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Khedkar NR, Sindkhedkar M, Joseph A. Computational design, synthesis, and assessment of 3-(4-(4-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as effective epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: a prospective strategy for anticancer therapy. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1626-1639. [PMID: 38784476 PMCID: PMC11110788 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) enzyme plays a critical role in governing the cell cycle, positioning it as a promising target for the development of anticancer drugs. In this study, we endeavored to design and synthesize innovative EGFR inhibitors with potential applications in anticancer therapy. A novel series of compounds, namely 3-(4-(4-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (30a-j), were meticulously designed using FBDD efforts and synthesized. The synthesized compounds underwent thorough characterization using 1HNMR, 13CNMR, HRMS, and mass spectrum analyses. The in vitro anticancer activities of the newly developed compounds (30a-j) were evaluated against four human cancer cell lines such as prostate cancer (PC3 & DU-145), lung cancer (A549), and liver cancer (HEPG2) using the MTT method. The results, expressed as IC50 values, demonstrated significant anticancer activity for several compounds, with five compounds (30a, 30b, 30c, 30i, and 30j) exhibiting superior potency compared to the established anticancer drug etoposide. Notably, compound 30a emerged as the most promising compound, displaying potent cytotoxicity. We also conducted a screening of the compounds on the normal Vero cell line, revealing a pronounced selectivity of the compounds against cancer cell lines, with no observable impact on the normal cell lines. Moreover, the synthesized compounds were investigated for their impact on enzyme EGFR activity. The findings revealed a robust inhibitory effect against the EGFR wild-type enzyme and a 10-fold inferior potency against the mutant form of EGFR. This observation underscores the potential of the new derivatives as effective EGFRWT inhibitors with substantial anticancer efficacy. Further studies, including cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assays in HEPG2 cell lines, revealed cell cycle arrest at G1/G0 and G2 phases. We also evaluated the potential influence of compound 30a on the EGFR pathway using western blot analysis, revealing a significant inhibition of EGFR autophosphorylation in HEPG2 cells. In conclusion, our findings highlight the promise of these novel compounds as potent EGFR inhibitors, encouraging further investigation and development for the creation of novel and effective anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milind Sindkhedkar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Research Park, Lupin Ltd. Pune-412115 India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka-576104 India
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2
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Sari S, Yurtoğlu S, Zengin M, Marcinkowska M, Siwek A, Saraç S. Azoles display promising anticonvulsant effects through possible PPAR-α activation. Neurosci Lett 2024; 828:137750. [PMID: 38548219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Azoles such as nafimidone, denzimol and loreclezole are known for their clinical efficacy against epilepsy, and loreclezole acts by potentiating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic currents. In the current study, we report a series of azole derivatives in alcohol ester and oxime ester structure showing promising anticonvulsant effects in 6 Hz and maximal electro shock (MES) models with minimal toxicity. The most promising of the series, 5f, was active in both 6 Hz and MES tests with a median effective dose (ED50) of 118.92 mg/kg in 6 Hz test and a median toxic dose (TD50) twice as high in mice. The compounds were predicted druglike and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant in silico. Contrary to what was expected, the compounds showed no in vitro affinity to GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in radioligand binding assays; however, they were found structurally similar to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPAR-α) agonists and predicted to show high affinity and agonist-like binding to PPAR-α in molecular docking studies. As a result, 5f emerged as a safe azole anticonvulsant with a wide therapeutic window and possible action through PPAR-α activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Sari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Yurtoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Zengin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Selma Saraç
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Żołnowska B, Sławiński J, Belka M, Bączek T, Chojnacki J, Kawiak A. Novel 2-alkythio-4-chloro- N-[imino(heteroaryl)methyl]benzenesulfonamide Derivatives: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Anticancer Activity and Metabolic Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119768. [PMID: 37298719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 2-alkythio-4-chloro-N-[imino-(heteroaryl)methyl]benzenesulfonamide derivatives, 8-24, were synthesized in the reaction of the N-(benzenesulfonyl)cyanamide potassium salts 1-7 with the appropriate mercaptoheterocycles. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity in HeLa, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines. The most promising compounds, 11-13, molecular hybrids containing benzenesulfonamide and imidazole moieties, selectively showed a high cytotoxic effect in HeLa cancer cells (IC50: 6-7 μM) and exhibited about three times less cytotoxicity against the non-tumor cell line HaCaT cells (IC50: 18-20 μM). It was found that the anti-proliferative effects of 11, 12 and 13 were associated with their ability to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. The compounds increased the early apoptotic population of cells, elevated the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis through caspase activation in HeLa cells. For the most active compounds, susceptibility to undergo first-phase oxidation reactions in human liver microsomes was assessed. The results of the in vitro metabolic stability experiments indicated values of the factor t½ for 11-13 in the range of 9.1-20.3 min and suggested the hypothetical oxidation of these compounds to sulfenic and subsequently sulfinic acids as metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Żołnowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sławiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Chojnacki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
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4
