1
|
Bieberich E. Synthesis, Processing, and Function of N-Glycans in N-Glycoproteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:65-93. [PMID: 36255672 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Many membrane-resident and secreted proteins, including growth factors and their receptors are N-glycosylated. The initial N-glycan structure is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a branched structure on a lipid anchor (dolicholpyrophosphate) and then co-translationally, "en bloc" transferred and linked via N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine within a specific N-glycosylation acceptor sequence of the nascent recipient protein. In the ER and then the Golgi apparatus, the N-linked glycan structure is modified by hydrolytic removal of sugar residues ("trimming") followed by re-glycosylation with additional sugar residues ("processing") such as galactose, fucose or sialic acid to form complex N-glycoproteins. While the sequence of the reactions leading to biosynthesis, "en bloc" transfer and processing of N-glycans is well investigated, it is still not completely understood how N-glycans affect the biological fate and function of N-glycoproteins. This review will discuss the biology of N-glycoprotein synthesis, processing and function with specific reference to the physiology and pathophysiology of the immune and nervous system, as well as infectious diseases such as Covid-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Structure of human endo-α-1,2-mannosidase (MANEA), an antiviral host-glycosylation target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29595-29601. [PMID: 33154157 PMCID: PMC7703563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013620117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian protein N-linked glycosylation is critical for glycoprotein folding, quality control, trafficking, recognition, and function. N-linked glycans are synthesized from Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 precursors that are trimmed and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus by glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases. Endo-α-1,2-mannosidase (MANEA) is the sole endo-acting glycoside hydrolase involved in N-glycan trimming and is located within the Golgi, where it allows ER-escaped glycoproteins to bypass the classical N-glycosylation trimming pathway involving ER glucosidases I and II. There is considerable interest in the use of small molecules that disrupt N-linked glycosylation as therapeutic agents for diseases such as cancer and viral infection. Here we report the structure of the catalytic domain of human MANEA and complexes with substrate-derived inhibitors, which provide insight into dynamic loop movements that occur on substrate binding. We reveal structural features of the human enzyme that explain its substrate preference and the mechanistic basis for catalysis. These structures have inspired the development of new inhibitors that disrupt host protein N-glycan processing of viral glycans and reduce the infectivity of bovine viral diarrhea and dengue viruses in cellular models. These results may contribute to efforts aimed at developing broad-spectrum antiviral agents and help provide a more in-depth understanding of the biology of mammalian glycosylation.
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang C, Suzuki T. The occurrence of nonglycosylated forms of
N
‐glycoprotein upon proteasome inhibition does not confirm cytosolic deglycosylation. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1433-1442. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Huang
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research Wako Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research Wako Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Inhibitory effect of phloroglucinol on α-glucosidase: Kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation integration study. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:771-779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Fanunza E, Frau A, Corona A, Tramontano E. Antiviral Agents Against Ebola Virus Infection: Repositioning Old Drugs and Finding Novel Small Molecules. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 51:135-173. [PMID: 32287476 PMCID: PMC7112331 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a deadly hemorrhagic syndrome in humans with mortality rate up to 90%. First reported in Zaire in 1976, EBOV outbreaks showed a fluctuating trend during time and fora long period it was considered a tragic disease confined to the isolated regions of the African continent where the EBOV fear was perpetuated among the poor communities. The extreme severity of the recent 2014-16 EBOV outbreak in terms of fatality rate and rapid spread out of Africa led to the understanding that EBOV is a global health risk and highlights the necessity to find countermeasures against it. In the recent years, several small molecules have been shown to display in vitro and in vivo efficacy against EBOV and some of them have advanced into clinical trials. In addition, also existing drugs have been tested for their anti-EBOV activity and were shown to be promising candidates. However, despite the constant effort addressed to identify anti-EBOV therapeutics, no approved drugs are available against EBOV yet. In this chapter, we describe the main EBOV life cycle steps, providing a detailed picture of the druggable viral and host targets that have been explored so far by different technologies. We then summarize the small molecules, nucleic acid oligomers, and antibody-based therapies reported to have an effect either in in silico, or in biochemical and cell-based assays or in animal models and clinical trials, listing them according to their demonstrated or putative mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fanunza
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Aldo Frau
