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Fei Q, Qiu M, Fan G, Zhang B, Wang Q, Zhang S, Wang S, Yang B, Zhang L. Downregulation of Hotair or LSD1 Impaired Heart Regeneration in the Neonatal Mouse. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:1177-1184. [PMID: 34432529 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) could regulate cell cycle progression through demethylation. The 3'domain of HOX transcript antisense RNA (Hotair) combined with the LSD1/CoREST/REST complex helps LSD1 target the corresponding gene. However, its role in mice's myocardial regeneration is still unclear. The heart from neonatal mice shows strong myocardial regeneration ability, but this ability disappears 7 days after birth. Our study shows that the myocardial tissue highly expresses Hotair and Lsd1 within 1 week after birth, consistent with the myocardial regeneration time window. Knockdown Lsd1 or Hotair expression by RNA interference could inhibit myocardial regeneration and cardiomyocyte proliferation. Our results suggest that Hotair-mediated demethylation of LSD1 may play an important role in myocardial regeneration in neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoman Fei
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Manman Qiu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Sipei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Retis-Resendiz AM, González-García IN, León-Juárez M, Camacho-Arroyo I, Cerbón M, Vázquez-Martínez ER. The role of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression in the cyclical endometrium. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:116. [PMID: 34034824 PMCID: PMC8146649 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human endometrium is a highly dynamic tissue whose function is mainly regulated by the ovarian steroid hormones estradiol and progesterone. The serum levels of these and other hormones are associated with three specific phases that compose the endometrial cycle: menstrual, proliferative, and secretory. Throughout this cycle, the endometrium exhibits different transcriptional networks according to the genes expressed in each phase. Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial in the fine-tuning of gene expression to generate such transcriptional networks. The present review aims to provide an overview of current research focused on the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression in the cyclical endometrium and discuss the technical and clinical perspectives regarding this topic. MAIN BODY The main epigenetic mechanisms reported are DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNAs. These epigenetic mechanisms induce the expression of genes associated with transcriptional regulation, endometrial epithelial growth, angiogenesis, and stromal cell proliferation during the proliferative phase. During the secretory phase, epigenetic mechanisms promote the expression of genes associated with hormone response, insulin signaling, decidualization, and embryo implantation. Furthermore, the global content of specific epigenetic modifications and the gene expression of non-coding RNAs and epigenetic modifiers vary according to the menstrual cycle phase. In vitro and cell type-specific studies have demonstrated that epithelial and stromal cells undergo particular epigenetic changes that modulate their transcriptional networks to accomplish their function during decidualization and implantation. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES Epigenetic mechanisms are emerging as key players in regulating transcriptional networks associated with key processes and functions of the cyclical endometrium. Further studies using next-generation sequencing and single-cell technology are warranted to explore the role of other epigenetic mechanisms in each cell type that composes the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. The application of this knowledge will definitively provide essential information to understand the pathological mechanisms of endometrial diseases, such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer, and to identify potential therapeutic targets and improve women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Monserrat Retis-Resendiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ixchel Nayeli González-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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MeCP2 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Metastasis by Modulating ZEB1 Transcription. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030758. [PMID: 32210086 PMCID: PMC7140043 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recurrence and distant organ metastasis is a major cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating this phenomenon are poorly understood. MeCP2 is a key epigenetic regulator and is amplified in many types of cancer. Its role in CRC and the molecular mechanisms underlying its action remain unknown. Methods: We used western blot and immunohistochemistry to detect MeCP2 expression in CRC tissues, and then investigated its biological functions in vitro and in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to detect the associations among MeCP2 (Methyl-CpG binding protein 2), SPI1 (Spi-1 Proto-Oncogene), and ZEB1 (Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1). Results: Using the Cancer Genome Atlas and Oncomine databases, we found MeCP2 expression was upregulated in CRC tissues and this upregulation was related to poor prognosis. Meanwhile, MeCP2 depletion (KO/KD) in CRC cells significantly inhibited stem cell frequency, and invasion and migration ability in vitro, and suppressed CRC metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, we show MeCP2 binds to the transcription factor SPI1, and aids its recruitment to the ZEB1 promoter. SPI1 then facilitates ZEB1 expression at the transcription level. In turn, ZEB1 induces the expression of MMP14, CD133, and SOX2, thereby maintaining CRC stemness and metastasis. Conclusions: MeCP2 is a novel regulator of CRC metastasis. MeCP2 suppression may be a promising therapeutic strategy in CRC.
