Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new 4-thiazolidinone derivatives substituted with benzimidazole ring as potential chemotherapeutic agents

Role of 4-Thiazolidinone Scaffold in Targeting Variable Biomarkers and Pathways Involving Cancer

BACKGROUND

Cancer can be considered as a genetic as well as a metabolic disorder. Current cancer treatment scenario looks like aggravating tumor cell metabolism, causing the disease to progress even with greater intensity. The cancer therapy is restricted to limitations of poor patient compliance due to toxicities to normal tissues and multi-drug resistance development. There is an emerging need for cancer therapy to be more focused on the better understanding of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional changes resulting in cancer progression and their relationship with treatment sensitivity.

OBJECTIVE

The 4-thiazolidinone nucleus possesses marked anticancer potential towards different biotargets, thus targeting different cancer types like breast, prostate, lung, colorectal and colon cancers, renal cell adenocarcinomas and gliomas. Therefore, conjugating the 4-thiazolidinone scaffold with other promising moieties or by directing the therapy towards targeted drug delivery systems like the use of nanocarrier systems, can provide the gateway for optimizing the anticancer efficiency and minimizing the adverse effects and drug resistance development, thus providing stimulus for personalized pharmacotherapy.

METHODS

An exhaustive literature survey has been carried out to give an insight into the anticancer potential of the 4-thiazolidinone nucleus either alone or in conjugation with other active moieties, with the mechanisms involved in preventing proliferation and metastasis of cancer covering a vast range of publications of repute.

CONCLUSION

This review aims to summarise the work reported on anticancer activity of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives covering various cancer biomarkers and pathways involved, citing the data from 2005 till now, which may be beneficial to the researchers for future development of more efficient 4-thiazolidinone derivatives.

Structural improvement of new thiazolyl-isatin derivatives produces potent and selective trypanocidal and leishmanicidal compounds

Neglected diseases are a group of transmissible diseases that occur mostly in countries in tropical climates. Among this group, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis stand out, considered threats to global health. Treatment for these diseases is limited. Therefore, there is a need for new therapies against these diseases. In this sense, our proposal consisted of developing two series of compounds, using a molecular hybridization of the heterocyclic isatin and thiazole. The isatin and thiazole ring are important scaffold for several biological disorders, including antiparasitic ones. Herein, thiazolyl-isatin has been synthesized from respective thiosemicarbazone or phenyl-thiosemicarbazone, being some of these new thiazolyl-isatin toxic for trypomastigotes without affecting macrophages viability. From this series, compounds 2e (IC₅₀ = 4.43 μM), 2j (IC₅₀ = 2.05 μM), 2l (IC₅₀ = 4.12 μM) and 2m (1.72 μM) showed the best anti-T. cruzi activity for trypomastigote form presenting a selectivity index higher than Benznidazole (BZN). Compounds 2j, 2l and 2m were able to induce a significantly labelling compatible with necrosis in trypomastigotes. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed that T. cruzi trypomastigote cells treated with the compound 2m from IC₅₀ concentrations, promoted changes in the shape, flagella and surface of body causing of the parasite dead. Concerning leishmanicidal evaluation against L. amazonensis and L. infantum, compounds 2l (IC₅₀ = 7.36 and 7.97 μM, respectively) and 2m (6.17 and 6.04 μM, respectively) showed the best activity for promastigote form, besides showed a higher selectivity than Miltefosine. Thus, compounds 2l and 2m showed dual in vitro trypanosomicidal and leishmanicidal activities. A structural activity relationship study showed that thiazolyl-isatin derivatives from phenyl-thiosemicarbazone (2a-m) were, in general, more active than thiazolyl-isatin derivatives from thiosemicarbazone (1a-g). Crystallography studies revealed a different configuration between series 1a-g and 2a-m. The configuration and spatial arrangement divergent between the two sub-series could explain the improved biological activity profile of 2a-m sub-series.

