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Hart DA. The Heterogeneity of Post-Menopausal Disease Risk: Could the Basis for Why Only Subsets of Females Are Affected Be Due to a Reversible Epigenetic Modification System Associated with Puberty, Menstrual Cycles, Pregnancy and Lactation, and, Ultimately, Menopause? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3866. [PMID: 38612676 PMCID: PMC11011715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
For much of human evolution, the average lifespan was <40 years, due in part to disease, infant mortality, predators, food insecurity, and, for females, complications of childbirth. Thus, for much of evolution, many females did not reach the age of menopause (45-50 years of age) and it is mainly in the past several hundred years that the lifespan has been extended to >75 years, primarily due to public health advances, medical interventions, antibiotics, and nutrition. Therefore, the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for disease risk following menopause must have evolved during the complex processes leading to Homo sapiens to serve functions in the pre-menopausal state. Furthermore, as a primary function for the survival of the species is effective reproduction, it is likely that most of the advantages of having such post-menopausal risks relate to reproduction and the ability to address environmental stresses. This opinion/perspective will be discussed in the context of how such post-menopausal risks could enhance reproduction, with improved survival of offspring, and perhaps why such risks are preserved. Not all post-menopausal females exhibit risk for this set of diseases, and those who do develop such diseases do not have all of the conditions. The diseases of the post-menopausal state do not operate as a unified complex, but as independent variables, with the potential for some overlap. The how and why there would be such heterogeneity if the risk factors serve essential functions during the reproductive years is also discussed and the concept of sets of reversible epigenetic changes associated with puberty, pregnancy, and lactation is offered to explain the observations regarding the distribution of post-menopausal conditions and their potential roles in reproduction. While the involvement of an epigenetic system with a dynamic "modification-demodification-remodification" paradigm contributing to disease risk is a hypothesis at this point, validation of it could lead to a better understanding of post-menopausal disease risk in the context of reproduction with commonalities may also lead to future improved interventions to control such risk after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, and McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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2
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Formolo NPS, Filipini RE, Macedo EFO, Corrêa CR, Nunes EA, Lima LRA, Speretta GF. Heart rate reactivity to acute mental stress is associated with adiposity, carotid distensibility, sleep efficiency, and autonomic modulation in young men. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113908. [PMID: 35817124 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute mental stress (AMS) increases heart rate (HR) and blood pressure. Since obesity can impair the cardiovascular reactivity to AMS, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in this response is needed. We aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular reactivity to AMS in young men with normal or excess body fat. We also assessed the association between cardiovascular reactivity to AMS and cardiovascular risk factors, including autonomic modulation, carotid artery distensibility, physical activity levels, and sleep efficiency. Sixty-six young men (26.1 ± 4.1 years old) underwent anthropometric and body fat assessment (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and had right-carotid artery ultrasonography. Accelerometers assessed physical activity levels and sleep efficiency. AMS was induced through the Stroop color-word test while blood pressure, HR, and cardiac interval were measured. Analyses were performed in Normal and Excess fat groups divided by fat mass index (FMI). Continuous data was used for multiple linear regression analyses. An interaction between FMI and time for HR reactivity was observed. Cardiac interval variability analysis showed that only participants with normal fat displayed parasympathetic withdrawal during AMS (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis supported the role of adiposity and autonomic modulation in the HR reactivity to AMS and showed involvement of carotid distensibility and sleep efficiency (P < 0.05). Carotid distensibility was the only predictor for blood pressure reactivity (P < 0.05). Physical activity was not associated with AMS's cardiovascular reactivity. We conclude that increased adiposity is associated with reduced HR reactivity to AMS, which is possibly linked to an impaired parasympathetic withdrawal. Carotid distension and sleep efficiency seem to contribute to this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália P S Formolo
- Post-Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Richard E Filipini
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F O Macedo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Cinthia R Corrêa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Rodrigo A Lima
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F Speretta