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Wang J, Wan L, Guo X, Wang X, Zhao ZK. Competitive inhibition of a non-natural cofactor dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase by imidazole. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:679-687. [PMID: 37071383 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To better understand the unique inhibitory behavior of a non-natural cofactor preferred formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FalDH) mutant 9B2. RESULTS We described our serendipitous observation that 9B2 was reversibly inhibited by residual imidazole introduced during protein preparation, while the wild-type enzyme was not sensitive to imidazole. Kinetic analysis showed that imidazole was a competitive inhibitor of formaldehyde with a Ki of 16 μM and an uncompetitive inhibitor of Nicotinamide Cytosine Dinucleotide for 9B2, indicating that formaldehyde and imidazole were combined in the same position. Molecular docking results of 9B2 showed that imidazole could favorably bind very close to the nicotinamide moiety of the cofactor, where formaldehyde was expected to reside for catalysis, which was in line with a competitive inhibition. CONCLUSION The mutant 9B2 can be competitively inhibited by imidazole, suggesting that cautions should be taken to evaluate activities as protein mutants might attain unexpected sensitivity to a component in buffers for purification or activity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Wan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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5
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Wang Z, Li J, Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhang P, Wu J. Direct a-C(sp3)-H thioetheration/selenylation of nafimidone derivatives enabled by electrocatalysis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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6
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Poyraz S, Döndaş HA, Sansano JM, Belveren S, Yamali C, Ülger M, Döndaş NY, Sağlık BN, Pask CM. N-Benzoylthiourea-pyrrolidine carboxylic acid derivatives bearing an imidazole moiety: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, in vitro ChEs inhibition, and antituberculosis, antibacterial, antifungal studies. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Nasehi N, Mirza B, Soleimani-Amiri S. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation on Imidazole Derivatives Using Magnetic Nanocatalyst: Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Mechanism Study. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2141275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Nasehi
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Behrooz Mirza
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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8
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Yiğit M, Demir Y, Barut Celepci D, Taskin-Tok T, Arınç A, Yiğit B, Aygün M, Özdemir İ, Gülçin İ. Phthalimide-tethered imidazolium salts: Synthesis, characterization, enzyme inhibitory properties, and in silico studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200348. [PMID: 36153848 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of new imidazolium salts were prepared in good yield by the reaction between 1-alkylimidazole and a variety of alkyl halides. The structures of the compounds were identified by FT-IR, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. The crystal structure of 1b was determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The phthalimide-tethered imidazolium salts exhibited inhibition abilities toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) I and II, with Ki values in the range of 24.63 ± 3.45 to 305.51 ± 35.98 nM for AChE, 33.56 ± 3.71 to 218.01 ± 25.21 nM for hCA I and 17.75 ± 0.96 to 308.67 ± 13.73 nM for hCA II. The results showed that the new imidazolium salts can play a key role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, glaucoma, and leukemia, which is related to their inhibition abilities of hCA I, hCA II, and AChE. Molecular docking and in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity studies were used to look into how the imidazolium salts interacted with the specific protein targets. To better visualize and understand the binding positions and the influence of the imidazolium salts on hCA I, hCA II, and AChE conformations, each one was subjected to molecular docking simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Yiğit
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technologies, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Adiyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Duygu Barut Celepci
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Taskin-Tok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ali Arınç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Adiyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Yiğit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Adiyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Aygün
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İsmail Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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9
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Al-Kadhi NS, Alamro FS, Popoola SA, Gomha SM, Bedowr NS, Al-Juhani SS, Ahmed HA. Novel Imidazole Liquid Crystals; Experimental and Computational Approaches. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144607. [PMID: 35889474 PMCID: PMC9316631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The liquid crystalline materials named (E)-4-(2-(4-oxo-5,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)phenyl and 4-(alkoxy)benzoate, In, were synthesized and their mesomorphic behaviors were examined. The chemical structures of the produced compounds were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), NMR, and elemental analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy were used to investigate the mesomorphic properties of designed heterocyclic derivatives. All the compounds tested had suitable thermal stability and enantiotropic behavior of smectogenic temperature ranges. Furthermore, the enantiotropic smectic C phases were observed to cover all the homologues. Moreover, computational investigations corroborated the experimental findings of the mesomorphic behavior. The reactivity parameters were computed for the derivatives and linked with the experimental data. Theoretical calculations revealed that the polarizability of the studied series increases with the chain length, whereas the HOMO–LUMO energy gap or other reactivity descriptors were less sensitive to the size of the system. On the other hand, the predicted thermodynamic parameters revealed the size dependence of thermal stability of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S. Al-Kadhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.A.-K.); (F.S.A.)
