11 promotes osteoarthritis via modulation of JMJD3/NOTCH1 pathway. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23640. [PMID: 38690715 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300664rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the main cause of cartilage damage and disability. This study explored the biological function of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) and Kruppel-like factor 11 (KLF11) in OA progression and its underlying mechanisms. C28/I2 chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1β to mimic OA in vitro. We found that SKP2, Jumonji domain-containing protein D3 (JMJD3), and Notch receptor 1 (NOTCH1) were upregulated, while KLF11 was downregulated in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. SKP2/JMJD3 silencing or KLF11 overexpression repressed apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in chondrocytes. Mechanistically, SKP2 triggered the ubiquitination and degradation of KLF11 to transcriptionally activate JMJD3, which resulted in activation of NOTCH1 through inhibiting H3K27me3. What's more, the in vivo study found that KLF11 overexpression delayed OA development in rats via restraining apoptosis and maintaining the balance of ECM metabolism. Taken together, ubiquitination and degradation of KLF11 regulated by SKP2 contributed to OA progression by activation of JMJD3/NOTCH1 pathway. Our findings provide promising therapeutic targets for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchi Huang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Pan
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Jianbing Ma
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
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2
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Cheng Q, Ni L, Liu A, Huang X, Xiang P, Zhang Q, Yang H. Spermidine protects cartilage from IL-1β-mediated ferroptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04889-8. [PMID: 38040913 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a burst of inflammation, the destruction of cartilage and the abundant release of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β. Thus, the effect of IL-1β on cartilage was examined in this study. IL-1β could cause lipid peroxidation and disturbances in iron metabolism by increasing the expression of NCOA4 and decreasing the expression of FTH, which also induced ferritinophagy. In addition, the expression of the key antioxidant proteins SLC7A11 and GPX4 was inhibited by IL-1β, resulting in ferroptosis in chondrocytes. Spermidine (SPD), a low-molecular-weight aliphatic nitrogen-containing compound that widely exists in animals, has been reported to be an antioxidant. In our study, we found that SPD could inhibit ferritinophagy and reverse the decrease in the expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4. Therefore, we uncovered one of the molecular mechanisms of cartilage destruction and inflammation and provide a potential polyamine for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 788 Pinghai Road, Suzho, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 788 Pinghai Road, Suzho, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 788 Pinghai Road, Suzho, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiong Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 788 Pinghai Road, Suzho, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 788 Pinghai Road, Suzho, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 788 Pinghai Road, Suzho, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 788 Pinghai Road, Suzho, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Qiao Y, Li L, Bai L, Gao Y, Yang Y, Wang L, Wang X, Liang Z, Xu J. Upregulation of lysine-specific demethylase 6B aggravates inflammatory pain through H3K27me3 demethylation-dependent production of TNF-α in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal dorsal horn in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3479-3492. [PMID: 37287407 PMCID: PMC10580362 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lysine-specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B) serves as a key mediator of gene transcription. It regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in variety of diseases. Herein, the role and the underlying mechanisms of KDM6B in inflammatory pain were studied. METHODS The inflammatory pain was conducted by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS CFA injection led to upregulation of KDM6B and decrease in the level of H3K27me3 in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn. The mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia following CFA were alleviated by the treatment of intrathecal injection of GSK-J4, and by microinjection of AAV-EGFP-KDM6B shRNA in the sciatic nerve or in lumbar 5 dorsal horn. The increased production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) following CFA in the DRGs and dorsal horn was inhibited by these treatments. ChIP-PCR showed that CFA-induced increased binding of nuclear factor κB with TNF-α promoter was repressed by the treatment of microinjection of AAV-EGFP-KDM6B shRNA. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that upregulated KDM6B via facilitating TNF-α expression in the DRG and spinal dorsal horn aggravates inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Liren Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Liying Bai
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated HospitalZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xueli Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zongyi Liang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Ji‐Tian Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Neuroscience Research InstituteZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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4