- Post-Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Gunnarsson B, Entezarjou A, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S, Kenttä G, Håkansson A. Understanding exercise addiction, psychiatric characteristics and use of anabolic androgenic steroids among recreational athletes – An online survey study. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903777. [PMID: 35979064 PMCID: PMC9376369 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this paper was to explore maladaptive behaviors among physically active individuals, including exercise dependence and use of anabolic steroids. Both exercise addiction (EA) and use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) correlate to high amounts of exercise and EA have been linked to eating disorders and other mental health problems. Methods An internet survey was spread through fitness-related social media. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 15 years and exercise frequency ≥ thrice weekly. Exercise addiction inventory identified those at-risk of EA (rEA). Characteristics of rEA were compared to those not at risk. In a separate analysis, AAS users were compared to AAS-naïve individuals. Results In total, 3,029 participants completed the questionnaire. Of these, 11% screened positive for being rEA, and 23% for ED. Factors associated with EA included daily exercise, social phobia, eating disorders and OCD. Risk consumption of alcohol was a negative predictor. Thirty seven participants had taken AAS the last year. These were mainly men, bodybuilders/powerlifters and more often used amphetamines and opioids. Discussion This exploratory study supports EA being strongly associated with eating disorders. Identified associations between EA and compulsive or anxiety disorders warrant further research to clarify if these associations arise prior to, together with, or secondary to EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Gunnarsson
- Helsingborg University Hospital, Region Skåne, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Artin Entezarjou
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Göran Kenttä
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Swedish Sport Federation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anders Håkansson
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Shields RK, Dudley-Javoroski S. Epigenetics and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Model: Bridging Nature, Nurture, and Patient-Centered Population Health. Phys Ther 2021; 102:6413906. [PMID: 34718813 PMCID: PMC9432474 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes enable environmental inputs such as diet, exercise, and health behaviors to reversibly tag DNA with chemical "marks" that increase or decrease the expression of an individual's genetic template. Over time, epigenetic adaptations enable the effects of healthy or unhealthy stresses to become stably expressed in the tissue of an organism, with important consequences for health and disease. New research indicates that seemingly non-biological factors such as social stress, poverty, and childhood hardship initiate epigenetic adaptations in gene pathways that govern inflammation and immunity, two of the greatest contributors to chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Epigenetic processes therefore provide a biological bridge between the genome-an individual's genetic inheritance-and the Social Determinants of Health-the conditions in which they are born, grow, live, work, and age. This Perspective paper argues that physical therapy clinicians, researchers, and educators can use the theoretical framework provided by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF model) to harmonize new discoveries from both public health research and medically focused genomic research. The ICF model likewise captures the essential role played by physical activity and exercise, which initiate powerful and widespread epigenetic adaptations that promote health and functioning. In this proposed framework, epigenetic processes transduce the effects of the social determinants of health and behaviors such as exercise into stable biological adaptations that affect an individual's daily activities and their participation in social roles. By harmonizing "nature" and "nurture," physical therapists can approach patient care with a more integrated perspective, capitalizing on novel discoveries in precision medicine, rehabilitation science, and in population-level research. As the experts in physical activity and exercise, physical therapists are ideally positioned to drive progress in the new era of patient-centered population health care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shauna Dudley-Javoroski
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Yang M, Xiao Z, Chen Z, Ru Y, Wang J, Jiang J, Wang X, Wang T. S100A1 is Involved in Myocardial Injury Induced by Exhaustive Exercise. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:444-454. [PMID: 34688220 DOI: 10.1055/a-1642-8352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have confirmed that exhaustive exercise has adverse effects on the heart by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). S100A1 calcium-binding protein A1 (S100A1) is a regulator of myocardial contractility and a protector against myocardial injury. However, few studies have investigated the role of S100A1 in the regulation of myocardial injury induced by exhaustive exercise. In the present study, we suggested that exhaustive exercise led to increased ROS, downregulation of S100a1, and myocardial injury. Downregulation of S100a1 promoted exhaustive exercise-induced myocardial injury and overexpression of S100A1 reversed oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte injury, indicating S100A1 is a protective factor against myocardial injury caused by exhaustive exercise. We also found that downregulation of S100A1 promoted damage to critical proteins of the mitochondria by inhibiting the expression of Ant1, Pgc1a, and Tfam under exhaustive exercise. Our study indicated S100A1 as a potential prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target to improve the myocardial damage induced by exhaustive exercise and provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the myocardial injury effect of exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.,Tianjin Key Lab of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhigang Xiao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering,Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhaoli Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yongxin Ru