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Genetics and Biomedical Research Institute, National Research Council, Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fernandes PZ, Petricevic M, Sobala L, Davies GJ, Williams SJ. Exploration of Strategies for Mechanism-Based Inhibitor Design for Family GH99 endo-α-1,2-Mannanases. Chemistry 2018; 24:7464-7473. [PMID: 29508463 PMCID: PMC6001782 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
endo-α-1,2-Mannosidases and -mannanases, members of glycoside hydrolase family 99 (GH99), cleave α-Glc/Man-1,3-α-Man-OR structures within mammalian N-linked glycans and fungal α-mannan, respectively. They are proposed to act through a two-step mechanism involving a 1,2-anhydrosugar "epoxide" intermediate incorporating two conserved catalytic carboxylates. In the first step, one carboxylate acts as a general base to deprotonate the 2-hydroxy group adjacent to the fissile glycosidic bond, and the other provides general acid assistance to the departure of the aglycon. We report herein the synthesis of two inhibitors designed to interact with either the general base (α-mannosyl-1,3-(2-aminodeoxymannojirimycin), Man2NH2 DMJ) or the general acid (α-mannosyl-1,3-mannoimidazole, ManManIm). Modest affinities were observed for an endo-α-1,2-mannanase from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Structural studies revealed that Man2NH2 DMJ binds like other iminosugar inhibitors, which suggests that the poor inhibition shown by this compound is not a result of a failure to achieve the expected interaction with the general base, but rather the reduction in basicity of the endocyclic nitrogen caused by introduction of a vicinal, protonated amine at C2. ManManIm binds with the imidazole headgroup distorted downwards, a result of an unfavourable interaction with a conserved active site tyrosine. This study has identified important limitations associated with mechanism-inspired inhibitor design for GH99 enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Z. Fernandes
- School of ChemistryBio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic3010Australia
| | - Marija Petricevic
- School of ChemistryBio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic3010Australia
| | - Lukasz Sobala
- York Structural Biology LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School of ChemistryBio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic3010Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Link-Lenczowski P, Bubka M, Balog CIA, Koeleman CAM, Butters TD, Wuhrer M, Lityńska A. The glycomic effect of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III overexpression in metastatic melanoma cells. GnT-III modifies highly branched N-glycans. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:217-231. [PMID: 29502191 PMCID: PMC5916991 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) is known to catalyze N-glycan "bisection" and thereby modulate the formation of highly branched complex structures within the Golgi apparatus. While active, it inhibits the action of other GlcNAc transferases such as GnT-IV and GnT-V. Moreover, GnT-III is considered as an inhibitor of the metastatic potential of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects of GnT-III may be more diverse and depend on the cellular context. We describe the detailed glycomic analysis of the effect of GnT-III overexpression in WM266-4-GnT-III metastatic melanoma cells. We used MALDI-TOF and ESI-ion-trap-MS/MS together with HILIC-HPLC of 2-AA labeled N-glycans to study the N-glycome of membrane-attached and secreted proteins. We found that the overexpression of GnT-III in melanoma leads to the modification of a broad range of N-glycan types by the introduction of the "bisecting" GlcNAc residue with highly branched complex structures among them. The presence of these unusual complex N-glycans resulted in stronger interactions of cellular glycoproteins with the PHA-L. Based on the data presented here we conclude that elevated activity of GnT-III in cancer cells does not necessarily lead to a total abrogation of the formation of highly branched glycans. In addition, the modification of pre-existing N-glycans by the introduction of "bisecting" GlcNAc can modulate their capacity to interact with carbohydrate-binding proteins such as plant lectins. Our results suggest further studies on the biological function of "bisected" oligosaccharides in cancer cell biology and their interactions with carbohydrate-binding proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Link-Lenczowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michałowskiego 12, 31-126, Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Bubka
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Crina I A Balog
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Lityńska
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Petricevic M, Sobala LF, Fernandes PZ, Raich L, Thompson AJ, Bernardo-Seisdedos G, Millet O, Zhu S, Sollogoub M, Jiménez-Barbero J, Rovira C, Davies GJ, Williams SJ. Contribution of Shape and Charge to the Inhibition of a Family GH99 endo-α-1,2-Mannanase. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1089-1097. [PMID: 27992199 PMCID: PMC5269645 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Inhibitor
design incorporating features of the reaction coordinate
and transition-state structure has emerged as a powerful approach
for the development of enzyme inhibitors. Such inhibitors find use
as mechanistic probes, chemical biology tools, and therapeutics. Endo-α-1,2-mannosidases and endo-α-1,2-mannanases,
members of glycoside hydrolase family 99 (GH99), are interesting targets
for inhibitor development as they play key roles in N-glycan maturation
and microbiotal yeast mannan degradation, respectively. These enzymes
are proposed to act via a 1,2-anhydrosugar “epoxide”
mechanism that proceeds through an unusual conformational itinerary.