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Qu L, Yin T, Zhao Y, Lv W, Liu Z, Chen C, Liu K, Shan S, Zhou R, Li X, Dong H. Histone demethylases in the regulation of immunity and inflammation. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:188. [PMID: 37353521 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens or danger signals trigger the immune response. Moderate immune response activation removes pathogens and avoids excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Histone demethylases (KDMs) regulate gene expression and play essential roles in numerous physiological processes by removing methyl groups from lysine residues on target proteins. Abnormal expression of KDMs is closely associated with the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases such as liver fibrosis, lung injury, and autoimmune diseases. Despite becoming exciting targets for diagnosing and treating these diseases, the role of these enzymes in the regulation of immune and inflammatory response is still unclear. Here, we review the underlying mechanisms through which KDMs regulate immune-related pathways and inflammatory responses. In addition, we also discuss the future applications of KDMs inhibitors in immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Qu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Tong Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yijin Zhao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenting Lv
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kejun Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shigang Shan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Biological Targeted Therapy Key Laboratory in Hubei, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Huifen Dong
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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5
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Assi R, Cherifi C, Cornelis FMF, Zhou Q, Storms L, Pazmino S, Coutinho de Almeida R, Meulenbelt I, Lories RJ, Monteagudo S. Inhibition of KDM7A/B histone demethylases restores H3K79 methylation and protects against osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2023:ard-2022-223789. [PMID: 36927643 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-223789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In osteoarthritis, methylation of lysine 79 on histone H3 (H3K79me), a protective epigenetic mechanism, is reduced. Histone methylation levels are dynamically regulated by histone methyltransferases and demethylases. Here, we aimed to identify which histone demethylases regulate H3K79me in cartilage and investigate whether their targeting protects against osteoarthritis. METHODS We determined histone demethylase expression in human non-osteoarthritis and osteoarthritis cartilage using qPCR. The role of histone demethylase families and subfamilies on H3K79me was interrogated by treatment of human C28/I2 chondrocytes with pharmacological inhibitors, followed by western blot and immunofluorescence. We performed C28/I2 micromasses to evaluate effects on glycosaminoglycans by Alcian blue staining. Changes in H3K79me after destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) in mice were determined by immunohistochemistry. Daminozide, a KDM2/7 subfamily inhibitor, was intra-articularly injected in mice upon DMM. Histone demethylases targeted by daminozide were individually silenced in chondrocytes to dissect their role on H3K79me and osteoarthritis. RESULTS We documented the expression signature of histone demethylases in human non-osteoarthritis and osteoarthritis articular cartilage. Inhibition of Jumonji-C demethylase family increased H3K79me in human chondrocytes. Blockade of KDM2/7 histone demethylases with daminozide increased H3K79me and glycosaminoglycans. In mouse articular cartilage, H3K79me decayed rapidly upon induction of joint injury. Early and sustained intra-articular treatment with daminozide enhanced H3K79me and exerted protective effects in mice upon DMM. Individual silencing of KDM7A/B demethylases in human chondrocytes demonstrated that KDM7A/B mediate protective effects of daminozide on H3K79me and osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION Targeting KDM7A/B histone demethylases could be an attractive strategy to protect joints against osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Assi
- Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chahrazad Cherifi
- Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,Glycobiology Cell Growth Tissue Repair and Regeneration Research Unit, Gly-CRRET, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Frederique M F Cornelis
- Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiongfei Zhou
- Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Storms
- Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofia Pazmino
- Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rodrigo Coutinho de Almeida
- Biomedical Data Sciences, Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Biomedical Data Sciences, Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Integrated research on Developmental determinants of Ageing and Longevity (IDEAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J Lories
- Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Monteagudo
- Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lian WS, Wu RW, Ko JY, Chen YS, Wang SY, Jahr H, Wang FS. Inhibition of histone lysine demethylase 6A promotes chondrocytic activity and attenuates osteoarthritis development through repressing H3K27me3 enhancement of Wnt10a. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 158:106394. [PMID: 36871937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone hypermethylation represses gene transcription, which affects cartilage homeostasis or joint remodeling. Trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) changes epigenome signatures, regulating tissue metabolism. This study aimed to investigate whether loss of H3K27me3 demethylase Kdm6a function affected osteoarthritis development. We revealed that chondrocyte-specific Kdm6a knockout mice developed relatively long femurs and tibiae as compared to wild-type mice. Kdm6a deletion mitigated osteoarthritis symptoms, including articular cartilage loss, osteophyte formation, subchondral trabecular bone loss, and irregular walking patterns of destabilized medial meniscus-injured knees. In vitro, loss of Kdm6a function compromised the loss in expression of key chondrocyte markers Sox9, collagen II, and aggrecan and improved glycosaminoglycan production in inflamed chondrocytes. RNA sequencing showed that Kdm6a loss changed transcriptomic profiles, which contributed to histone signaling, NADPH oxidase, Wnt signaling, extracellular matrix, and cartilage development in articular cartilage. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing uncovered that Kdm6a knockout affected H3K27me3 binding epigenome, repressing Wnt10a and Fzd10 transcription. Wnt10a was, among others, functional molecules regulated by Kdm6a. Forced Wnt10a expression attenuated Kdm6a deletion-induced glycosaminoglycan overproduction. Intra-articular administration with Kdm6a inhibitor GSK-J4 attenuated articular cartilage erosion, synovitis, and osteophyte formation, improving gait profiles of injured joints. In conclusion, Kdm6a loss promoted transcriptomic landscapes contributing to extracellular matrix synthesis and compromised epigenetic H3K27me3-mediated promotion of Wnt10a signaling, preserving chondrocytic activity to attenuate osteoarthritic degeneration. We highlighted the chondroprotective effects of Kdm6a inhibitor for mitigating the development of osteoarthritic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shiung Lian
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Re-Wen Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Yang Ko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Holger Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Núñez-Carro C, Blanco-Blanco M, Villagrán-Andrade KM, Blanco FJ, de Andrés MC. Epigenetics as a Therapeutic Target in Osteoarthritis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:156. [PMID: 37259307 PMCID: PMC9964205 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a heterogenous, complex disease affecting the integrity of diarthrodial joints that, despite its high prevalence worldwide, lacks effective treatment. In recent years it has been discovered that epigenetics may play an important role in OA. Our objective is to review the current knowledge of the three classical epigenetic mechanisms-DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) modifications, including microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)-in relation to the pathogenesis of OA and focusing on articular cartilage. The search for updated literature was carried out in the PubMed database. Evidence shows that dysregulation of numerous essential cartilage molecules is caused by aberrant epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, and it contributes to the development and progression of OA. This offers the opportunity to consider new candidates as therapeutic targets with the potential to attenuate OA or to be used as novel biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Núñez-Carro
- Unidad de Epigenética, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Margarita Blanco-Blanco
- Unidad de Epigenética, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Karla Mariuxi Villagrán-Andrade
- Unidad de Epigenética, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Unidad de Epigenética, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología y Salud, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Fisioterapia, Campus de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - María C. de Andrés
- Unidad de Epigenética, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
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8
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Lafont JE, Moustaghfir S, Durand AL, Mallein-Gerin F. The epigenetic players and the chromatin marks involved in the articular cartilage during osteoarthritis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1070241. [PMID: 36733912 PMCID: PMC9887161 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1070241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics defines the modifications of the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. These modifications constitute a mechanism of gene regulation poorly explored in the context of cartilage physiology. They are now intensively studied by the scientific community working on articular cartilage and its related pathology such as osteoarthritis. Indeed, epigenetic regulations can control the expression of crucial gene in the chondrocytes, the only resident cells of cartilage. Some epigenetic changes are considered as a possible cause of the abnormal gene expression and the subsequent alteration of the chondrocyte phenotype (hypertrophy, proliferation, senescence…) as observed in osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis is a joint pathology, which results in impaired extracellular matrix homeostasis and leads ultimately to the progressive destruction of cartilage. To date, there is no pharmacological treatment and the exact causes have yet to be defined. Given that the epigenetic modifying enzymes can be controlled by pharmacological inhibitors, it is thus crucial to describe the epigenetic marks that enable the normal expression of extracellular matrix encoding genes, and those associated with the abnormal gene expression such as degradative enzyme or inflammatory cytokines encoding genes. In this review, only the DNA methylation and histone modifications will be detailed with regard to normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Although frequently referred as epigenetic mechanisms, the regulatory mechanisms involving microRNAs will not be discussed. Altogether, this review will show how this nascent field influences our understanding of the pathogenesis of OA in terms of diagnosis and how controlling the epigenetic marks can help defining epigenetic therapies.