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital Peaking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Air Force Medical Center, Medical Evaluation Department, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Jianhua Jiang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xinxing Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.,Tianjin Key Lab of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China
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Dimauro I, Paronetto MP, Caporossi D. Exercise, redox homeostasis and the epigenetic landscape. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101477. [PMID: 32127290 PMCID: PMC7284912 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise represents one of the strongest physiological stimuli capable to induce functional and structural modifications in all biological systems. Indeed, beside the traditional genetic mechanisms, physical exercise can modulate gene expression through epigenetic modifications, namely DNA methylation, post-translational histone modification and non-coding RNA transcripts. Initially considered as merely damaging molecules, it is now well recognized that both reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) produced under voluntary exercise play an important role as regulatory mediators in signaling processes. While robust scientific evidences highlight the role of exercise-associated redox modifications in modulating gene expression through the genetic machinery, the understanding of their specific impact on epigenomic profile is still at an early stage. This review will provide an overview of the role of ROS and RNS in modulating the epigenetic landscape in the context of exercise-related adaptations. Physical exercise can modulate gene expression through epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic regulation of ROS/RNS generating, sensing and neutralizing enzymes can impact the cellular levels of ROS and RNS. ROS might act as modulators of epigenetic machinery, interfering with DNA methylation, hPTMs and ncRNAs expression. Redox homeostasis might hold a relevant role in the epigenetic landscape modulating exercise-related adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dimauro
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy.
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The Face of Early Cognitive Decline? Shape and Asymmetry Predict Choice Reaction Time Independent of Age, Diet or Exercise. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11111364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Slower reaction time is a measure of cognitive decline and can occur as early as 24 years of age. We are interested if developmental stability predicts cognitive performance independent of age and lifestyle (e.g., diet and exercise). Developmental stability is the latent capacity to buffer ontogenetic stressors and is measured by low fluctuating asymmetry (FA). FA is random—with respect to the largest side—departures from perfect morphological symmetry. The degree of asymmetry has been associated with physical fitness, morbidity, and mortality in many species, including humans. We expected that low FA (independent of age, diet and exercise) will predict faster choice reaction time (i.e., correct keyboard responses to stimuli appearing in a random location on a computer monitor). Eighty-eight university students self-reported their fish product consumption, exercise, had their faces 3D scanned and cognitive performance measured. Unexpectedly, increased fish product consumption was associated with worsened choice reaction time. Facial asymmetry and multiple face shape variation parameters predicted slower choice reaction time independent of sex, age, diet or exercise. Future work should develop longitudinal interventions to minimize early cognitive decline among vulnerable people (e.g., those who have experienced ontogenetic stressors affecting optimal neurocognitive development).
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Effects of Physical Exercise on Endothelial Function and DNA Methylation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142530. [PMID: 31315170 PMCID: PMC6678332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension is the leading preventable cause of death in the world. Epidemiological studies have shown that physical training can reduce blood pressure (BP), both in hypertensive and healthy individuals. Increasing evidence is emerging that DNA methylation is involved in alteration of the phenotype and of vascular function in response to environmental stimuli. We evaluated repetitive element and gene-specific DNA methylation in peripheral blood leukocytes of 68 volunteers, taken before (T0) and after (T1) a three-month intervention protocol of continuative aerobic physical exercise. DNA methylation was assessed by bisulfite-PCR and pyrosequencing. Comparing T0 and T1 measurements, we found an increase in oxygen consumption at peak of exercise (VO2peak) and a decrease in diastolic BP at rest. Exercise increased the levels of ALU and Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 (LINE-1) repetitive elements methylation, and of Endothelin-1 (EDN1), Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS2), and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF) gene-specific methylation. VO2peak was positively associated with methylation of ALU, EDN1, NOS2, and TNF; systolic BP at rest was inversely associated with LINE-1, EDN1, and NOS2 methylation; diastolic BP was inversely associated with EDN1 and NOS2 methylation. Our findings suggest a possible role of DNA methylation for lowering systemic BP induced by the continuative aerobic physical training program.
