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Lin X, Yi Q, Qing B, Lan W, Jiang F, Lai Z, Huang J, Liu Q, Jiang J, Wang M, Zou L, Huang X, Wang J. Two Fluorescent Probes for Recognition of Acetylcholinesterase: Design, Synthesis, and Comparative Evaluation. Molecules 2024; 29:1961. [PMID: 38731452 PMCID: PMC11085145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, two "on-off" probes (BF2-cur-Ben and BF2-cur-But) recognizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were designed and synthesized. The obtained probes can achieve recognition of AChE with good selectivity and pH-independence with a linear range of 0.5~7 U/mL and 0.5~25 U/mL respectively. BF2-cur-Ben has a lower limit of detection (LOD) (0.031 U/mL), higher enzyme affinity (Km = 16 ± 1.6 μM), and higher inhibitor sensitivity. A responsive mechanism of the probes for AChE was proposed based on HPLC and mass spectra (MS) experiments, as well as calculations. In molecular simulation, BF2-cur-Ben forms more hydrogen bonds (seven, while BF2-cur-But has only four) and thus has a more stable enzyme affinity, which is mirrored by the results of the comparison of Km values. These two probes could enable recognition of intracellular AChE and probe BF2-cur-Ben has superior cell membrane penetration due to its higher log p value. These probes can monitor the overexpression of AChE during apoptosis of lung cancer cells. The ability of BF2-cur-Ben to monitor AChE in vivo was confirmed by a zebrafish experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qingyuan Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Binyang Qing
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.Q.); (M.W.)
| | - Weisen Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Fangcheng Jiang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zefeng Lai
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jijun Huang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Jimin Jiang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Mian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.Q.); (M.W.)
| | - Lianjia Zou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Xinbi Huang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Tang H, Shrager JB. The Signaling Network Resulting in Ventilator-induced Diaphragm Dysfunction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:417-427. [PMID: 29768017 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0022tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-saving measure for those incapable of adequately ventilating or oxygenating without assistance. Unfortunately, even brief periods of MV result in diaphragm weakness (i.e., ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction [VIDD]) that may render it difficult to wean the ventilator. Prolonged MV is associated with cascading complications and is a strong risk factor for death. Thus, prevention of VIDD may have a dramatic impact on mortality rates. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the pathogenic events underlying VIDD. Numerous alterations have been proven important in both human and animal MV diaphragm. These include protein degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system, autophagy, apoptosis, and calpain activity-all causing diaphragm muscle fiber atrophy, altered energy supply via compromised oxidative phosphorylation and upregulation of glycolysis, and also mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in fact appears to be a central factor in each of these events. Recent studies by our group and others indicate that mitochondrial function is modulated by several signaling molecules, including Smad3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and FoxO. MV rapidly activates Smad3 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which upregulate mitochondrial oxidative stress. Additional roles may be played by angiotensin II and leaky ryanodine receptors causing elevated calcium levels. We present, here, a hypothetical scaffold for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of VIDD, which links together these elements. These pathways harbor several drug targets that could soon move toward testing in clinical trials. We hope that this review will shape a short list of the most promising candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Tang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford, California; and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Joseph B Shrager
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford, California; and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California
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Campoy FJ, Vidal CJ, Muñoz-Delgado E, Montenegro MF, Cabezas-Herrera J, Nieto-Cerón S. Cholinergic system and cell proliferation. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:257-265. [PMID: 27083142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system, comprising acetylcholine, the proteins responsible for acetylcholine synthesis and release, acetylcholine receptors and cholinesterases, is expressed by most human cell types. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, but also a local signalling molecule which regulates basic cell functions, and cholinergic responses are involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. So, activation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors has a proliferative and anti-apoptotic effect in many cells. The content of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine receptors and cholinesterases is altered in many tumours, and cholinesterase content correlates with patient survival in some cancers. During apoptosis, acetylcholinesterase is induced and appears in the nuclei. Acetylcholinesterase participates in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis through hydrolysis of acetylcholine and by other catalytic and non catalytic mechanisms, in a variant-specific manner. This review gathers information on the role of cholinergic system and specially acetylcholinesterase in cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Campoy
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | - C J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - E Muñoz-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - M F Montenegro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - J Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarker Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, E-30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Nieto-Cerón