Design, synthesis and mechanistic study of new benzenesulfonamide derivatives as anticancer and antimicrobial agents via carbonic anhydrase IX inhibition

Changes in gene expression cause uncontrolled cell proliferation and consequently tumor hypoxia. The tumor cells shift their metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis with a significant modification in pH. Therefore, an over expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) genes was detected in many solid tumors. Accordingly, selective inhibition of CA IX can be a useful target for discovering novel antiproliferative agents. The present study described the synthesis of new aryl thiazolone–benzenesulfonamides 4a–j as well as their carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitory effect. All the designed derivatives were evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity against triple-negative breast cancer cell line (as MDA-MB-231) and another breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) in addition to normal breast cell line MCF-10A. Compounds 4b–c, 4e, 4g–h showed significant inhibitory effect against both cancer cell lines at concentration ranges from 1.52–6.31 μM, with a high selectivity against breast cancer cell lines ranges from 5.5 to 17.5 times. Moreover, three sulfonamides derivatives 4e, 4g and 4h showed excellent enzyme inhibition against CA IX with IC₅₀ 10.93–25.06 nM and against CA II with IC₅₀ 1.55–3.92 μM that revealed their remarkable selectivity for CA IX over CA II. Additionally, 4e was able to induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 with a significant increase in the annexin V-FITC percent by 22 fold as compared with control. Cellular uptake on MDA-MB-231 cell lines were carried out using HPLC method on the three active compounds (4e, 4g and 4h). On the other hand inhibition of one or more CAs present in bacteria was reported to interfere with bacterial growth. So, the new benzenesulfonamides were evaluated against their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities. Analogues 4e, 4g and 4h exhibited significant inhibition at 50 μg mL⁻¹ concentration with 80.69%, 69.74% and 68.30% against S. aureus compared to the positive control CIP which was 99.2%, while compounds 4g and 4h showed potential anti-biofilm inhibition 79.46% and 77.52% against K. pneumonia. Furthermore, the designed compounds were docked into CA IX (human) protein (PDB ID: 5FL6) and molecular modeling studies revealed favorable binding interactions for the active inhibitors. Finally, the predictive ADMET studies showed that, compounds 4e, 4g and 4h possessed promising pharmacokinetic properties.

New benzenesulfonamide derivatives as anticancer and antimicrobial agents via CA IX inhibition.

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity against K562 and MCF7 Cell Lines of SomeN-(5-Arylidene-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-2-((4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-2-yl)thio)acetamide Compounds

Ethyl 2-((4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)thio)acetate (3) which was synthesized starting from anthranilic acid (1) via 2-thioxo-3-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (2) reacted with hydrazine hydrate to afford 2-((4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)thio)acetohydrazide (4). Reaction of (4) with thiocarbonyl-bis-thioglycolic acid gave a new compound nameN-(4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-2-((4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)thio)acetamide (5). Knoevenagel condensation of (5) with appropriate aldehydes gave fourteen (Z)-N-(5-arylidene-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-2-((4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)thio)acetamide compounds (6a–o) with moderate yield. The chemical structure of the compounds was elucidated on the basis of IR,1H-NMR,13C-NMR, and HR-MS spectral data. The 5-arylidene-2-thioxothiazolidinone compounds exhibited mild-to-moderate cytotoxic activity against both K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia) cells and MCF7 (breast cancer) cells.

Therapeutic evolution of benzimidazole derivatives in the last quinquennial period

Benzimidazole, a fused heterocycle bearing benzene and imidazole has gained considerable attention in the field of contemporary medicinal chemistry. The moiety is of substantial importance because of its wide array of pharmacological activities. This nitrogen containing heterocycle is a part of a number of therapeutically used agents. Moreover, a number of patents concerning this moiety in the last few years further highlight its worth. The present review covers the recent work published by scientists across the globe during last five years.