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Jacques M, Hiam D, Craig J, Barrès R, Eynon N, Voisin S. Epigenetic changes in healthy human skeletal muscle following exercise- a systematic review. Epigenetics 2019; 14:633-648. [PMID: 31046576 PMCID: PMC6557592 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1614416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is continually challenging whole-body homeostasis, leading to improvements in performance and health. Adaptations to exercise training are complex and are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Epigenetic factors regulate gene expression in a tissue-specific manner and constitute a link between the genotype and the environment. Moreover, epigenetic factors are emerging as potential biomarkers that could predict the response to exercise training. This systematic review aimed to identify epigenetic changes that have been reported in skeletal muscle following exercise training in healthy populations. A literature search of five databases (PUBMED, MEDLINE, CINHAL, SCOPUS and SportDiscuss) was conducted in November 2018. Articles were included if they examined epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs) in skeletal muscle, following either an acute bout of exercise, an exercise intervention in a pre/post design, or a case/control type of study. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Several epigenetic markers including DNA methylation of genes known to be differentially expressed after exercise and myomiRs were reported to be modified after exercise. Several epigenetic marks were identified to be altered in response to exercise, with potential influence on skeletal muscle metabolism. However, whether these epigenetic marks play a role in the physiological impact of exercise is unclear. Exercise epigenetics is still a very young research field, and it is expected that in the future the causality of such changes will be elucidated via the utilization of emerging experimental models able to target the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Craig
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romain Barrès
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Giontella A, Bonafini S, Tagetti A, Bresadola I, Minuz P, Gaudino R, Cavarzere P, Ramaroli DA, Marcon D, Branz L, Nicolussi Principe L, Antoniazzi F, Maffeis C, Fava C. Relation between Dietary Habits, Physical Activity, and Anthropometric and Vascular Parameters in Children Attending the Primary School in the Verona South District. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1070. [PMID: 31091731 PMCID: PMC6566536 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this school-based study was to identify the possible association between diet and physical activity, as well as the anthropometric, vascular, and gluco-lipid parameters. We administered two validated questionnaires for diet and physical activity (Food Frequency questionnaire (FFQ), Children-Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ-C)) to children at four primary schools in Verona South (Verona, Italy). Specific food intake, dietary pattern, and physical activity level expressed in Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) and PAQ-C score were inserted in multivariate linear regression models to assess the association with anthropometric, hemodynamic, and gluco-lipid measures. Out of 309 children included in the study, 300 (age: 8.6 ± 0.7 years, male: 50%; Obese (OB): 13.6%; High blood pressure (HBP): 21.6%) compiled to the FFQ. From this, two dietary patterns were identified: "healthy" and "unhealthy". Direct associations were found between (i) "fast food" intake, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), and (ii) animal-derived fat and capillary cholesterol, while inverse associations were found between vegetable, fruit, and nut intake and capillary glucose. The high prevalence of OB and HBP and the significant correlations between some categories of food and metabolic and vascular parameters suggest the importance of life-style modification politics at an early age to prevent the onset of overt cardiovascular risk factors in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Giontella
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Sara Bonafini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Angela Tagetti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Irene Bresadola
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Pietro Minuz
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Rossella Gaudino
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Paolo Cavarzere
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Diego Alberto Ramaroli
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Denise Marcon
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Lorella Branz
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Franco Antoniazzi
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Claudio Maffeis
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Fava
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
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Bernardo BC, Ooi JYY, Weeks KL, Patterson NL, McMullen JR. Understanding Key Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Protection to Mitigate Disease: Current Knowledge and Emerging Concepts. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:419-475. [PMID: 29351515 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of exercise on the heart are well recognized, and clinical studies have demonstrated that exercise is an intervention that can improve cardiac function in heart failure patients. This has led to significant research into understanding the key mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced cardiac protection. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms that regulate exercise-induced cardiac myocyte growth and proliferation. We discuss in detail the effects of exercise on other cardiac cells, organelles, and systems that have received less or little attention and require further investigation. This includes cardiac excitation and contraction, mitochondrial adaptations, cellular stress responses to promote survival (heat shock response, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosomal system, endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response, DNA damage response), extracellular matrix, inflammatory response, and organ-to-organ crosstalk. We summarize therapeutic strategies targeting known regulators of exercise-induced protection and the challenges translating findings from bench to bedside. We conclude that technological advancements that allow for in-depth profiling of the genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome, combined with animal and human studies, provide new opportunities for comprehensively defining the signaling and regulatory aspects of cell/organelle functions that underpin the protective properties of exercise. This is likely to lead to the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C Bernardo
