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He Y, Zheng W, Guo Y, Yue T, Cui C, Ouzhuluobu, Zhang H, Liu K, Yang Z, Wu T, Qu J, Jin ZB, Yang J, Lu F, Qi X, Su B. Deep phenotyping of 11,880 highlanders reveals novel adaptive traits in native Tibetans. iScience 2023; 26:107677. [PMID: 37680474 PMCID: PMC10481350 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tibetans are the ideal population to study genetic adaptation in extreme environments. Here, we performed systematic phenotyping of 11,880 highlanders, covering 133 quantitative traits of 13 organ systems. We provided a comprehensive phenotypic atlas by comparing altitude adaptation and altitude acclimatization. We found the differences between adaptation and acclimatization are quantitative rather than qualitative, with a whole-system "blunted effect" seen in the adapted Tibetans. We characterized twelve different functional changes between adaptation and acclimatization. More importantly, we established a landscape of adaptive phenotypes of indigenous Tibetans, including 45 newly identified Tibetan adaptation-nominated traits, involving specific changes of Tibetans in internal organ state, metabolism, eye morphology, and skin pigmentation. In addition, we observed a sex-biased pattern between altitude acclimatization and adaptation. The generated atlas of phenotypic landscape provides new insights into understanding of human adaptation to high-altitude environments, and it serves as a valuable blueprint for future medical and physiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxi He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wangshan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongbo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tian Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | - Ouzhuluobu
- Tibetan Fukang Hospital, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Academy of Medicine Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining 810012, China
| | - Jia Qu
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xuebin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Tibetan Fukang Hospital, Lhasa 850000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Patinha D, Pijacka W, Paton JFR, Koeners MP. Cooperative Oxygen Sensing by the Kidney and Carotid Body in Blood Pressure Control. Front Physiol 2017; 8:752. [PMID: 29046642 PMCID: PMC5632678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen sensing mechanisms are vital for homeostasis and survival. When oxygen levels are too low (hypoxia), blood flow has to be increased, metabolism reduced, or a combination of both, to counteract tissue damage. These adjustments are regulated by local, humoral, or neural reflex mechanisms. The kidney and the carotid body are both directly sensitive to falls in the partial pressure of oxygen and trigger reflex adjustments and thus act as oxygen sensors. We hypothesize a cooperative oxygen sensing function by both the kidney and carotid body to ensure maintenance of whole body blood flow and tissue oxygen homeostasis. Under pathological conditions of severe or prolonged tissue hypoxia, these sensors may become continuously excessively activated and increase perfusion pressure chronically. Consequently, persistence of their activity could become a driver for the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Hypoxia-mediated renal and carotid body afferent signaling triggers unrestrained activation of the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Renal and carotid body mediated responses in arterial pressure appear to be synergistic as interruption of either afferent source has a summative effect of reducing blood pressure in renovascular hypertension. We discuss that this cooperative oxygen sensing system can activate/sensitize their own afferent transduction mechanisms via interactions between the RAAS, hypoxia inducible factor and erythropoiesis pathways. This joint mechanism supports our view point that the development of cardiovascular disease involves afferent nerve activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patinha
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Wioletta Pijacka
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Julian F R Paton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten P Koeners
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Iturri P, Bairam A, Soliz J. Efficient breathing at neonatal ages: A sex and Epo-dependent issue. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 245:89-97. [PMID: 28041993 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During postnatal life, the respiratory control system undergoes intense development and is highly responsive to stimuli emerging from the environment. In fact, interruption of breathing prevents gas exchange and results in systemic hypoxia that, if prolonged, can lead to cardio-respiratory failure or sudden infant death. Moreover, in newborns and infants, respiratory disorders related to neural control dysfunction show significant sexual dimorphism with a higher prevalence in males. To this day, the therapeutic tools available to alleviate these respiratory disorders remain limited. Furthermore, the factors explaining the sexual dimorphism in newborns and during infancy remain unknown. Erythropoietin (Epo) was originally discovered as a cytokine able to increase the production of red blood cells upon conditions of reduced oxygen availability. We now know that Epo is a cytokine also secreted by neurons and astrocytes that protects the brain during trauma or hypoxic stress in a sex dependent manner. In this novel line of research, our previous studies demonstrated at adult ages that cerebral Epo acts as a respiratory stimulant in rodents and humans. These results provided a strong rationale for exploring the role of cerebral Epo in neuronal respiratory control during postnatal development. The objective of this review is to summarize our recent findings showing that cerebral Epo is a potent sex-specific respiratory stimulant at neonatal ages. Keeping in mind that Epo is routinely and safely administrated in newborn humans for anemia and neonatal asphyxia, we predict that our research provides the basis necessary to promote the clinical use of Epo against neonatal respiratory disorders related to neural control dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Iturri
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Aida Bairam
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jorge Soliz
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia.