Here, we explore how shape and charge contribute to binding of diverse
inhibitors of these enzymes. We report the synthesis of neutral dideoxy,
glucal and cyclohexenyl disaccharide inhibitors, their binding to
GH99 endo-α-1,2-mannanases, and their structural
analysis by X-ray crystallography. Quantum mechanical calculations
of the free energy landscapes reveal how the neutral inhibitors provide
shape but not charge mimicry of the proposed intermediate and transition
state structures. Building upon the knowledge of shape and charge
contributions to inhibition of family GH99 enzymes, we design and
synthesize α-Man-1,3-noeuromycin, which is revealed to be the
most potent inhibitor (KD 13 nM for Bacteroides xylanisolvens GH99 enzyme) of these enzymes
yet reported. This work reveals how shape and charge mimicry of transition
state features can enable the rational design of potent inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Petricevic
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Lukasz F Sobala
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Pearl Z Fernandes
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Lluís Raich
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ganeko Bernardo-Seisdedos
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Oscar Millet
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Sha Zhu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), UMR 8232, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), UMR 8232, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Marı́a Dı́az de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gideon J Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu C, Ng DTW. Glycosylation-directed quality control of protein folding. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:742-52. [PMID: 26465718 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound and soluble proteins of the secretory pathway are commonly glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum. These adducts have many biological functions, including, notably, their contribution to the maturation of glycoproteins. N-linked glycans are of oligomeric structure, forming configurations that provide blueprints to precisely instruct the folding of protein substrates and the quality control systems that scrutinize it. O-linked mannoses are simpler in structure and were recently found to have distinct functions in protein quality control that do not require the complex structure of N-linked glycans. Together, recent studies reveal the breadth and sophistication of the roles of these glycan-directed modifications in protein biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengchao Xu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Davis T W Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543.,Duke University-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harada Y, Hirayama H, Suzuki T. Generation and degradation of free asparagine-linked glycans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2509-33. [PMID: 25772500 PMCID: PMC11113800 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation, which takes place in the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is important for protein folding, quality control and the intracellular trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins. It is known that, during N-glycosylation, considerable amounts of lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs), the glycan donor substrates for N-glycosylation, are hydrolyzed to form free N-glycans (FNGs) by unidentified mechanisms. FNGs are also generated in the cytosol by the enzymatic deglycosylation of misfolded glycoproteins during ER-associated degradation. FNGs derived from LLOs and misfolded glycoproteins are eventually merged into one pool in the cytosol and the various glycan structures are processed to a near homogenous glycoform. This article summarizes the current state of our knowledge concerning the formation and catabolism of FNGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Harada
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroto Hirayama
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Warfield KL, Plummer E, Alonzi DS, Wolfe GW, Sampath A, Nguyen T, Butters TD, Enterlein SG, Stavale EJ, Shresta S, Ramstedt U. A Novel Iminosugar UV-12 with Activity against the Diverse Viruses Influenza and Dengue (Novel Iminosugar Antiviral for Influenza and Dengue). Viruses 2015; 7:2404-27. [PMID: 25984714 PMCID: PMC4452912 DOI: 10.3390/v7052404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Iminosugars are capable of targeting the life cycles of multiple viruses by blocking host endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase enzymes that are required for competent replication of a variety of enveloped, glycosylated viruses. Iminosugars as a class are approved for use in humans with diseases such as diabetes and Gaucher’s disease, providing evidence for safety of this class of compounds. The in vitro antiviral activity of iminosugars has been described in several publications with a subset of these demonstrating in vivo activity against flaviviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses and filoviruses. Although there is compelling non-clinical in vivo evidence of antiviral efficacy, the efficacy of iminosugars as antivirals has yet to be demonstrated in humans. In the current study, we report a novel iminosugar, UV-12, which has efficacy against dengue and influenza in mouse models. UV-12 exhibits drug-like properties including oral bioavailability and good safety profile in mice and guinea pigs. UV-12 is an example of an iminosugar with activity against multiple virus families that should be investigated in further safety and efficacy studies and demonstrates potential value of this drug class as antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Plummer