| | - Fowzia S. Alamro
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.A.-K.); (F.S.A.)
| | - Saheed A. Popoola
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sobhi M. Gomha
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.M.G.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Noha S. Bedowr
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu 30799, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.B.); (S.S.A.-J.)
| | - Shahd S. Al-Juhani
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu 30799, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.B.); (S.S.A.-J.)
| | - Hoda A. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.M.G.); (H.A.A.)
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has horrified the human race and every government of the world, not only in the healthcare sector but also in terms of the economy, social disturbances, and large-scale growth of all nations. SARS-CoV-2, responsible for this pandemic, is a single member of a huge family of pathogenic viruses. Previous encounters with these viruses have taught the whole world that they can transform into more resistant and more harmful forms in a very short time. Antiviral medicines with characteristics of excellent potency, less resistance, and low toxicity are still challenging, and obtaining such drugs is a demanding arena in the field of pharmaceutical development. Antiviral medicines contain heterocyclic moieties with diverse substitutions and fusion. Among the potent heterocycles, imidazoles serve as one of the most crucial moieties in the field of drug discovery due to their ability to interact with the active target sites of living systems which provide enormous opportunities to discover new drugs with several modes of action. This chapter gives a systemic representation of design, discovery, and structure–activity relationship studies of the imidazole analogs as antiviral drugs in comparison to standard treatment used in the present-day scenario.
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11
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Bai MJ, Liu NZ, Zhou YL, Liu J, Zou J, Tan WJ, Huang XT, Mei WJ. Synthesis of Fluorinated Imidazole[4,5f][1,10]phenanthroline Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of Liver Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inducing Apoptosis via DNA Damage. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100537. [PMID: 34713586 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenanthroline derivatives containing fluorinated imidazole ring are effective anti-neoplastic agents. Herein, a series of four fluorinated imidazole[4,5f][1,10]phenanthroline derivatives were synthesized and investigated as potential inhibitors to fight against the growth of liver cancer cells. The in vitro antitumor activity of targeted compounds have been evaluated by using MTT assay, and results showed that compound 4 (2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) exhibited excellent inhibitory effect against the growth of various tumor cells, particularly for HepG2 cells, with IC50 value of approximately 0.29 μM. This result has been further confirmed by colony formation assay, showing that compound 4 suppressed the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Moreover, cell apoptosis (AO/PI dual staining and flow cytometry) analyses as well as comet assay showed that compound 4 may induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells through triggering DNA damage. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-tumor activity were evaluated on zebrafish bearing HepG2 cells showed that compound 4 can observably block the growth of liver cancer cells. All in together, these compounds, particularly compound 4, may be developed as a potential agent to treat liver cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Bai
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510430, China
| | - Ning-Zhi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510430, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510430, China
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei-Jun Tan
- School of Food, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jie Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Centre for Molecular Probe and Bio-Medicine Imaging, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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12
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Machado IV, Dos Santos JRN, Januario MAP, Corrêa AG. Greener organic synthetic methods: Sonochemistry and heterogeneous catalysis promoted multicomponent reactions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 78:105704. [PMID: 34454180 PMCID: PMC8406036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is an essential technique to improve organic synthesis from the point of view of green chemistry, as it can promote better yields and selectivities, in addition to shorter reaction times when compared to the conventional methods. Heterogeneous catalysis is another pillar of sustainable chemistry being the recycling and reuse of the catalysts one of its great advantage. In the other hand, multicomponent reactions provide the synthesis of structurally diverse compounds, in a one-pot fashion, without isolation and purification of intermediates. Thus, the combination of these protocols has proved to be a powerful tool to obtain biologically active organic compounds with lower costs, time and energy consumption. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of advances on methods of organic synthesis that have been reported over the past ten years with focus on ultrasound-assisted multicomponent reactions under heterogeneous catalysis. In particular, we present pharmacologically important N- and O-heterocyclic compounds, considering their synthetic methods using green solvents, and catalyst recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid V Machado