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Carbamylated erythropoietin enhances mice ventilatory responses to changes in O2 but not CO2 levels. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 232:1-12. [PMID: 27317882 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) has beneficial tissue-protective effects in several diseases but erythrocytosis may cause deleterious effects in EPO-treated patients. Thus carbamylated-EPO (C-EPO) and other derivatives retaining tissue-protective but lacking bone marrow-stimulating actions have been developed. Although EPO modulates ventilatory responses, the effects of C-EPO on ventilation have not been investigated. Here, basal breathing and respiratory chemoreflexes were measured by plethysmography after acute and chronic treatments with recombinant human C-EPO (rhC-EPO; 15,000 IU/kg during 5days) or saline (control group). Hematocrit, plasma and brainstem rhC-EPO levels were also quantified. Chronic rhC-EPO significantly elevated tissue rhC-EPO levels but not hematocrit. None of the drug regimen altered basal ventilation (normoxia). Chronic but not acute rhC-EPO enhanced hyperoxic ventilatory depression, and sustained the hypoxic ventilatory response mainly via a reduction of the roll-off phase. By contrast, rhC-EPO did not blunt the ventilatory response to hypercapnia. Thus, chronic C-EPO may be a promising therapy to improve breathing during hypoxia while minimizing adverse effects on cardiovascular function.
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Menuet C, Khemiri H, de la Poëze d'Harambure T, Gestreau C. Polycythemia and high levels of erythropoietin in blood and brain blunt the hypercapnic ventilatory response in adult mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R979-91. [PMID: 26936784 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00474.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in arterial Po2, Pco2, and pH are the strongest stimuli sensed by peripheral and central chemoreceptors to adjust ventilation to the metabolic demand. Erythropoietin (Epo), the main regulator of red blood cell production, increases the hypoxic ventilatory response, an effect attributed to the presence of Epo receptors in both carotid bodies and key brainstem structures involved in integration of peripheral inputs and control of breathing. However, it is not known whether Epo also has an effect on the hypercapnic chemoreflex. In a first attempt to answer this question, we tested the hypothesis that Epo alters the ventilatory response to increased CO2 levels. Basal ventilation and hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) were recorded from control mice and from two transgenic mouse lines constitutively expressing high levels of human Epo in brain only (Tg21) or in brain and plasma (Tg6), the latter leading to polycythemia. To tease apart the potential effects of polycythemia and levels of plasma Epo in the HCVR, control animals were injected with an Epo analog (Aranesp), and Tg6 mice were treated with the hemolytic agent phenylhydrazine after splenectomy. Ventilatory parameters measured by plethysmography in conscious mice were consistent with data from electrophysiological recordings in anesthetized animals and revealed a blunted HCVR in Tg6 mice. Polycythemia alone and increased levels of plasma Epo blunt the HCVR. In addition, Tg21 mice with an augmented level of cerebral Epo also had a decreased HCVR. We discuss the potential implications of these findings in several physiopathological conditions.
