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Chesnokov Y, Mozhaev A, Kamyshinsky R, Gordienko A, Dadinova L. Structural Insights into Iron Ions Accumulation in Dps Nanocage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105313. [PMID: 35628121 PMCID: PMC9140674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dps (DNA-binding protein from starved cells) is well known for the structural protection of bacterial DNA by the formation of highly ordered intracellular assemblies under stress conditions. Moreover, this ferritin-like protein can perform fast oxidation of ferrous ions and subsequently accumulate clusters of ferric ions in its nanocages, thus providing the bacterium with physical and chemical protection. Here, cryo-electron microscopy was used to study the accumulation of iron ions in the nanocage of a Dps protein from Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that Fe2+ concentration in the solution and incubation time have an insignificant effect on the volume and the morphology of iron minerals formed in Dps nanocages. However, an increase in the Fe2+ level leads to an increase in the proportion of larger clusters and the clusters themselves are composed of discrete ~1-1.5 nm subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Chesnokov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect, 59, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (Y.C.); (A.M.); (R.K.); (A.G.)
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Mozhaev
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect, 59, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (Y.C.); (A.M.); (R.K.); (A.G.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya Str. 20, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Kamyshinsky
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect, 59, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (Y.C.); (A.M.); (R.K.); (A.G.)
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Lane 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexander Gordienko
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect, 59, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (Y.C.); (A.M.); (R.K.); (A.G.)
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov Dadinova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect, 59, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (Y.C.); (A.M.); (R.K.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(499)-135-62-00
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Abstract
The DNA-binding protein from starved cells, Dps, is a universally conserved prokaryotic ferritin that, in many species, also binds DNA. Dps homologs have been identified in the vast majority of bacterial species and several archaea. Dps also may play a role in the global regulation of gene expression, likely through chromatin reorganization. Dps has been shown to use both its ferritin and DNA-binding functions to respond to a variety of environmental pressures, including oxidative stress. One mechanism that allows Dps to achieve this is through a global nucleoid restructuring event during stationary phase, resulting in a compact, hexacrystalline nucleoprotein complex called the biocrystal that occludes damaging agents from DNA. Due to its small size, hollow spherical structure, and high stability, Dps is being developed for applications in biotechnology.
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Identification of FtpA, a Dps-like protein involved in anti-oxidative stress and virulence in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J Bacteriol 2021; 204:e0032621. [PMID: 34807725 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00326-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved a variety of enzymes to eliminate endogenous or host-derived oxidative stress factors. The Dps protein, first identified in Escherichia coli, contains a ferroxidase center and protects bacteria from reactive oxygen species damage. There is a lack of knowledge of the role of Dps-like proteins in bacterial pathogenesis. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes pleuropneumonia, a respiratory disease of swine. The A. pleuropneumoniae ftpA gene is up-regulated during a shift to anaerobiosis, in biofilms and, as found in this study, also by H2O2. An A. pleuropneumoniae ftpA deletion mutant (△ftpA) had increased H2O2 sensitivity, less intracellular viability in macrophages, and decreased virulence in a mouse infection model. Expression of ftpA in an E. coli dps mutant restored wild-type resistance to H2O2. FtpA possesses a conserved ferritin domain containing a ferroxidase site. Recombinant rFtpA bound and oxidized Fe2+ reversibly. Under aerobic conditions, compared with the wild-type strain, the viability of an △ftpA mutant was reduced after extended culture, transition from anaerobic to aerobic conditions, and upon supplementation with Fenton reaction substrates. Under anaerobic conditions, additional H2O2 resulted in a more severe growth defect of △ftpA than under aerobic conditions. Therefore, by oxidizing and mineralizing Fe2+, FtpA alleviates oxidative damage mediated by intracellular Fenton reactions. Furthermore, by mutational analysis, two residues were confirmed to be critical for Fe2+ binding and oxidization, as well as for A. pleuropneumoniae H2O2 resistance. Taken together, this study demonstrates that A. pleuropneumoniae FtpA is a Dps-like protein, playing critical roles in oxidative stress resistance and virulence. IMPORTANCE As a ferroxidase, Dps of Escherichia coli can protect bacteria from reactive oxygen species damage, but its role in bacterial pathogenesis has received little attention. In this study, FtpA of the swine respiratory pathogen A. pleuropneumoniae was identified as a new Dps-like protein. It facilitated A. pleuropneumoniae resistance to H2O2, survival in macrophages, and infection in vivo. FtpA could bind and oxidize Fe2+ through two important residues in its ferroxidase site and protected the bacteria from oxidative damage mediated by the intracellular Fenton reaction. These findings provide new insights into the role of the FtpA-based antioxidant system in the pathogenesis of A. pleuropneumoniae, and the conserved Fe2+ binding ligands in Dps/FtpA provide novel drug target candidates for disease prevention.