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Tam Nguyen
- Tam Nguyen LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
| | | | | | - Eric J Stavale
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Sujan Shresta
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Lü ZR, Shen D, Zhan Y, Yang JM, Park YD, Zhou HM, Sheng Q, Lee J. The inhibitory role of Co2+ on α-glucosidase: Inhibition kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation integration study. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
14
|
Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum-resident glucosidases impairs severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human coronavirus NL63 spike protein-mediated entry by altering the glycan processing of angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:206-16. [PMID: 25348530 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03999-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glucosidases I and II sequentially trim the three terminal glucose moieties on the N-linked glycans attached to nascent glycoproteins. These reactions are the first steps of N-linked glycan processing and are essential for proper folding and function of many glycoproteins. Because most of the viral envelope glycoproteins contain N-linked glycans, inhibition of ER glucosidases with derivatives of 1-deoxynojirimycin, i.e., iminosugars, efficiently disrupts the morphogenesis of a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses. However, like viral envelope proteins, the cellular receptors of many viruses are also glycoproteins. It is therefore possible that inhibition of ER glucosidases not only compromises virion production but also disrupts expression and function of viral receptors and thus inhibits virus entry into host cells. Indeed, we demonstrate here that iminosugar treatment altered the N-linked glycan structure of angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which did not affect its expression on the cell surface or its binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein. However, alteration of N-linked glycans of ACE2 impaired its ability to support the transduction of SARS-CoV and human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) spike glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentiviral particles by disruption of the viral envelope protein-triggered membrane fusion. Hence, in addition to reducing the production of infectious virions, inhibition of ER glucosidases also impairs the entry of selected viruses via a post-receptor-binding mechanism.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ashiru O, Howe JD, Butters TD. Nitazoxanide, an antiviral thiazolide, depletes ATP-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Virology 2014; 462-463:135-48. [PMID: 24971706 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) inhibits influenza, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus replication but effects on the replication of other members of the Flaviviridae family has yet to be defined. The pestivirus bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a surrogate model for HCV infection and NTZ induced PKR and eIF2α phosphorylation in both uninfected and BVDV-infected cells. This led to the observation that NTZ depletes ATP-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) stores. In addition to PKR and eIF2α phosphorylation, consequences of NTZ-mediated Ca(2+) mobilisation included induction of chronic sub-lethal ER stress as well as perturbation of viral protein N-linked glycosylation and trafficking. To adapt to NTZ-mediated ER stress, NTZ treated cells upregulated translation of Ca(2+)-binding proteins, including the ER chaperone Bip and the cytosolic pro-survival and anti-viral protein TCTP. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores is the primary consequence of NTZ treatment and is likely to underpin all antiviral mechanisms attributed to the thiazolide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omodele Ashiru
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Jonathon D Howe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Terry D Butters