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Pichon A, Jeton F, El Hasnaoui-Saadani R, Hagström L, Launay T, Beaudry M, Marchant D, Quidu P, Macarlupu JL, Favret F, Richalet JP, Voituron N. Erythropoietin and the use of a transgenic model of erythropoietin-deficient mice. HYPOXIA 2016; 4:29-39. [PMID: 27800506 PMCID: PMC5085313 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s83540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite its well-known role in red blood cell production, it is now accepted that erythropoietin (Epo) has other physiological functions. Epo and its receptors are expressed in many tissues, such as the brain and heart. The presence of Epo/Epo receptors in these organs suggests other roles than those usually assigned to this protein. Thus, the aim of this review is to describe the effects of Epo deficiency on adaptation to normoxic and hypoxic environments and to suggest a key role of Epo on main physiological adaptive functions. Our original model of Epo-deficient (Epo-TAgh) mice allowed us to improve our knowledge of the possible role of Epo in O2 homeostasis. The use of anemic transgenic mice revealed Epo as a crucial component of adaptation to hypoxia. Epo-TAgh mice survive well in hypoxic conditions despite low hematocrit. Furthermore, Epo plays a key role in neural control of ventilatory acclimatization and response to hypoxia, in deformability of red blood cells, in cerebral and cardiac angiogenesis, and in neuro- and cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Pichon
- Laboratory "Hypoxia and Lung" EA 2363, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny Cedex; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris; Laboratory MOVE EA 6314, FSS, Poitiers University, Poitiers, France
| | - Florine Jeton
- Laboratory "Hypoxia and Lung" EA 2363, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny Cedex; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris
| | | | - Luciana Hagström
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Thierry Launay
- Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l'Exercice, University Paris Saclay and Genopole , University Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Beaudry
- Laboratory "Hypoxia and Lung" EA 2363, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny Cedex
| | - Dominique Marchant
- Laboratory "Hypoxia and Lung" EA 2363, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny Cedex
| | - Patricia Quidu
- Laboratory "Hypoxia and Lung" EA 2363, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny Cedex
| | - Jose-Luis Macarlupu
- High Altitude Unit, Laboratories for Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Fabrice Favret
- Laboratory "Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire" EA 3072, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Paul Richalet
- Laboratory "Hypoxia and Lung" EA 2363, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny Cedex; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris
| | - Nicolas Voituron
- Laboratory "Hypoxia and Lung" EA 2363, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny Cedex; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris
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Barbosa C, Romão L. Translation of the human erythropoietin transcript is regulated by an upstream open reading frame in response to hypoxia. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:594-608. [PMID: 24647661 PMCID: PMC3988562 DOI: 10.1261/rna.040915.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a key mediator hormone for hypoxic induction of erythropoiesis that also plays important nonhematopoietic functions. It has been shown that EPO gene expression regulation occurs at different levels, including transcription and mRNA stabilization. In this report, we show that expression of EPO is also regulated at the translational level by an upstream open reading frame (uORF) of 14 codons. As judged by comparisons of protein and mRNA levels, the uORF acts as a cis-acting element that represses translation of the main EPO ORF in unstressed HEK293, HepG2, and HeLa cells. However, in response to hypoxia, this repression is significantly released, specifically in HeLa cells, through a mechanism that involves processive scanning of ribosomes from the 5' end of the EPO transcript and enhanced ribosome bypass of the uORF. In addition, we demonstrate that in HeLa cells, hypoxia induces the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) concomitantly with a significant increase of EPO protein synthesis. These findings provide a framework for understanding that production of high levels of EPO induced by hypoxia also involves regulation at the translational level.