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9
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Lu X, Liu Y, Xu L, Liang H, Zhou X, Lei H, Sha L. Role of Jumonji domain-containing protein D3 and its inhibitor GSK-J4 in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230659. [PMID: 36874364 PMCID: PMC9979002 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune illness caused by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The pathogenesis of HT is not fully elucidated, especially in epigenetics. The epigenetic regulator Jumonji domain-containing protein D3 (JMJD3) has been extensively investigated in immunological disorders. This study has been performed to explore the roles and potential mechanisms of JMJD3 in HT. Thyroid samples from patients and healthy subjects were collected. We first analyzed the expression of JMJD3 and chemokines in the thyroid gland using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, the apoptosis effect of the JMJD3-specific inhibitor GSK-J4 on the thyroid epithelial cell line Nthy-ori 3-1 was evaluated using FITC Annexin V Detection kit. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were applied to examine the inhibitory effect of GSK-J4 on the inflammation of thyrocytes. In the thyroid tissue of HT patients, JMJD3 messenger RNA and protein levels were substantially greater than in controls (P < 0.05). Chemokines C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) were elevated in HT patients, and thyroid cells with stimulation of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). GSK-J4 could suppress TNF-α-induced synthesis of chemokines CXCL10 and CCL2 and prohibit thyrocyte apoptosis. Our results shed light on the potential role of JMJD3 in HT and indicate that JMJD3 may become a novel therapeutic target in HT treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixuan Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804, Shengli South Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology, The 942th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Radiology, The 942th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Haiyan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Liping Sha
- Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
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10
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Abu-Hanna J, Patel JA, Anastasakis E, Cohen R, Clapp LH, Loizidou M, Eddama MMR. Therapeutic potential of inhibiting histone 3 lysine 27 demethylases: a review of the literature. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:98. [PMID: 35915507 PMCID: PMC9344682 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylation constitutes an important epigenetic mechanism of gene activation. It is mediated by the Jumonji C domain-containing lysine demethylases KDM6A and KDM6B, both of which have been implicated in a wide myriad of diseases, including blood and solid tumours, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and infectious diseases. Here, we review and summarise the pre-clinical evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, in support of the therapeutic potential of inhibiting H3K27-targeting demethylases, with a focus on the small-molecule inhibitor GSK-J4. In malignancies, KDM6A/B inhibition possesses the ability to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, promote differentiation, and heighten sensitivity to currently employed chemotherapeutics. KDM6A/B inhibition also comprises a potent anti-inflammatory approach in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders associated with inappropriately exuberant inflammatory and autoimmune responses, restoring immunological homeostasis to inflamed tissues. With respect to infectious diseases, KDM6A/B inhibition can suppress the growth of infectious pathogens and attenuate the immunopathology precipitated by these pathogens. The pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo data, summarised in this review, suggest that inhibiting H3K27 demethylases holds immense therapeutic potential in many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeries Abu-Hanna
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, GI Services, Ground Floor, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Jigisha A Patel
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, GI Services, Ground Floor, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PG, UK
| | | | - Richard Cohen
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, GI Services, Ground Floor, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PG, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lucie H Clapp
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, GI Services, Ground Floor, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Mohammad M R Eddama
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, GI Services, Ground Floor, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PG, UK. .,Department of Gastroenterology, University College London Hospital, London, UK.
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11
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Wang JJ, Wang X, Xian YE, Chen ZQ, Sun YP, Fu YW, Wu ZK, Li PX, Zhou ES, Yang ZT. The JMJD3 histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J1 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in a mastitis model. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102017. [PMID: 35526564 PMCID: PMC9168612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Mo Z, Xu P, Li H. Stigmasterol alleviates interleukin-1beta-induced chondrocyte injury by down-regulatingsterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 to regulateferroptosis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9332-9340. [PMID: 34806937 PMCID: PMC8810005 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stigmasterol (STM), one of the main active components of Achyranthes bidentata, has been shown to effectively inhibit proinflammatory factors and matrix degradation in chondrocytes. However, the effect of STM on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced chondrocytes and its specific mechanism remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect and mechanism of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2) on IL-1β induced chondrocytes in the presence of STM. CCK-8 was used to detect the effect of STM on the cell viability of mouse chondrogenic cells (ATDC5). After ATDC5 cells were induced by IL-1β, the expression of SREBF2 in osteoarthritis cells was detected by RT-qPCR. The content of iron ion in the cells was detected by using an iron colorimetric assay kit. After further transfection of a SREBF2 overexpressing vector (Oe-SREBF2) or addition of a ferroptosis inhibitor, the expression levels of inflammation and matrix degradation-related proteins were detected via Western blotting. The levels of oxidative stress in cells were determined by using an ELISA kit. The results revealed that STM had no significant effect on the viability of ATDC5 cells. STM reduced IL-1β-induced ATDC5 cell damage and ferroptosis through SREBF2 and enhanced the inhibitory effect of ferroptosis inhibitors on IL-1β-induced ATDC5 cell injury. The present data suggest that STM attenuated chondrocyte injury induced by IL-1β by regulating ferroptosis via down-regulation of SREBF2, and may have potential as a novel therapeutic method for knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Mo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Longgang), Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Peiqing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Longgang), Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Huanyu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Longgang), Shenzhen, P.R. China
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13
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Pharmaceutical therapeutics for articular regeneration and restoration: state-of-the-art technology for screening small molecular drugs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8127-8155. [PMID: 34783870 PMCID: PMC8593173 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage caused by sports injury or osteoarthritis (OA) has gained increased attention as a worldwide health burden. Pharmaceutical treatments are considered cost-effective means of promoting cartilage regeneration, but are limited by their inability to generate sufficient functional chondrocytes and modify disease progression. Small molecular chemical compounds are an abundant source of new pharmaceutical therapeutics for cartilage regeneration, as they have advantages in design, fabrication, and application, and, when used in combination, act as powerful tools for manipulating cellular fate. In this review, we present current achievements in the development of small molecular drugs for cartilage regeneration, particularly in the fields of chondrocyte generation and reversion of chondrocyte degenerative phenotypes. Several clinically or preclinically available small molecules, which have been shown to facilitate chondrogenesis, chondrocyte dedifferentiation, and cellular reprogramming, and subsequently ameliorate cartilage degeneration by targeting inflammation, matrix degradation, metabolism, and epigenetics, are summarized. Notably, this review introduces essential parameters for high-throughput screening strategies, including models of different chondrogenic cell sources, phenotype readout methodologies, and transferable advanced systems from other fields. Overall, this review provides new insights into future pharmaceutical therapies for cartilage regeneration.
