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Li B, Mao J, Wu J, Mao K, Jia Y, Chen F, Liu J. Nano-Bio Interactions: Biofilm-Targeted Antibacterial Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306135. [PMID: 37803439 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm is a spatially organized community formed by the accumulation of both microorganisms and their secretions, leading to persistent and chronic infections because of high resistance toward conventional antibiotics. In view of the tunable physicochemical properties and the related unique biological behavior (e.g., size-, shape-, and surface charge-dependent penetration, protein corona endowed targeting, catalytic- and electronic-related oxidative stress, optical- and magnetic-associated hyperthermia, etc.), nanomaterials-based therapeutics are widely used for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections. In this review, the biological characteristics of biofilm are introduced. And the nanomaterials-based antibacterial strategies are further discussed via biofilm targeting, including preventing biofilm formation, enhancing biofilm penetration, disrupting the mature biofilm, and acting as drug delivery systems. In which, the interactions between biofilm and nanomaterials include mechanical disruption, electron transfer, enzymatic degradation, oxidative stress, and hyperthermia. Additionally, the current advances of nanomaterials for antibacterial nanomaterials by biofilm targeting are summarized. This review aims to present a complete vision of antibacterial nanomaterials-biofilm (nano-bio) interactions, paving the way for the future development and clinical translation of effective antibacterial nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Kerou Mao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yangrui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Efferocytosis in lung mucosae: implications for health and disease. Immunol Lett 2022; 248:109-118. [PMID: 35843361 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efferocytosis is imperative to maintain lung homeostasis and control inflammation. Populations of lung macrophages are the main efferocytes in this tissue, responsible for controlling immune responses and avoiding unrestrained inflammation and autoimmunity through the expression of a plethora of receptors that recognize multiple 'eat me' signals on apoptotic cells. Efferocytosis is essentially anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic. However, in some situations, apoptotic cells phagocytosis can elicit inflammatory and immunogenic immune responses. Here, we summarized the current knowledge of the mechanisms of efferocytosis, and how any abnormality in this process may have an important contribution to the lung pathophysiology of many chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. Further, we consider the consequences of the dual role of efferocytosis on the susceptibility or resistance to pulmonary microbial infections. Understanding how efferocytosis works in different contexts will be useful to the development of new and more effective strategies to control the diversity of lung diseases.
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Immune Responses in Leishmaniases: An Overview. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7040054. [PMID: 35448829 PMCID: PMC9029249 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic, widespread, and neglected disease that affects more than 90 countries in the world. More than 20 Leishmania species cause different forms of leishmaniasis that range in severity from cutaneous lesions to systemic infection. The diversity of leishmaniasis forms is due to the species of parasite, vector, environmental and social factors, genetic background, nutritional status, as well as immunocompetence of the host. Here, we discuss the role of the immune system, its molecules, and responses in the establishment, development, and outcome of Leishmaniasis, focusing on innate immune cells and Leishmania major interactions.