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Dps-DNA interaction in Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus protein: effect of a single-charge alteration. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2021; 50:513-521. [PMID: 33900431 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA-binding proteins from starved cells (Dps) are members of the ferritin family of proteins found in prokaryotes, with hollow rounded cube-like structures, composed of 12 equal subunits. These protein nanocages are bifunctional enzymes that protect the cell from the harmful reaction of iron and peroxide (Fenton reaction), thus preventing DNA damage by oxidative stress. Ferrous ions are oxidized at specific iron-binding sites in the presence of the oxidant and stored in its cavity that can accommodate up to ca. 500 iron atoms. DNA-binding properties of Dps are associated with the N-terminal, positive charge rich, extensions that can promote DNA binding and condensation, apparently by a cooperative binding mechanism. Here, we describe the binding and protection activities of Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus Dps using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Essays (EMSA), and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy. While no DNA condensation was observed in the tested conditions, it was possible to determine a Dps-DNA complex formation with an apparent dissociation constant of 6.0 ± 1.0 µM and a Hill coefficient of 1.2 ± 0.1. This interaction is suppressed by the inclusion of a single negative charge in the N-terminal region by point mutation. In Dps proteins containing a ferric mineral core (above 96 Fe/protein), DNA binding was impaired. SRCD data clearly showed that no significant modification existed either in secondary structure or protein stability of WT, Q14E variant and core containing proteins. It was, however, interesting to note that, in our experimental conditions, thermal denaturation induced protein aggregation that caused artifacts in thermal denaturation curves, which were dependent on radiation flux and vertical arrangement of the CD cell.
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Minato T, Teramoto T, Kakuta Y, Ogo S, Yoon KS. Biochemical and structural characterization of a thermostable Dps protein with His-type ferroxidase centers and outer metal-binding sites. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1219-1229. [PMID: 32170832 PMCID: PMC7327923 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA‐binding protein from starved cells (Dps) is found in a wide range of microorganisms, and it has been well characterized. However, little is known about Dps proteins from nonheterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria. In this study, a Dps protein from the thermophilic nonheterocystous filamentous cyanobacterium Thermoleptolyngbya sp. O‐77 (TlDps1) was purified and characterized. PAGE and CD analyses of TlDps1 demonstrated that it had higher thermostability than previously reported Dps proteins. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed that TlDps1 possessed His‐type ferroxidase centers within the cavity and unique metal‐binding sites located on the surface of the protein, which presumably contributed to its exceedingly high thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Minato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takamasa Teramoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Ogo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Small Molecule Energy, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ki-Seok Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Small Molecule Energy, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Szafran MJ, Strzałka A, Jakimowicz D. A highly processive actinobacterial topoisomerase I - thoughts on Streptomyces' demand for an enzyme with a unique C-terminal domain. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 166:120-128. [PMID: 31390324 PMCID: PMC7398561 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase I (TopA) is an essential enzyme that is required to remove excess negative supercoils from chromosomal DNA. Actinobacteria encode unusual TopA homologues with a unique C-terminal domain that contains lysine repeats and confers high enzyme processivity. Interestingly, the longest stretch of lysine repeats was identified in TopA from Streptomyces, environmental bacteria that undergo complex differentiation and produce a plethora of secondary metabolites. In this review, we aim to discuss potential advantages of the lysine repeats in Streptomyces TopA. We speculate that the chromosome organization, transcriptional regulation and lifestyle of these species demand a highly processive but also fine-tuneable relaxase. We hypothesize that the unique TopA provides flexible control of chromosomal topology and globally regulates gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin J Szafran
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Strzałka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jakimowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ashraf N, Ahmad F, Da-Wei L, Zhou RB, Feng-Li H, Yin DC. Iron/iron oxide nanoparticles: advances in microbial fabrication, mechanism study, biomedical, and environmental applications. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:278-300. [PMID: 30985230 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1593101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbially synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) hold great potential for biomedical, clinical, and environmental applications owing to their several unique features. Biomineralization, a process that exists in almost every living organism playing a significant role in the fabrication of FeONPs through the involvement of 5-100 nm sized protein compartments such as dodecameric (Dps), ferritin, and encapsulin with their diameters 9, 12, and ∼32 nm, respectively. This contribution provides a detailed overview of the green synthesis of FeONPs by microbes and their applications in biomedical and environmental fields. The first part describes our understanding in the biological fabrication of zero-valent FeONPs with special emphasis on ferroxidase (FO) mediated series of steps involving in the translocation, oxidation, nucleation, and storage of iron in Dps, ferritin, and encapsulin protein nano-compartments. Secondly, this review elaborates the significance of biologically synthesized FeONPs in biomedical science for the detection, treatment, and prevention of various diseases. Thirdly, we tried to provide the recent advances of using FeONPs in the environmental process, e.g. detection, degradation, remediation and treatment of toxic pesticides, dyes, metals, and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Ashraf
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Fiaz Ahmad