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jhonathan R N Dos Santos
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A P Januario
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Arlene G Corrêa
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Sharma P, LaRosa C, Antwi J, Govindarajan R, Werbovetz KA. Imidazoles as Potential Anticancer Agents: An Update on Recent Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144213. [PMID: 34299488 PMCID: PMC8307698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings are common structural components of marketed drugs. Among these heterocycles, imidazole/fused imidazole rings are present in a wide range of bioactive compounds. The unique properties of such structures, including high polarity and the ability to participate in hydrogen bonding and coordination chemistry, allow them to interact with a wide range of biomolecules, and imidazole-/fused imidazole-containing compounds are reported to have a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review summarizes recent reports of imidazole/fused imidazole derivatives as anticancer agents appearing in the peer-reviewed literature from 2018 through 2020. Such molecules have been shown to modulate various targets, including microtubules, tyrosine and serine-threonine kinases, histone deacetylases, p53-Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) protein, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), G-quadraplexes, and other targets. Imidazole-containing compounds that display anticancer activity by unknown/undefined mechanisms are also described, as well as key features of structure-activity relationships. This review is intended to provide an overview of recent advances in imidazole-based anticancer drug discovery and development, as well as inspire the design and synthesis of new anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Chris LaRosa
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Janet Antwi
- Division of Mathematics, Computer & Natural Sciences Division, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, OH 43219, USA;
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (P.S.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Le TM, Huynh T, Bamou FZ, Szekeres A, Fülöp F, Szakonyi Z. Novel (+)-Neoisopulegol-Based O-Benzyl Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5626. [PMID: 34073167 PMCID: PMC8198684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of novel antibacterial agents with new structures, which combat pathogens is an urgent task. In this study, a new library of (+)-neoisopulegol-based O-benzyl derivatives of aminodiols and aminotriols was designed and synthesized, and their antimicrobial activity against different bacterial and fungal strains were evaluated. The results showed that this new series of synthetic O-benzyl compounds exhibit potent antimicrobial activity. Di-O-benzyl derivatives showed high activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, but moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, these compounds may serve a good basis for antibacterial and antifungal drug discovery. Structure-activity relationships were also studied from the aspects of stereochemistry of the O-benzyl group on cyclohexane ring and the substituent effects on the ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Minh Le
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellent Center, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.M.L.); (F.Z.B.); (F.F.)
- Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thu Huynh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (T.H.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biotecnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 72607, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 71351, Vietnam
| | - Fatima Zahra Bamou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellent Center, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.M.L.); (F.Z.B.); (F.F.)
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (T.H.); (A.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellent Center, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.M.L.); (F.Z.B.); (F.F.)
- Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szakonyi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellent Center, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.M.L.); (F.Z.B.); (F.F.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Farooq S, Haq IU, Ullah N. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of N-Mannich base derivatives of 2-phenyl-2-imidazoline as potential antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, antimicrobials, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory agents. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Gholami Orimi F, Mirza B, Hossaini Z. Fe
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O
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/ZnO/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes magnetic nanocomposites promoted five components synthesis of new imidazole derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrooz Mirza
- Department of Chemistry Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Karaj Iran
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17
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Ghoneim AA, Ali Hassan AG. An Efficient Procedure of Synthesis Acyclic C-Glycosides of Thiazolo [4, 5-b]Pyrazine and Imidazo[4,5-d]Thiazole with Expected Anti-Cancer Activities. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1866035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Atef Ghoneim
- Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, Jouf University, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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18