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Pedraza-Zamora CP, Delgado-Domínguez J, Zamora-Chimal J, Becker I. Th17 cells and neutrophils: Close collaborators in chronicLeishmania mexicanainfections leading to disease severity. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. P. Pedraza-Zamora
- Facultad de Medicina; Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Hospital General de México; Ciudad de México México
| | - J. Delgado-Domínguez
- Facultad de Medicina; Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Hospital General de México; Ciudad de México México
| | - J. Zamora-Chimal
- Facultad de Medicina; Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Hospital General de México; Ciudad de México México
| | - I. Becker
- Facultad de Medicina; Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Hospital General de México; Ciudad de México México
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de Menezes JP, Saraiva EM, da Rocha-Azevedo B. The site of the bite: Leishmania interaction with macrophages, neutrophils and the extracellular matrix in the dermis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:264. [PMID: 27146515 PMCID: PMC4857439 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp., the causative agents of leishmaniasis, are intracellular parasites, transmitted to humans via the bite of their sand fly vectors. Once inoculated, the promastigotes are exposed to the dermis, which is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), growth factors and its resident cells. Promastigote forms are phagocytosed by macrophages recruited to the site of the sand fly bite, either directly or after interaction with neutrophils. Since Leishmania is an intracellular parasite, its interaction with the host ECM has been neglected as well as the immediate steps after the sand fly bite. However, promastigotes must overcome the obstacles presented by the dermis ECM in order to establish the infection. Thus, the study of the interaction between Leishmania promastigotes and ECM components as well as the earliest stages of infection are important steps to understand the establishment of the disease, and could contribute in the future to new drug developments towards leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elvira M Saraiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno da Rocha-Azevedo
- Programa de Terapia Celular e Bioengenharia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Present Address: Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Ecotin-like ISP of L. major promastigotes fine-tunes macrophage phagocytosis by limiting the pericellular release of bradykinin from surface-bound kininogens: a survival strategy based on the silencing of proinflammatory G-protein coupled kinin B2 and B1 receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:143450. [PMID: 25294952 PMCID: PMC4177093 DOI: 10.1155/2014/143450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of serine peptidases (ISPs) expressed by Leishmania major enhance intracellular parasitism in macrophages by targeting neutrophil elastase (NE), a serine protease that couples phagocytosis to the prooxidative TLR4/PKR pathway. Here we investigated the functional interplay between ISP-expressing L. major and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Enzymatic assays showed that NE inhibitor or recombinant ISP-2 inhibited KKS activation in human plasma activated by dextran sulfate. Intravital microscopy in the hamster cheek pouch showed that topically applied L. major promastigotes (WT and Δisp2/3 mutants) potently induced plasma leakage through the activation of bradykinin B2 receptors (B2R). Next, using mAbs against kininogen domains, we showed that these BK-precursor proteins are sequestered by L. major promastigotes, being expressed at higher % in the Δisp2/3 mutant population. Strikingly, analysis of the role of kinin pathway in the phagocytic uptake of L. major revealed that antagonists of B2R or B1R reversed the upregulated uptake of Δisp2/3 mutants without inhibiting macrophage internalization of WT L. major. Collectively, our results suggest that L. major ISP-2 fine-tunes macrophage phagocytosis by inhibiting the pericellular release of proinflammatory kinins from surface bound kininogens. Ongoing studies should clarify whether L. major ISP-2 subverts TLR4/PKR-dependent prooxidative responses of macrophages by preventing activation of G-protein coupled B2R/B1R.
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Innate immunity to Leishmania infection: within phagocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:754965. [PMID: 25110400 PMCID: PMC4119695 DOI: 10.1155/2014/754965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Leishmania takes place in the context of inflammation and tissue repair. Besides tissue resident macrophages, inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils are recruited to the infection site and serve both as host cells and as effectors against infection. Recent studies suggest additional important roles for monocytes and dendritic cells. This paper addresses recent experimental findings regarding the regulation of Leishmania major infection by these major phagocyte populations. In addition, the role of IL-4 on dendritic cells and monocytes is discussed.