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14
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Li L, Bai L, Yang K, Zhang J, Gao Y, Jiang M, Yang Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang X, Qiao Y, Xu JT. KDM6B epigenetically regulated-interleukin-6 expression in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal dorsal horn contributes to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury in male rats. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:265-282. [PMID: 34464689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysine specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B) has been implicated as a coregulator in the expression of proinflammatory mediators, and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and arthritic pain. However, the role of KDM6B in neuropathic pain has yet to be studied. In the current study, the neuropathic pain was determined by assessing the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) following lumbar 5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in male rats. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR assays were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that SNL led to a significant increase in KDM6B mRNA and protein in the ipsilateral L4/5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn; and this increase correlated a markedly reduction in the level of H3K27me3 methylation in the same tissue. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that the KDM6B expressed in myelinated A- and unmyelinated C-fibers in the DRG; and located in neuronal cells, astrocytes, and microglia in the dorsal horn. Behavioral data showed that SNL-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were impaired by the treatment of prior to i.t. injection of GSK-J4, a specific inhibitor of KDM6B, or KDM6B siRNA. Both microinjection of AAV2-EGFP-KDM6B shRNA in the lumbar 5 dorsal horn and sciatic nerve, separately, alleviated the neuropathic pain following SNL. The established neuropathic pain was also partially attenuated by repeat i.t. injections of GSK-J4 or KDM6B siRNA, started on day 7 after SNL. SNL also resulted in a remarkable increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the DRG and dorsal horn. But this increase was dramatically inhibited by i.t. injection of GSK-J4 and KDM6B siRNA; and suppressed by prior to microinjection of AAV2-EGFP-KDM6B shRNA in the dorsal horn and sciatic nerve. Results of ChIP-PCR assay showed that SNL-induced enhanced binding of STAT3 with IL-6 promoter was inhibited by prior to i.t. injection of GSK-J4. Meanwhile, the level of H3K27me3 methylation was also decreased by the treatment. Together, our results indicate that SNL-induced upregulation of KDM6B via demethylating H3K27me3 facilitates the binding of STAT3 with IL-6 promoter, and subsequently mediated-increase in the expression of IL-6 in the DRG and dorsal horn contributes to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Targeting KDM6B might a promising therapeutic strategy to treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liying Bai
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Kangli Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingjun Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yiming Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ji-Tian Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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15
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Wan C, Zhang F, Yao H, Li H, Tuan RS. Histone Modifications and Chondrocyte Fate: Regulation and Therapeutic Implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626708. [PMID: 33937229 PMCID: PMC8085601 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of histone modifications in cartilage development, pathology and regeneration is becoming increasingly evident. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and consequences of histone modification enzymes in cartilage development, homeostasis and pathology provides fundamental and precise perspectives to interpret the biological behavior of chondrocytes during skeletal development and the pathogenesis of various cartilage related diseases. Candidate molecules or drugs that target histone modifying proteins have shown promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of cartilage lesions associated with joint degeneration and other chondropathies. In this review, we summarized the advances in the understanding of histone modifications in the regulation of chondrocyte fate, cartilage development and pathology, particularly the molecular writers, erasers and readers involved. In addition, we have highlighted recent studies on the use of small molecules and drugs to manipulate histone signals to regulate chondrocyte functions or treat cartilage lesions, in particular osteoarthritis (OA), and discussed their potential therapeutic benefits and limitations in preventing articular cartilage degeneration or promoting its repair or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine (Shenzhen Base), School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengjie Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine (Shenzhen Base), School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanyu Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine (Shenzhen Base), School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haitao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine (Shenzhen Base), School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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