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Ghazvini M, Sheikholeslami-Farahani F, Shafiee S, Salimifard M, Eslami AA. ZnO-nanocatalyst Promoted the Production of Imidazole Derivatives via four-component Reaction of Aminoacid: Study of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:841-848. [PMID: 33109056 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999200820163129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE In current research, imidazole derivatives are synthesized via a new process of four component reaction of trichloroacetonitrile, amides, alkyl bromides and amino acids catalyzed by zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as a simple and recyclable catalyst in water at room temperature. Among investigated compounds, compounds 5b have good results relative to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 2-tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) as standard antioxidant. The achieved outcomes of disk diffusion experiment showed that these compounds avoided the growth of bacterial. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this research, all chemicals are purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland) and employed with any purification. For measuring infrared spectroscopy and melting point, a Shimadzu IR-460 spectrometer and Electrothermal 9100 apparatus are utilized respectively. BRUKER DRX-400 AVANCE spectrometer is used for giving the 1H, and 13CNMR spectra at 400.1 and 100 MHz respectively. For recording mass spectra, A FINNIGAN-MAT 8430 spectrometer with an ionization potential of 70 eV was utilized. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) employing a Holland Philips XL30 microscope was used for determination of ZnO nanocomposites morphology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis at room temperature using a Holland Philips Xpert X-ray powder diffractometer, with CuKα radiation (λ=0.15406 nm), with 2θ ranging from 20 to 80° was employed for characterization of crystalline structure of Fe3O4/CuO nanocomposites. Scherrer's formula; D= 0.9λ/β cosθ was employed for calculating the average crystallite size where D is the diameter of the nanoparticles, λ (CuKα) =1.5406 Å and β is the fullwidth at half-maximum of the diffraction lines. A general way to prepare of compounds 5 The trichloroacetonitrile 1 (2 mmol) and amides 2 (2 mmol) mixed with ZnO-NPs (10 mol%) in water (5 mL). after 45 min amino acids 3 (2 mmol) was added to previous mixture at room temperature. After 30 min α-haloketones 4 (2 mmol) was added to mixture and stirred for 3 h. After 3 h, the reaction is completed and TLC confirms progress of the reaction. At last, the solid residue was collected by filtration and cleaned with EtOAC to removing ZnO-NPs and after evaporating solvent and washing solid with Et2O compounds 5 afforded as pure product. RESULTS Without employing catalyst, these reactions have low yield and busy mixture. The synthesis of compound 5a as sample reaction and displayed the ZnO nanoparticles (10 mol%) is the best catalyst for sample reaction and H2O is the very better than other solvent in sample raection. Structures of 5 are confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR mass spectra. CONCLUSION In summary, imdazole derivatives were produced in excellent yield from the reaction of trichloroacetonitrile, amides, alkyl bromides and amino acids using ZnO-NPs in water at room temperature. In addition, the power of synthesized imidazole as antioxidant was determined by radical trapping of DPPH and power of reducing ferric analyzes. The tested imidazoles display good radical trapping of DPPH but exhibitted moderate FRAP relative to BHT and TBHQ as synthetic antioxidants.The outcomes of disk diffusion experiment exhibite that synthesized imidazole avoided the bacterial growth. The superiorities of this procedure are environmental, high yield of product and low amounts of catalyst and short time of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghazvini
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P. O Box: 3971189451, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Shafiee
- Danayan Fara Kimiya (DFK)company, Gheysar Aminpour Blv., Shahin Shahr, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Salimifard
- Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Eslami
- Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
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Hebishy AMS, Abdelfattah MS, Elmorsy A, Elwahy AHM. ZnO nanoparticles catalyzed synthesis of bis- and poly(imidazoles) as potential anticancer agents. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1726396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. S. Hebishy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Abdullah Elmorsy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. M. Elwahy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Zheng X, Ma Z, Zhang D. Synthesis of Imidazole-Based Medicinal Molecules Utilizing the van Leusen Imidazole Synthesis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13030037. [PMID: 32138202 PMCID: PMC7151684 DOI: 10.3390/ph13030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazole and its derivatives are one of the most vital and universal heterocycles in medicinal chemistry. Owing to their special structural features, these compounds exhibit a widespread spectrum of significant pharmacological or biological activities, and are widely researched and applied by pharmaceutical companies for drug discovery. The van Leusen reaction based on tosylmethylisocyanides (TosMICs) is one of the most appropriate strategies to synthetize imidazole-based medicinal molecules, which has been increasingly developed on account of its advantages. In this review, we summarize the recent developments of the chemical synthesis and bioactivity of imidazole-containing medicinal small molecules, utilizing the van Leusen imidazole synthesis from 1977.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (X.Z.); (Z.M.)