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bieberich E. Synthesis, Processing, and Function of N-glycans in N-glycoproteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:47-70. [PMID: 25151374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Many membrane-resident and secrected proteins, including growth factors and their receptors, are N-glycosylated. The initial N-glycan structure is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a branched structure on a lipid anchor (dolichol pyrophosphate) and then co-translationally, "en bloc" transferred and linked via N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine within a specific N-glycosylation acceptor sequence of the nascent recipient protein. In the ER and then the Golgi apparatus, the N-linked glycan structure is modified by hydrolytic removal of sugar residues ("trimming") followed by re-glycosylation with additional sugar residues ("processing") such as galactose, fucose, or sialic acid to form complex N-glycoproteins. While the sequence of the reactions leading to biosynthesis, "en bloc" transfer and processing of N-glycans is well investigated, it is still not completely understood how N-glycans affect the biological fate and function of N-glycoproteins. This review discusses the biology of N-glycoprotein synthesis, processing, and function with specific reference to the physiology and pathophysiology of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street Room CA4012, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chantret I, Couvineau A, Moore S. [Novel deglycosylation-independent roles for peptide N-glycanase]. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:47-54. [PMID: 24472459 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary function of peptide N-glycanase (PNGase) is thought to be the deglycosylation of endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) substrates. However, inhibition of PNGase appears to have little effect upon the destruction rate of many ERAD substrates, and recent data demonstrate deglycosylation-independent functions for PNGase. Whatever the roles of PNGase turn out to be, the identification of a patient presenting with PNGase deficiency will advance our understanding of the importance of this multifunctional protein in human physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Chantret
- Inserm U773, centre de recherche Bichat Beaujon CRB3, Faculté de médecine Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris, France - Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, site Bichat, 16, rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Alain Couvineau
- Inserm U773, centre de recherche Bichat Beaujon CRB3, Faculté de médecine Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris, France - Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, site Bichat, 16, rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Stuart Moore
- Inserm U773, centre de recherche Bichat Beaujon CRB3, Faculté de médecine Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris, France - Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, site Bichat, 16, rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chang J, Block TM, Guo JT. Antiviral therapies targeting host ER alpha-glucosidases: current status and future directions. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:251-60. [PMID: 23816430 PMCID: PMC7114303 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ER α-glucosidases are essential host factors for the morphogenesis of many enveloped viruses. Imino sugars are competitive inhibitors of the ER α-glucosidases I and II. Broad-spectrum antiviral efficacies of imino sugars have been demonstrated in vitro, and in vivo. Strategies for development of potent and specific ER α-glucosidase inhibitors have been proposed. Targeting glucosidase is promising for viral hemorrhagic fever and respiratory infections.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident α-glucosidases I and II sequentially trim the three terminal glucose moieties on N-linked glycans attached to nascent glycoproteins. These reactions are the first steps of N-linked glycan processing and are essential for proper folding and function of many glycoproteins. Because most viral envelope glycoproteins contain N-linked glycans, inhibition of ER α-glucosidases with derivatives of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) or castanospermine (CAST), two well-studied pharmacophores of α-glucosidase inhibitors, efficiently disrupts the morphogenesis of a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses. Moreover, both DNJ and CAST derivatives have been demonstrated to prevent the death of mice infected with several distinct flaviviruses and filoviruses and suppress the multiplication of several other species of viruses in infected animals. N-Butyl derivative of DNJ (NB-DNJ) and 6 O-bytanoyl prodrug of CAST (Bu-CAST) have been evaluated in human clinical trials for their antiviral activities against human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, and there is an ongoing trial of treating dengue patients with Bu-CAST. This article summarizes the current status of ER α-glucosidase-targeted antiviral therapy and proposes strategies for development of more efficacious and specific ER α-glucosidase inhibitors as broad-spectrum, drug resistance-refractory antiviral therapeutics. These host function-targeted, broad-spectrum antiviral agents do not rely on time-consuming etiologic diagnosis, and should therefore be particularly promising in the management of viral hemorrhagic fever and respiratory tract viral infections, medical conditions that can be caused by many different enveloped RNA viruses, with a short window for medical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Péanne R, Vanbeselaere J, Vicogne D, Mir AM, Biot C, Matthijs G, Guérardel Y, Foulquier F. Assessing ER and Golgi N-Glycosylation Process Using Metabolic Labeling in Mammalian Cultured Cells. Methods Cell Biol 2013; 118:157-76. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417164-0.00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|