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Salehi A, Zolfaghari B, Aghaei M, Sirous H, Sadeghi M, Gholami MR, Reisi P, Ghanadian M. New amide and diterpene alkaloids with anticholinesterase activity from Delphinium cyphoplectrum roots. Daru 2024; 32:237-251. [PMID: 38498253 PMCID: PMC11087438 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-024-00509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cholinergic hypothesis posits a robust correlation between the onset of Alzheimer's disease and a pronounced deficit in acetylcholine, a pivotal neurotransmitter crucial for the central cholinergic nervous system's function, pivotal for memory and learning. Diterpene alkaloids exhibit intricate and distinctive chemical structures that facilitate their passage through the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, their potent pharmacological attributes render them promising candidates for addressing central nervous system disorders. OBJECTIVES This investigation aims to scrutinize the alkaloidal composition of Delphinium cyphoplectrum (Ranunculaceae) roots, further exploring their anticholinesterase inhibitory activity and mode of inhibition. METHOD Innovative chromatography techniques were repetitively employed to purify the alkaloids. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition assays were conducted using Ellman's tests. The mode of inhibition was meticulously characterized through Michaelis-Menten, and Lineweaver-Burk plots. Conducting molecular docking studies, we employed the AUTO DOCK 4.2 software package. RESULTS Eight alkaloids were identified including five C19-diterpene alkaloids (6,14,16,18-tetramethoxy-1,7,8-trihydroxy-4-methylaconitane (1), 6,16,18-trimethoxy-1,7,8,14-tetrahydroxy-4-methylaconitane (2), 6,8,16,18-tetramethoxy-1,7,14-trihydroxy-4-methylaconitane (3), 6,14,16-trimethoxy-1,7,8,18-tetrahydroxy-4-methylaconitane (4), and 14-O-acetyl-8,16-dimethoxy-1,6,7,18-tetrahydroxy-4-methylaconitane (5)), an epoxy C18-diterpene alkaloid (6,8,16-trimethoxy-1,7,14-trihydroxy-3,4-epoxyaconitane (6)), a known (pyrrolidin-2-one (7) and an undescribed amide alkaloid (1-(2'-hydroxylethylamine)-3,5,5,-trimethyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one (8). All diterpene alkaloids underwent assessment for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition assay and displayed noteworthy AChE activity, surpassing that of the reference drug (with IC50 values of 13.7, 21.8, 23.4, 28.2, 40.4, and 23.9 for compounds 1-6, respectively, in comparison to 98.4 for Rivastigmine). Analysis of Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burk plots represents an uncompetitive mode of inhibition for compound 1 on AChE. Notably, computational docking simulations indicated that all diterpene alkaloids were accommodated within the same enzymatic cleft as the reference ligand, and displaying superior free binding energy values (from - 10.32 to -8.59 Kcal.mol-1) in contrast to Rivastigmine (-6.31 Kcal.mol-1). CONCLUSION The phytochemical analysis conducted on the roots of Delphinium cyphoplectrum yielded the identification of eight alkaloidal compounds including one C18-diterpene, five C19-diterpene, one pyrrolidine and one amide alkaloids. AChE inhibition assay and molecular simulations unveiled remarkable significant potency attributed to the C19-diterpene alkaloids by the order of 1 > 2 > 3,6 > 4 > 5. Presence of hydroxyl group on C-1, C-7, C-8, C-14, and C-18 increased the effect. The best in vitro activity was recorded for compound 1 able to bind to Asp72 in the narrow region of PAS, while interacting by pi-sigma with Phe330 at the hydrophobic region of the gorge involving the acyl and choline binding site. This observation underscores the substantial promise of this category of natural products in the realm of drug discovery for Alzheimer's Disease, offering a compelling avenue for further research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Salehi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behzad Zolfaghari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hajar Sirous
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Morteza Sadeghi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Gholami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Jagtap AD, Geraghty RJ, Wang Z. Inhibiting HCMV pUL89-C Endonuclease with Metal-Binding Compounds. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13874-13887. [PMID: 37827528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects individuals of all ages and establishes a lifelong latency. Current antiviral drugs are suboptimal in efficacy and safety and ineffective against resistant/refractory HCMV. Therefore, there is an unmet clinical need for efficacious, safe, and mechanistically novel HCMV drugs. The recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of letermovir (LTV) validated the HCMV terminase complex as a new target for antiviral development. LTV targets terminase subunit pUL56 but not the main endonuclease enzymatic function housed in the C terminus of subunit pUL89 (pUL89-C). Structurally and mechanistically, pUL89-C is an RNase H-like viral endonuclease entailing two divalent metal ions at the active site. In recent years, numerous studies have extensively explored pUL89-C inhibition using metal-chelating chemotypes, an approach previously used for inhibiting HIV ribonuclease H (RNase H) and integrase strand transfer (INST). Collectively, the work summarized herein validates the use of metal-binding scaffolds for designing potent and specific pUL89-C inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Dhananjay Jagtap
