Design and synthesis of novel heterocyclic acetamide derivatives for potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities

Novel quercetin and apigenin-acetamide derivatives: design, synthesis, characterization, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies

Flavonoids exhibit essential but limited biological properties which can be enhanced through chemical modifications. In this study, we designed, synthesized, and characterized two novel flavonoid derivatives, quercetin penta-acetamide (1S3) and apigenin tri-acetamide (2S3). These compounds were confirmed using (1H, 13C) NMR, UV-Vis, and FT-IR characterizations. Their interaction with fish sperm DNA (FS-DNA) at physiological pH was investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The binding constant (K b) for the UV-Vis experiment was found to be 1.43 ± 0.3 × 104 M-1 for 1S3 and 2.08 ± 0.2 × 104 M-1 for 2S3. The binding constants (K SV) for the fluorescence quenching experiment were 1.83 × 104 M-1 and 1.96 × 104 M-1 for 1S3 and 2S3, respectively. Based on molecular modeling and docking studies, the binding affinities were found to be -7.9 and -9.1 kcal mol-1, for 1S3 and 2S3, respectively. The compound-DNA docked model correlated with our experimental results, and they are groove binders. Furthermore, mutagenicity potential was examined. 1S3 and its metabolites showed no mutagenic activity for both TA98 and TA100 strains. 2S3 did not show any mutagenic activity for the strain TA 98, while its metabolites were only active at high doses. Both 2S3 and its metabolites showed mutagenic activity in the TA100 strain.

Recent Development on Importance of Heterocyclic Amides as Potential Bioactive Molecules: A Review

Background:

Heterocyclic compounds are an integral part of the chemical and life sciences and constitute a considerable quantum of the modern research that is being currently pursued throughout the world.

Methods:

This review was prepared by collecting the available literature reports on various databases and an extract was prepared for each report after thorough study and compiling the recent literature reports on heterocyclic amides from 2007 to 2018.

Results:

This review summarizes the bio-potential of heterocyclic amides as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-tubercular and antimalarial agents which would be very promising in the field of medicinal chemistry.

Conclusion:

A wide variety of heterocyclic amides have already been reported and some are currently being used as active medicaments for the treatment of disease. Still, the research groups are focusing on the development of newer heterocyclic amide derivatives with better efficacy, potency and lesser side effects. This area has got the tremendous potential to come up with new chemical entities of medicinal importance.

Acetamides: chemotherapeutic agents for inflammation-associated cancers

Now clear evidences are available to support the hypothesis that inflammation accelerates the conditions including events and molecules that reach to various types of cancers. Inflammation is a normal response to infection containing the innate and adaptive immune systems. However, when allowed to continue, unresolved, perturbation of cellular microenvironment takes place; therefore, it leads to adaptations in genes that are linked to cancer. In addition, a lot of data are accessible confirming the concept that tumour microenvironment is orchestrated by various inflammatory cells and goes to neoplastic process and finally invasion, migration and metastasis. However, infiltrations of leucocytes lead to angiogenesis, propagation and invasion. An inflammatory microenvironment that perhaps fostering impact of angiogenesis include cytokines, chemokines, enzymes and growth factors that play key role for expansion and invasion of cancer cells. This insight highlights the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated cancers and also touches and fosters the role of acetamides for the treatment and chemoprevention of carcinomas that are allied with inflammation.

2-(2-Methyl-phen-yl)-N-(1,3-thia-zol-2-yl)acetamide

In the title compound, C12H12N2OS, the dihedral angle between the benzene and thia-zole rings is 83.5 (7)°. The acetamide group is almost coplanar with the thia-zole ring, being twisted from it by 4.2 (9)°. In the crystal, pairs of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link mol-ecules into inversion dimers, generating R 2 (2)[8] loops; the dimers are stacked along [001].