Application of Resin-Bound Reagents for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives

In an efficient exploitation of solid-phase chemistry, this work describes the preparation of the new resin-bound 4-( N-arylamino)-3-aminobenzoates and their successful cyclocondensations with the sodium bisulfite adducts of different aldehydes and triethyl orthoformate or triethyl orthoacetate, followed by resin cleavage to produce the target 1,2-diaryl- and 1-aryl-2-(un)substituted benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives, respectively. In another variation, the cyclocondensation of the resin-bound 4-( N-arylamino)-3-aminobenzoates with carbon disulfide afforded the corresponding resin-bound thioxobenzimidazoles, which upon cleavage gave the corresponding 2-thioxobenzimidazoles. S-Alkylation of the resin-bound thioxobenzimidazoles with benzyl chloride and 4-bromophenacyl bromide furnished 2-benzylsulfanyl benzimidazoles and 4-bromophenyl-2-oxoethylsulfanyl-benzimidazoles, respectively. Reacting the resin-bound 4-( N-arylamino)-3-aminobenzoates with phenyl isothiocyanate gave the open-form 4-(arylamino)-3-(3-phenylthioureido) benzoic acids. Moreover, the reaction of the resin-bound 4-( N-arylamino)-3-aminobenzoates with N,N-carbonyldiimidazole yielded the corresponding 2-bezimidazolones.

Functionalized Benzimidazole Scaffolds: Privileged Heterocycle for Drug Design in Therapeutic Medicine

Benzimidazole derivatives are crucial structural scaffolds found in diverse libraries of biologically active compounds which are therapeutically useful agents in drug discovery and medicinal research. They are structural isosteres of naturally occurring nucleotides, which allows them to interact with the biopolymers of living systems. Hence, there is a need to couple the latest information with the earlier documentations to understand the current status of the benzimidazole nucleus in medicinal chemistry research. This present work unveils the benzimidazole core as a multifunctional nucleus that serves as a resourceful tool of information for synthetic modifications of old existing candidates in order to tackle drug resistance bottlenecks in therapeutic medicine. This manuscript deals with the recent advances in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives, the widespread biological activities as well as pharmacokinetic reports. These present them as a toolbox for fighting infectious diseases and also make them excellent candidates for future drug design.

2-(Thienothiazolylimino)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones inhibit cell division cycle 25 A phosphatase

Cell division cycle dual phosphatases (CDC25) are essential enzymes that regulate cell progression in cell cycle. Three isoforms exist as CDC25A, B and C. Over-expression of each CDC25 enzyme is found in cancers of diverse origins. Thiazolidinone derivatives have been reported to display anti-proliferative activities, bactericidal activities and to reduce inflammation process. New 2-(thienothiazolylimino)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of CDC25 phosphatase. Among the molecules tested, compound 6 inhibited CDC25A with an IC50 estimated at 6.2±1.0μM. The binding of thiazolidinone derivative 6 onto CDC25A protein was reversible. In cellulo, compound 6 treatment led to MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell growth arrest. To our knowledge, it is the first time that such 4-thiazolidinone derivatives are characterized as CDC25 potential inhibitor.

Comprehensive Review in Current Developments of Benzimidazole-Based Medicinal Chemistry

The properties of benzimidazole and its derivatives have been studied over more than one hundred years. Benzimidazole derivatives are useful intermediates/subunits for the development of molecules of pharmaceutical or biological interest. Substituted benzimidazole derivatives have found applications in diverse therapeutic areas such as antiulcer, anticancer agents, and anthelmintic species to name just a few. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of benzimidazole-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic agents, anti-HIV, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, antihistaminic, antimalarial agents, and other medicinal agents. This review will further be helpful for the researcher on the basis of substitution pattern around the nucleus with an aim to help medicinal chemists for developing an SAR on benzimidazole drugs/compounds.

2-Pyridyl thiazoles as novel anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents: structural design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation

The present work reports on the synthesis, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activities and docking studies of a novel series of 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3-thiazoles derived from 2-pyridine thiosemicarbazone. The majority of these compounds are potent cruzain inhibitors and showed excellent inhibition on the trypomastigote form of the parasite, and the resulting structure-activity relationships are discussed. Together, these data present a novel series of thiazolyl hydrazones with potential effects against Chagas disease and they could be important leads in continuing development against Chagas disease.