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Chagas AC, Oliveira F, Debrabant A, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JMC, Calvo E. Lundep, a sand fly salivary endonuclease increases Leishmania parasite survival in neutrophils and inhibits XIIa contact activation in human plasma. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003923. [PMID: 24516388 PMCID: PMC3916414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the host's first line of defense against infections, and their extracellular traps (NET) were recently shown to kill Leishmania parasites. Here we report a NET-destroying molecule (Lundep) from the salivary glands of Lutzomyia longipalpis. Previous analysis of the sialotranscriptome of Lu. longipalpis showed the potential presence of an endonuclease. Indeed, not only was the cloned cDNA (Lundep) shown to encode a highly active ss- and dsDNAse, but also the same activity was demonstrated to be secreted by salivary glands of female Lu. longipalpis. Lundep hydrolyzes both ss- and dsDNA with little sequence specificity with a calculated DNase activity of 300000 Kunitz units per mg of protein. Disruption of PMA (phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate)- or parasite-induced NETs by treatment with recombinant Lundep or salivary gland homogenates increases parasite survival in neutrophils. Furthermore, co-injection of recombinant Lundep with metacyclic promastigotes significantly exacerbates Leishmania infection in mice when compared with PBS alone or inactive (mutagenized) Lundep. We hypothesize that Lundep helps the parasite to establish an infection by allowing it to escape from the leishmanicidal activity of NETs early after inoculation. Lundep may also assist blood meal intake by lowering the local viscosity caused by the release of host DNA and as an anticoagulant by inhibiting the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Salivary components from disease vectors help the arthropod to acquire blood. Here we show that an arthropod vector salivary enzyme affects the innate immune system of the host—mainly the destruction of neutrophil traps—allowing the Leishmania parasite to evade the host immune response and to cause an infection. This work highlights the relevance of vector salivary components in parasite transmission and further suggests the inclusion of these proteins as components for an anti-Leishmania vaccine. Importantly, because salivary proteins are always present at the site of natural transmission, this work further encourages the testing of vaccine candidates using the natural route of transmission—the bites of an arthropod vector—instead of current practices based solely on needle injection of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrezza C. Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alain Debrabant
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - José M. C. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Freitas-Teixeira PM, Silveira-Lemos D, Giunchetti RC, Baratta-Masini A, Mayrink W, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Rocha RDR, Campi-Azevedo AC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA. Distinct pattern of immunophenotypic features of innate and adaptive immunity as a putative signature of clinical and laboratorial status of patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:421-32. [PMID: 22823491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have analysed the phenotypic features of innate/adaptive immunity of patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), categorized according to their clinical/laboratorial status, including number of lesion (L1; L2–4), days of illness duration (≤60;>60) and positivity in the Montenegro skin test (MT−;MT+). Our findings highlighted a range of phenotypic features observed in patients with LCL (↑%HLA-DR+ neutrophils; ↑CD8+ HLA-DR+/CD4+ HLA-DR+ T cell ratio; ↑HLA-DR in B lymphocytes, ↑%CD23+ neutrophils, monocytes and B cells; ↑α-Leishmania IgG and ↑serum NO₂⁻ + NO₃⁻). Selective changes were observed in L1 (↑%HLA-DR+ neutrophils, ↑CD8+ HLA-DR+/CD4+ HLA-DR+ T cell ratio and ↑serum NO₂⁻ + NO₃⁻) as compared to L2–4 (↑%CD5− B cells; ↑CD23+ B cells and ↑α-Leishmania IgG). Whilst ≤60 presented a mixed profile of innate/adaptive immunity (↓%CD28+ neutrophils and ↑%CD4+ T cells), >60 showed a well-known leishmanicidal events (↑CD8+ T cells; ↑serum NO₂⁻ + NO₃⁻ and ↑α-Leishmania IgG). MT+ patients showed increased putative leishmanicidal capacity (↑%HLA-DR+ neutrophils; ↑%CD23+ monocytes; ↑CD8+ HLA-DR+/CD4+ HLA-DR+ T cell ratio and ↑ serum NO₂⁻ + NO₃⁻). Overall, a range of immunological biomarkers illustrates the complex immunological network associated with distinct clinical/laboratorial features of LCL with applicability in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Freitas-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ/Minas, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:203818. [PMID: 22570765 PMCID: PMC3337613 DOI: 10.1155/2012/203818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects millions of people around the world. Several species of Leishmania infect mouse strains, and murine models closely reproduce the cutaneous lesions caused by the parasite in humans. Mouse models have enabled studies on the pathogenesis and effector mechanisms of host resistance to infection. Here, we review the role of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) in the control of parasites by macrophages, which are both the host cells and the effector cells. We also discuss the role of neutrophil-derived oxygen and nitrogen reactive species during infection with Leishmania. We emphasize the role of these cells in the outcome of leishmaniasis early after infection, before the adaptive Th-cell immune response.
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