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J Geraghty
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Starosotnikov AM, Bastrakov MA. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Incorporating Pyridine Moiety. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119314. [PMID: 37298265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes one of the most dangerous diseases-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An estimated about 40 million people are currently living with HIV worldwide, most of whom are already on antiretroviral therapy. This makes the development of effective drugs to combat this virus very relevant. Currently, one of the dynamically developing areas of organic and medicinal chemistry is the synthesis and identification of new compounds capable of inhibiting HIV-1 integrase-one of the HIV enzymes. A significant number of studies on this topic are published annually. Many compounds inhibiting integrase incorporate pyridine core. Therefore, this review is an analysis of the literature on the methods for the synthesis of pyridine-containing HIV-1 integrase inhibitors since 2003 to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Starosotnikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Bastrakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Melo R, Lemos A, Preto AJ, Bueschbell B, Matos-Filipe P, Barreto C, Almeida JG, Silva RDM, Correia JDG, Moreira IS. An Overview of Antiretroviral Agents for Treating HIV Infection in Paediatric Population. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:760-794. [PMID: 30182840 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180904123549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening and infectious disease in which the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is mainly transmitted through Mother-To- Child Transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breastfeeding. This review provides an overview of the distinct therapeutic alternatives to abolish the systemic viral replication in paediatric HIV-1 infection. Numerous classes of antiretroviral agents have emerged as therapeutic tools for downregulation of different steps in the HIV replication process. These classes encompass Non- Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs/NtRTIs), INtegrase Inhibitors (INIs), Protease Inhibitors (PIs), and Entry Inhibitors (EIs). Co-administration of certain antiretroviral drugs with Pharmacokinetic Enhancers (PEs) may boost the effectiveness of the primary therapeutic agent. The combination of multiple antiretroviral drug regimens (Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy - HAART) is currently the standard therapeutic approach for HIV infection. So far, the use of HAART offers the best opportunity for prolonged and maximal viral suppression, and preservation of the immune system upon HIV infection. Still, the frequent administration of high doses of multiple drugs, their inefficient ability to reach the viral reservoirs in adequate doses, the development of drug resistance, and the lack of patient compliance compromise the complete HIV elimination. The development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may enable targeted delivery of antiretroviral agents to inaccessible viral reservoir sites at therapeutic concentrations. In addition, the application of Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) approaches has provided valuable tools for the development of anti-HIV drug candidates with favourable pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Melo
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal.,CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Lemos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.,GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - António J Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pedro Matos-Filipe
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barreto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - José G Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Rúben D M Silva
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - João D G Correia
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - Irina S Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.,Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherland