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhengning Ma
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (X.Z.); (Z.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (X.Z.); (Z.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-431-8783-6471
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21
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Punia S, Verma V, Kumar D, Singh G, Sahoo SC. Regioselective synthesis of 1,2,4-trisubstituted imidazole from a mechanistic and synthetic prospective. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1712608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Punia
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Vikas Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Devinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | | | - Subash C. Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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22
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An efficient method for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles using lactic acid as promoter. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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23
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Imidazole-pyrazole hybrids: Synthesis, characterization and in-vitro bioevaluation against α-glucosidase enzyme with molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 82:267-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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24
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Habib MMW, Abdelfattah MAO, Abadi AH. Design and Synthesis of Novel Phenylpiperazine Derivatives as Potential Anticonvulsant Agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:868-74. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. W. Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; German University in Cairo; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. O. Abdelfattah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; German University in Cairo; Cairo Egypt
- American University of The Middle East; Egaila Kuwait
| | - Ashraf H. Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; German University in Cairo; Cairo Egypt
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Ribeiro AI, Gabriel C, Cerqueira F, Maia M, Pinto E, Sousa JC, Medeiros R, Proença MF, Dias AM. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamidrazones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4699-4702. [PMID: 25193230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A mild and simple method was developed to prepare a series of fifteen 5-aminoimidazole 4-carboxamidrazones, starting from the easily accessible 5-amino-4-cyanoformimidoyl imidazoles. The antimicrobial activity of these novel amidrazones was screened against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and Candida sp. (Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis). Only a subset of compounds displayed fair-moderate activity against S. aureus and E. coli but all exhibited activity against Candida sp. The three most potent antifungal compounds were further tested against Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus and three dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum). These three hit compounds strongly inhibited C. krusei and C. neoformans growth, although their activity on filamentous fungi was very weak when compared to the activity on yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ribeiro
- Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla Gabriel
- FP-ENAS/CEBIMED, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Cerqueira
- FP-ENAS/CEBIMED, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal; CEQUIMED/Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marta Maia
- CEQUIMED/Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- CEQUIMED/Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- FP-ENAS/CEBIMED, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- FP-ENAS/CEBIMED, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology GRP and Molecular Biology Laboratory-Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fernanda Proença
- Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Alice M Dias
- Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Zhang L, Peng XM, Damu GLV, Geng RX, Zhou CH. Comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:340-437. [PMID: 23740514 DOI: 10.1002/med.21290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole ring is an important five-membered aromatic heterocycle widely present in natural products and synthetic molecules. The unique structural feature of imidazole ring with desirable electron-rich characteristic is beneficial for imidazole derivatives to readily bind with a variety of enzymes and receptors in biological systems through diverse weak interactions, thereby exhibiting broad bioactivities. The related research and developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry have become a rapidly developing and increasingly active topic. Particularly, numerous imidazole-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used in the clinic to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency, which have shown the enormous development value. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, antineuropathic, antihypertensive, antihistaminic, antiparasitic, antiobesity, antiviral, and other medicinal agents, together with their potential applications in diagnostics and pathology. It is hoped that this review will be helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic imidazole-based medicinal drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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Baxendale S, Holdsworth CJ, Meza Santoscoy PL, Harrison MRM, Fox J, Parkin CA, Ingham PW, Cunliffe VT. Identification of compounds with anti-convulsant properties in a zebrafish model of epileptic seizures. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:773-84. [PMID: 22730455 PMCID: PMC3484860 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of animal models of epileptic seizures provides opportunities to identify novel anticonvulsants for the treatment of people with epilepsy. We found that exposure of 2-day-old zebrafish embryos to the convulsant agent pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) rapidly induces the expression of synaptic-activity-regulated genes in the CNS, and elicited vigorous episodes of calcium (Ca(2+)) flux in muscle cells as well as intense locomotor activity. We then screened a library of ∼2000 known bioactive small molecules and identified 46 compounds that suppressed PTZ-inducedtranscription of the synaptic-activity-regulated gene fos in 2-day-old (2 dpf) zebrafish embryos. Further analysis of a subset of these compounds, which included compounds with known and newly identified anticonvulsant properties, revealed that they exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of both locomotor activity and PTZ-induced fos transcription, confirming their anticonvulsant characteristics. We conclude that this in situ hybridisation assay for fos transcription in the zebrafish embryonic CNS is a robust, high-throughput in vivo indicator of the neural response to convulsant treatment and lends itself well to chemical screening applications. Moreover, our results demonstrate that suppression of PTZ-induced fos expression provides a sensitive means of identifying compounds with anticonvulsant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baxendale
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Celia J. Holdsworth
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Paola L. Meza Santoscoy
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Michael R. M. Harrison
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - James Fox
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Caroline A. Parkin
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Philip W. Ingham
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Vincent T. Cunliffe
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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