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarker Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, E-30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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Kelkar P, Walter A, Papadopoulos S, Mroß C, Munck M, Peche VS, Noegel AA. Nesprin-2 mediated nuclear trafficking and its clinical implications. Nucleus 2015; 6:479-89. [PMID: 26645154 PMCID: PMC4915507 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2015.1128608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear translocation of proteins has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cancer, Alzheimer disease and viral infections. A complete understanding of nuclear trafficking mechanisms is therefore necessary in order to establish effective intervention strategies. Here we elucidate the role of Nesprin-2 in Ca2+/Calmodulin mediated nuclear transport. Nesprin-2 is an actin-binding nuclear envelope (NE) protein with roles in maintaining nuclear structure and location, regulation of transcription and mechanotransduction. Upon depletion of Nesprin-2 using shRNA, HaCaT cells show abnormal localization of the shuttling proteins BRCA1 and NF-κB. We show that their nuclear transport is unlikely due to the canonical RAN mediated nuclear import, but rather to a RAN independent Ca2+/Calmodulin driven mechanism involving Nesprin-2. We report novel interactions between the actin-binding domain of Nesprin-2 and Calmodulin and between the NLS containing region of BRCA1 and Calmodulin. Strikingly, displacing Nesprins from the NE resulted in increased steady state Ca2+ concentrations in the cytoplasm suggesting a previously unidentified role of Nesprins in Ca2+ regulation. On comparing Nesprin-2 and BRCA1 localization in the ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV-3 and Caov-3, Nesprin-2 and BRCA1 were localized to the NE envelope and the nucleus in SKOV-3, respectively, and to the cytoplasm in Caov-3 cells. Fibroblasts obtained from EDMD5 (Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy) patients showed loss of Nesprin-2 from the nuclear envelope, corresponding reduced nuclear localization of BRCA1 and enhanced cytoplasmic Ca2+. Taken together, the data suggests a novel role of Nesprin-2 in Ca2+/Calmodulin mediated nuclear trafficking and provides new insights which can guide future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kelkar
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
| | - Anna Walter
- d Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln ; Germany
| | - Symeon Papadopoulos
- d Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln ; Germany
| | - Carmen Mroß
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
| | - Martina Munck
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
| | - Vivek S Peche
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
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Abstract
DNA hydrolysis is a biochemical process often associated with different forms of cell death, including apoptosis. In a recent paper published in Cell Discovery, Du et al. report that synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE-S) shows an unexpected enzymatic activity as DNase switched on after cytotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez-Osuna
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular-Unitat de Medicina & Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor J Yuste
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular-Unitat de Medicina & Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang XJ, Greenberg DS. Acetylcholinesterase involvement in apoptosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:40. [PMID: 22514517 PMCID: PMC3322359 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, more than 40 different types of cells from primary cultures or cell lines have shown AChE expression during apoptosis and after the induction apoptosis by different stimuli. It has been well-established that increased AChE expression or activity is detected in apoptotic cells after apoptotic stimuli in vitro and in vivo, and AChE could be therefore used as a marker of apoptosis. AChE is not an apoptosis initiator, but the cells in which AChE is overexpressed undergo apoptosis more easily than controls. Interestingly, cells with downregulated levels of AChE are not sensitive to apoptosis induction and AChE deficiency can protect against apoptosis. Some tumor cells do not express AChE, but when AChE is introduced into a tumor cell, the cells cease to proliferate and undergo apoptosis more readily. Therefore, AChE can be classified as a tumor suppressor gene. AChE plays a pivotal role in apoptosome formation, and silencing of the AChE gene prevents caspase-9 activation, with consequent decreased cell viability, nuclear condensation, and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage. AChE is translocated into the nucleus, which may be an important event during apoptosis. Several questions still need to be addressed, and further studies that address the non-classical function of AChE in apoptosis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
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Siow NL, Choi RCY, Xie HQ, Kong LW, Chu GKY, Chan GKL, Simon J, Barnard EA, Tsim KWK. ATP induces synaptic gene expressions in cortical neurons: transduction and transcription control via P2Y1 receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:1059-71. [PMID: 20847060 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.066506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in vertebrate neuromuscular synapses have revealed previously that ATP, via P2Y receptors, plays a critical role in regulating postsynaptic gene expressions. An equivalent regulatory role of ATP and its P2Y receptors would not necessarily be expected for the very different situation of the brain synapses, but we provide evidence here for a brain version of that role. In cultured cortical neurons, the expression of P2Y(1) receptors increased sharply during neuronal differentiation. Those receptors were found mainly colocalized with the postsynaptic scaffold postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95). This arises through a direct interaction of a PDZ domain of PSD-95 with the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif, D-T-S-L of the P2Y(1) receptor, confirmed by the full suppression of the colocalization upon mutation of two amino acids therein. This interaction is effective in recruiting PSD-95 to the membrane. Specific activation of P2Y(1) (G-protein-coupled) receptors induced the elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase/Raf-1 signaling cascade. This led to distinct up-regulation of the genes encoding acetylcholinesterase (AChE(T) variant), choline acetyltransferase, and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A. This was confirmed, in the example of AChE, to arise from P2Y(1)-dependent stimulation of a human ACHE gene promoter. That involved activation of the transcription factor Elk-1; mutagenesis of the ACHE promoter revealed that Elk-1 binding at its specific responsive elements in that promoter was induced by P2Y(1) receptor activation. The combined findings reveal that ATP, via its P2Y(1) receptor, can act trophically in brain neurons to regulate the gene expression of direct effectors of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Siow
- Department of Biology and Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
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