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Voituron N, Jeton F, Cholley Y, Hasnaoui-Saadani RE, Marchant D, Quidu P, Favret F, Richalet JP, Pichon A. Catalyzing role of erythropoietin on the nitric oxide central pathway during the ventilatory responses to hypoxia. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00223. [PMID: 24744892 PMCID: PMC3966246 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The N‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate (NMDA) receptors – neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) pathway is involved in the ventilatory response to hypoxia. The objective was to assess the possible effect of erythropoietin deficiency and chronic exposure to hypoxia on this pathway during ventilatory response to acute hypoxia. Wild‐type (WT) and erythropoietin‐deficient (Epo‐TAgh) male mice were exposed (14 days) either to hypobaric hypoxia (Pb = 435 mmHg) or to normoxia. The ventilation was measured at 21% or 8% O2 after injection of vehicle (NaCl), nNOS inhibitor (SMTC) or NMDA receptor antagonist (MK‐801). Nitric oxide production and the expression of NMDA receptor and nNOS were assessed by real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blot analyses in the medulla. At rest, Epo‐TAgh mice displayed normal ventilatory parameters at 21% O2 but did not respond to acute hypoxia despite a larger expression of NMDA receptors and nNOS in the medulla. Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia was observed in WT but was absent in Epo‐TAgh mice. nNOS inhibition blunted the hypoxic ventilatory acclimatization of WT mice without any effect in Epo‐TAgh mice. Acute hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) was increased after chronic hypoxia in WT but remained unchanged in Epo‐TAgh mice. Ventilatory response to acute hypoxia was modified by MK‐801 injection in WT and Epo‐TAgh mice. The results confirm that adequate erythropoietin level is necessary to obtain an appropriate HVR and a significant ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. Furthermore, erythropoietin plays a potential catalyzing role in the NMDA‐NO central pathway during the ventilatory response and acclimatization to hypoxia. e00223 Adequate erythropoietin level is necessary to obtain an appropriate hypoxic ventilatory response and a significant ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. Erythropoietin plays a potential catalyzing role on the N‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate (NMDA)‐nNOS central pathway during the ventilatory response and acclimatization to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Voituron
- Laboratoire "Réponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles à l'hypoxie", Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, EA 2363, Bobigny, 93017, France ; Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) GR-Ex, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Florine Jeton
- Laboratoire "Réponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles à l'hypoxie", Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, EA 2363, Bobigny, 93017, France ; Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) GR-Ex, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Yannick Cholley
- Laboratoire "Réponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles à l'hypoxie", Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, EA 2363, Bobigny, 93017, France
| | - Raja El Hasnaoui-Saadani
- Laboratoire "Réponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles à l'hypoxie", Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, EA 2363, Bobigny, 93017, France
| | - Dominique Marchant
- Laboratoire "Réponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles à l'hypoxie", Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, EA 2363, Bobigny, 93017, France
| | - Patricia Quidu
- Laboratoire "Réponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles à l'hypoxie", Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, EA 2363, Bobigny, 93017, France
| | - Fabrice Favret
- Laboratoire "Réponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles à l'hypoxie", Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, EA 2363, Bobigny, 93017, France
| | - Jean-Paul Richalet
- Laboratoire "Réponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles à l'hypoxie", Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, EA 2363, Bobigny, 93017, France ; Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) GR-Ex, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Aurélien Pichon
- Laboratoire "Réponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles à l'hypoxie", Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, EA 2363, Bobigny, 93017, France ; Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) GR-Ex, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité
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Cervical spinal erythropoietin induces phrenic motor facilitation via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and Akt signaling. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5973-83. [PMID: 22539857 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3873-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is typically known for its role in erythropoiesis but is also a potent neurotrophic/neuroprotective factor for spinal motor neurons. Another trophic factor regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), signals via ERK and Akt activation to elicit long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation (pMF). Because EPO also signals via ERK and Akt activation, we tested the hypothesis that EPO elicits similar pMF. Using retrograde labeling and immunohistochemical techniques, we demonstrate in adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats that EPO and its receptor, EPO-R, are expressed in identified phrenic motor neurons. Intrathecal EPO at C4 elicits long-lasting pMF; integrated phrenic nerve burst amplitude increased >90 min after injection (63 ± 12% baseline 90 min after injection; p < 0.001). EPO increased phosphorylation (and presumed activation) of ERK (1.6-fold vs controls; p < 0.05) in phrenic motor neurons; EPO also increased pAkt (1.6-fold vs controls; p < 0.05). EPO-induced pMF was abolished by the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 [1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(o-aminophenylmercapto)butadiene] and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt inhibitor LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one], demonstrating that ERK MAP kinases and Akt are both required for EPO-induced pMF. Pretreatment with U0126 and LY294002 decreased both pERK and pAkt in phrenic motor neurons (p < 0.05), indicating a complex interaction between these kinases. We conclude that EPO elicits spinal plasticity in respiratory motor control. Because EPO expression is hypoxia sensitive, it may play a role in respiratory plasticity in conditions of prolonged or recurrent low oxygen.