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Li Da-Wei
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Ren-Bin Zhou
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - He Feng-Li
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , PR China
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Abstract
Iron is very important in many biological processes and the ferritin protein family has evolved to store iron and to maintain cellular iron homeostasis. The deletion of the coding gene for the H subunit of ferritin leads to early embryonic death in mice and mutations in the gene for the L subunits in humans has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, such as neuroferritinopathy. Thus, understanding how ferritin works is imperative and many studies have been conducted to delineate the molecular mechanism of ferritins and bacterioferritins. In the ferritin protein family, it is clear that a catalytic center for iron oxidation, the routes for iron to reach this center and the ability to nucleate an iron core, are common requirements for all ferritins. However, there are differences in the structural and mechanistic details of iron oxidation and mineralization. Although a common mechanism has been proposed for all ferritins, this mechanism needs to be further explored. There is a mechanistic diversity related to structural variation in the ferritin protein family. It is clear that other factors appear to affect the mechanism of iron oxidation and mineralization. This review focusses on the structural features of the ferritin protein family and its role in the mechanism of iron mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Yévenes
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Zeth K, Hoiczyk E, Okuda M. Ferroxidase-Mediated Iron Oxide Biomineralization: Novel Pathways to Multifunctional Nanoparticles. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:190-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Santos SP, Mitchell EP, Franquelim HG, Castanho MARB, Abreu IA, Romão CV. Dps fromDeinococcus radiodurans: oligomeric forms of Dps1 with distinct cellular functions and Dps2 involved in metal storage. FEBS J 2015; 282:4307-27. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P. Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | | | - Henri G. Franquelim
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
| | | | - Isabel A. Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Célia V. Romão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
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Uversky VN. Unreported intrinsic disorder in proteins: Disorder emergency room. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2015; 3:e1010999. [PMID: 28232885 DOI: 10.1080/21690707.2015.1010999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article continues an "Unreported Intrinsic Disorder in Proteins" series, the goal of which is to expose some interesting cases of missed (or overlooked, or ignored) disorder in proteins. The need for this series is justified by the observation that despite the fact that protein intrinsic disorder is widely accepted by the scientific community, there are still numerous instances when appreciation of this phenomenon is absent. This results in the avalanche of research papers which are talking about intrinsically disordered proteins (or hybrid proteins with ordered and disordered regions) not recognizing that they are talking about such proteins. Articles in the "Unreported Intrinsic Disorder in Proteins" series provide a fast fix for some of the recent noticeable disorder overlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer Research Institute; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA; Biology Department; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics; Stability and Folding of Proteins; Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia
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Arenas-Salinas M, Townsend PD, Brito C, Marquez V, Marabolli V, Gonzalez-Nilo F, Matias C, Watt RK, López-Castro JD, Domínguez-Vera J, Pohl E, Yévenes A. The crystal structure of ferritin from Chlorobium tepidum reveals a new conformation of the 4-fold channel for this protein family. Biochimie 2014; 106:39-47. [PMID: 25079050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins are ubiquitous iron-storage proteins found in all kingdoms of life. They share a common architecture made of 24 subunits of five α-helices. The recombinant Chlorobium tepidum ferritin (rCtFtn) is a structurally interesting protein since sequence alignments with other ferritins show that this protein has a significantly extended C-terminus, which possesses 12 histidine residues as well as several aspartate and glutamic acid residues that are potential metal ion binding residues. We show that the macromolecular assembly of rCtFtn exhibits a cage-like hollow shell consisting of 24 monomers that are related by 4-3-2 symmetry; similar to the assembly of other ferritins. In all ferritins of known structure the short fifth α-helix adopts an acute angle with respect to the four-helix bundle. However, the crystal structure of the rCtFtn presented here shows that this helix adopts a new conformation defining a new assembly of the 4-fold channel of rCtFtn. This conformation allows the arrangement of the C-terminal region into the inner cavity of the protein shell. Furthermore, two Fe(III) ions were found in each ferroxidase center of rCtFtn, with an average FeA-FeB distance of 3 Å; corresponding to a diferric μ-oxo/hydroxo species. This is the first ferritin crystal structure with an isolated di-iron center in an iron-storage ferritin. The crystal structure of rCtFtn and the biochemical results presented here, suggests that rCtFtn presents similar biochemical properties reported for other members of this protein family albeit with distinct structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Arenas-Salinas
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Philip D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry & School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Christian Brito
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Marquez
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vanessa Marabolli
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Gonzalez-Nilo
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cata Matias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Richard K Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Juan D López-Castro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Domínguez-Vera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Chemistry & School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Alejandro Yévenes
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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