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Bian E, Chen X, Xu Y, Ji X, Cheng M, Wang H, Fang Z, Zhao B. A central role for MeCP2 in the epigenetic repression of miR-200c during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of glioma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:366. [PMID: 31429770 PMCID: PMC6702741 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to the regulation of glioma progression. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms that regulate EMT are poorly understood. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot were performed to detect the expression of MeCP2 in glioma tissues and cell lines. MeCP2 functions were tested with cell immunofluorescence staining and western blot. For in vivo experiments, mouse xenograft model was used to investigate the effects of MeCP2 on glioma. ChIP and Co-IP were used to detect the relationships among MeCP2, miR-200c and Suv39H1. Results In this study, we found that MeCP2 was frequently up-regulated in human glioma tissues and cell lines. MeCP2 knockdown remarkably induced cell epithelial phenotype and inhibited mesenchymal marker ZEB1 and ZEB2 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, MeCP2 in glioma tissues was negatively correlated with miR-200c expression, and miR-200c overexpression partially abrogated mesenchymal phenotype induced by MeCP2. More importantly, we showed that MeCP2 recruited H3K9 to the promoter of miR-200c by interacting with SUV39H1, resulting in EMT of glioma cells. Conclusions This study for the first time reveals MeCP2 as a novel regulator of EMT in glioma and suggest that MeCP2 inhibition may represent a promising therapeutic option for suppressing EMT in glioma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1341-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbao Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xueran Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yadi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xinghu Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhiyou Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China. .,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Kumar R, Paul AM, Rameshwar P, Pillai MR. Epigenetic Dysregulation at the Crossroad of Women's Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081193. [PMID: 31426393 PMCID: PMC6721458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasingly number of women of all age groups are affected by cancer, despite substantial progress in our understanding of cancer pathobiology, the underlying genomic alterations and signaling cascades, and cellular-environmental interactions. Though our understanding of women’s cancer is far more complete than ever before, there is no comprehensive model to explain the reasons behind the increased incidents of certain reproductive cancer among older as well as younger women. It is generally suspected that environmental and life-style factors affecting hormonal and growth control pathways might help account for the rise of women’s cancers in younger age, as well, via epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic regulators play an important role in orchestrating an orderly coordination of cellular signals in gene activity in response to upstream signaling and/or epigenetic modifiers present in a dynamic extracellular milieu. Here we will discuss the broad principles of epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation and demethylation, histone acetylation and deacetylation, and RNA methylation in women’s cancers in the context of gene expression, hormonal action, and the EGFR family of cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases. We anticipate that a better understanding of the epigenetics of women’s cancers may provide new regulatory leads and further fuel the development of new epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Aswathy Mary Paul
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India
- Graduate Degree Program, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - M Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India
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Knockdown of long non-coding HOTAIR enhances the sensitivity to progesterone in endometrial cancer by epigenetic regulation of progesterone receptor isoform B. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 83:277-287. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Xu M, Bian S, Li J, He J, Chen H, Ge L, Jiao Z, Zhang Y, Peng W, Du F, Mo Y, Gong A. MeCP2 suppresses LIN28A expression via binding to its methylated-CpG islands in pancreatic cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14476-85. [PMID: 26910839 PMCID: PMC4924729 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LIN28A aberrant expression contributes to the development of human malignancies. However, the LIN28A expression profile remains to be clarified. Herein, we report that LIN28A expression is directly associated with the methylation status of its two CpG island sites in pancreatic cancer cells. First, Bisulfite sequencing reveals that PANC1 cells possess the higher methylation rate at LIN28A CpG islands compared with SW1990 and PaTu8988 cells. Subsequently, LIN28A expression is increased at both mRNA and protein levels in pancreatic cancer cells treated with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Further Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays indicate that methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) binds preferentially to the two hypermethylated CpG islands sites at LIN28A promoter compare to MBD3. Expectedly, MeCP2 knockdown transcriptionally activates LIN28A expression in above cells, rather than MBD3 knockdown. Moreover, LIN28A overexpression remarkably improves OCT4, NANOG and SOX2 expression, and the ability of sphere and colony formation, and enhances the capacities of invasion in PaTu8988 and SW1990 cells, whereas LIN28A knockdown significantly inhibits the above malignant behaviors in PANC1 cells. These findings suggest that LIN28A is epigenetically regulated via MeCP2 binding to methylated-CpG islands, and may play a crucial role in pancreatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shihui Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Junbo He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lu Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhijun Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Youli Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wanxin Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fengyi Du
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yinyuan Mo
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology and Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Aihua Gong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Bartosch C, Lopes JM, Jerónimo C. Epigenetics in endometrial carcinogenesis - part 1: DNA methylation. Epigenomics 2017; 9:737-755. [PMID: 28470096 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistep multifactorial process that involves the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. In the past two decades, there has been an exponential growth of knowledge establishing the importance of epigenetic changes in cancer. Our work focused on reviewing the main role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma, highlighting the reported results concerning each epigenetic mechanistic layer. The present review is the first part of this work, in which we examined the contribution of DNA methylation alterations for endometrial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bartosch
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology & Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Department of Pathology & Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João (CHSJ), Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology & Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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SONG NING, LI KEQIANG, WANG YAN, CHEN ZONGYOU, SHI LIUBIN. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of MeCP2 inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:860-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Vázquez-Martínez ER, Mendoza-Garcés L, Vergara-Castañeda E, Cerbón M. Epigenetic regulation of Progesterone Receptor isoforms: from classical models to the sexual brain. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 392:115-24. [PMID: 24859604 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone Receptor is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which regulates several functions in both reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. Progesterone Receptor gene encodes for two main isoforms, A and B, and contains two specific promoters with their respective transcription start sites. The mRNA expression of both isoforms is mainly regulated by estrogens and specifically via the Estrogen Receptor Alpha, in a context specific manner. Furthermore, it has been reported in extensive physiological and pathological models that Progesterone Receptor isoforms regulation is related to the epigenetic state of their respective promoters. Epigenetic regulation of Progesterone Receptor isoforms in the brain is a recent and scarcely explored field in neurosciences. This review focuses on the epigenetic mechanisms involved in Progesterone Receptor regulation, emphasizing the implications for the sexual brain. Future directions for research about this important field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Av Universidad 3000, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, 04510, Distrito Federal, México, Mexico
| | - Luciano Mendoza-Garcés
- Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Periférico Sur 2767, San Jerónimo Lídice, Magdalena Contreras, 10200, Distrito Federal, México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Vergara-Castañeda
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Av Universidad 3000, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, 04510, Distrito Federal, México, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Av Universidad 3000, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, 04510, Distrito Federal, México, Mexico.
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