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Buroker NE, Ning XH, Zhou ZN, Li K, Cen WJ, Wu XF, Zhu WZ, Scott CR, Chen SH. AKT3, ANGPTL4, eNOS3, and VEGFA associations with high altitude sickness in Han and Tibetan Chinese at the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Int J Hematol 2012; 96:200-13. [PMID: 22729570 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mountain sickness (MS) occurs among humans visiting or inhabiting high altitude environments. We conducted genetic analyses of the AKT3, ANGPTL4, eNOS3 and VEGFA genes in lowland (Han) and highland (Tibetan) Chinese. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were evaluated in Han and Tibetan patients with acute (A) and chronic (C) MS. We compared 74 patients with AMS to 79 Han unaffected with MS, as well as 48 CMS patients to 31 unaffected Tibetans. The ten SNPs studied are AKT3 (rs4590656, rs2291409), ANGPTL4 (rs1044250), eNOS3 (rs1007311, rs1799983) and VEGFA (rs79469752, rs13207351, rs28357093, rs1570360, rs3025039). Direct sequencing was used to identify individual genotypes for these SNPs. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and red blood cell count (RBC) were found to be significantly associated with the AKT3 SNP (rs4590656), Hb was found to be associated with the eNOS3 SNP (rs1007311), and RBC was found to be significantly associated with the VEGFA SNP (rs1570360) in Tibetan patients with CMS. CMS patients were found to diverge significantly for both eNOS3 SNPs as measured by genetic distance (0.042, 0.047) and for the VEGFA SNP (rs28357093) with a genetic distance of 0.078 compared to their Tibetan control group. Heart rate (HR) was found to be significantly associated with the eNOS3 SNP (rs1799983) and arterial oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO2) was found to be significantly associated with the VEGFA SNPs (rs13207351, rs1570360) in Han patients with AMS. The Han and Tibetan control groups were found to diverge significantly for the ANGPTL4 SNP and VEGFA SNP (rs28357093), as measured by genetic distances of 0.049 and 0.073, respectively. Seven of the SNPs from non-coding regions are found in the transcriptional factor response elements and their possible role in gene regulation was evaluated with regard to MS. AMS and CMS were found to be significantly associated with the four genes compared to their Han and Tibetan control groups, respectively, indicating that these nucleotide alterations have a physiological effect for the development of high altitude sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman E Buroker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Erythropoietin and the Sex-Dimorphic Chemoreflex Pathway. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 758:55-62. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4584-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Gassmann M, Pfistner C, Doan VD, Vogel J, Soliz J. Impaired ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia in female mice overexpressing erythropoietin: unexpected deleterious effect of estradiol in carotid bodies. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1511-20. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00205.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Apart from enhancing the production of red blood cells, erythropoietin (Epo) alters the ventilatory response when oxygen supply is reduced. We recently demonstrated that Epo's beneficial effect on the ventilatory response to acute hypoxia is sex dependent, with female mice being better able to cope with reduced oxygenation. In the present work, we hypothesized that ventilatory acclimatization to chronic hypoxia (VAH) in transgenic female mice (Tg6) harboring high levels of Epo in the brain and blood will also be improved compared with wild-type (WT) animals. Surprisingly, VAH was blunted in Tg6 female mice. To define whether this phenomenon had a central (brain stem respiratory centers) and/or peripheral (carotid bodies) origin, a bilateral transection of carotid sinus nerve (chemodenervation) was performed. This procedure allowed the analysis of the central response in the absence of carotid body information. Interestingly, chemodenervation restored the VAH in Tg6 mice, suggesting that carotid bodies were responsible for the blunted response. Coherently with this observation, the sensitivity to oxygen alteration in arterial blood (Dejour test) after chronic hypoxia was lower in transgenic carotid bodies compared with the WT control. As blunted VAH occurred in female but not male transgenic mice, the involvement of sex female steroids was obvious. Indeed, measurement of sexual female hormones revealed that the estradiol serum level was 4 times higher in transgenic mice Tg6 than in WT animals. While ovariectomy decreased VAH in WT females, this treatment restored VAH in Tg6 female mice. In line with this observation, injections of estradiol in ovariectomized Tg6 females dramatically reduced the VAH. We concluded that during chronic hypoxia, estradiol in carotid bodies suppresses the Epo-mediated elevation of ventilation. Considering the increased application of recombinant Epo for a variety of disorders, our data imply the need to take the patient's hormonal status into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Christine Pfistner
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Van Diep Doan
- Unité de Recherche en Périnatalogie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Jorge Soliz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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