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Shirvani P, Fassihi A, Saghaie L, Van Belle S, Debyser Z, Christ F. Synthesis, anti-HIV-1 and antiproliferative evaluation of novel 4-nitroimidazole derivatives combined with 5-hydroxy-4-pyridinone moiety. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sirous H, Fassihi A, Brogi S, Campiani G, Christ F, Debyser Z, Gemma S, Butini S, Chemi G, Grillo A, Zabihollahi R, Aghasadeghi MR, Saghaie L, Memarian HR. Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Biological Studies of 3-hydroxypyrane- 4-one and 3-hydroxy-pyridine-4-one Derivatives as HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. Med Chem 2019; 15:755-770. [PMID: 30569867 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181219113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the progress in the discovery of antiretroviral compounds for treating HIV-1 infection by targeting HIV integrase (IN), a promising and well-known drug target against HIV-1, there is a growing need to increase the armamentarium against HIV, for avoiding the drug resistance issue. OBJECTIVE To develop novel HIV-1 IN inhibitors, a series of 3-hydroxy-pyrane-4-one (HP) and 3- hydroxy-pyridine-4-one (HPO) derivatives have been rationally designed and synthesized. METHODS To provide a significant characterization of the novel compounds, in-depth computational analysis was performed using a novel HIV-1 IN/DNA binary 3D-model for investigating the binding mode of the newly conceived molecules in complex with IN. The 3D-model was generated using the proto-type foamy virus (PFV) DNA as a structural template, positioning the viral polydesoxyribonucleic chain into the HIV-1 IN homology model. Moreover, a series of in vitro tests were performed including HIV-1 activity inhibition, HIV-1 IN activity inhibition, HIV-1 IN strand transfer activity inhibition and cellular toxicity. RESULTS Bioassay results indicated that most of HP analogues including HPa, HPb, HPc, HPd, HPe and HPg, showed favorable inhibitory activities against HIV-1-IN in the low micromolar range. Particularly halogenated derivatives (HPb and HPd) offered the best biological activities in terms of reduced toxicity and optimum inhibitory activities against HIV-1 IN and HIV-1 in cell culture. CONCLUSION Halogenated derivatives, HPb and HPd, displayed the most promising anti-HIV profile, paving the way to the optimization of the presented scaffolds for developing new effective antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Sirous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran.,Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grillo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rezvan Zabihollahi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid R Memarian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441 Isfahan, Iran
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Sirous H, Chemi G, Gemma S, Butini S, Debyser Z, Christ F, Saghaie L, Brogi S, Fassihi A, Campiani G, Brindisi M. Identification of Novel 3-Hydroxy-pyran-4-One Derivatives as Potent HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors Using in silico Structure-Based Combinatorial Library Design Approach. Front Chem 2019; 7:574. [PMID: 31457006 PMCID: PMC6700280 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe herein the development and experimental validation of a computational protocol for optimizing a series of 3-hydroxy-pyran-4-one derivatives as HIV integrase inhibitors (HIV INIs). Starting from a previously developed micromolar inhibitors of HIV integrase (HIV IN), we performed an in-depth investigation based on an in silico structure-based combinatorial library designing approach. This method allowed us to combine a combinatorial library design and side chain hopping with Quantum Polarized Ligand Docking (QPLD) studies and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. The combinatorial library design allowed the identification of the best decorations for our promising scaffold. The resulting compounds were assessed by the mentioned QPLD methodology using a homology model of full-length binary HIV IN/DNA for retrieving the best performing compounds acting as HIV INIs. Along with the prediction of physico-chemical properties, we were able to select a limited number of drug-like compounds potentially displaying potent HIV IN inhibition. From this final set, based on the synthetic accessibility, we further shortlisted three representative compounds for the synthesis. The compounds were experimentally assessed in vitro for evaluating overall HIV-1 IN inhibition, HIV-1 IN strand transfer activity inhibition, HIV-1 activity inhibition and cellular toxicity. Gratifyingly, all of them showed relevant inhibitory activity in the in vitro tests along with no toxicity. Among them HPCAR-28 represents the most promising compound as potential anti-HIV agent, showing inhibitory activity against HIV IN in the low nanomolar range, comparable to that found for Raltegravir, and relevant potency in inhibiting HIV-1 replication and HIV-1 IN strand transfer activity. In summary, our results outline HPCAR-28 as a useful optimized hit for the potential treatment of HIV-1 infection by targeting HIV IN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Sirous
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Giulia Chemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Medicine, K.U. Leuven and IRC KULAK, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- Molecular Medicine, K.U. Leuven and IRC KULAK, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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