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
| | - Jenny Y Y Ooi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
| | - Kate L Weeks
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
| | - Natalie L Patterson
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
| | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
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Grazioli E, Dimauro I, Mercatelli N, Wang G, Pitsiladis Y, Di Luigi L, Caporossi D. Physical activity in the prevention of human diseases: role of epigenetic modifications. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:802. [PMID: 29143608 PMCID: PMC5688489 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification refers to heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by alterations in the DNA sequence. The current literature clearly demonstrates that the epigenetic response is highly dynamic and influenced by different biological and environmental factors such as aging, nutrient availability and physical exercise. As such, it is well accepted that physical activity and exercise can modulate gene expression through epigenetic alternations although the type and duration of exercise eliciting specific epigenetic effects that can result in health benefits and prevent chronic diseases remains to be determined. This review highlights the most significant findings from epigenetic studies involving physical activity/exercise interventions known to benefit chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Grazioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Neri Mercatelli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Guan Wang
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.,FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
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Bloch W. Lifelong training for improved function of the injured heart. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:1854-1855. [PMID: 28969494 DOI: 10.1177/2047487317734894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne
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Abstract
The relationships between sport and sexuality in males are of great social and clinical interest, because of sports and motor activities that highly promote social and sexual relationships. Even if few literature exist, two main questions should be taken into account: whether and how physical exercise and sport positively or negatively influence sexual health and behavior and/or whether and how sexual behavior may affect a sub-sequent sport performance. Physical exercise and sport per se can influence, positively or negatively, the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function and, consequently, the individual's reproductive and/or sexual health. This depends on individual factors such as genetic and epigenetic ones and on different variables involved in the practice of sport activities (type of sport, intensity and duration of training, doping and drug use and abuse, nutrition, supplements, psychological stress, allostatic load, etc.). If well conducted, motor and sport activities could have beneficial effects on sexual health in males. Among different lifestyle changes, influencing sexual health, regular physical activity is fundamental to antagonize the onset of erectile dysfunction (ED). However, competitive sport can lead both reproductive and/or sexual tract damages and dysfunctions, transient (genital pain, hypoesthesia of the genitalia, hypogonadism, DE, altered sexual drive, etc.) or permanent (hypogonadism, DE, etc.), by acting directly (traumas of the external genitalia, saddle-related disorders in cyclists, etc.) or indirectly (exercise-related hypogonadism, drug abuse, doping, stress, etc.). Sexual activities shortly performed before a sport competition could differently influence sport performance. Due to the few existing data, it is advisable to avoid an absolute pre-competition sexual abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sgrò
- Unit of Endocrinology, Section of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - L Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Section of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
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Effects of chronic restraint stress on the global DNA methylation profile of rat lung cells: Modulation by physical exercise. Behav Brain Res 2017; 331:188-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Buscemi S, Giordano C. Physical activity and cardiovascular prevention: Is healthy urban living a possible reality or utopia? Eur J Intern Med 2017; 40:8-15. [PMID: 28215975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Favoring correct lifestyles is the most important measure to contrast cardiovascular diseases and the epidemic of high cardiovascular risk conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Lifestyle is a broad expression that includes diet, physical exercise, and psychological and socio-economic factors, each of which must be taken into due consideration because of their intertwining influences, which may be a barrier to healthy changes at both the individual and population levels. While physical activity has probably received less attention in the last decades, it is likely the most important among the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Improving the habitual physical activity level is an achievable goal, and even small improvements may have important favorable effects on health. Strategies at the population level have to be urgently taken, and involve not only public health, but also administrators and politicians, starting from a rethinking of our cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Buscemi
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS) - University of Palermo, Italy; UOC di Endocrinologia, Malattie del Ricambio e della Nutrizione - AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy.
| | - Carla Giordano
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS) - University of Palermo, Italy; UOC di Endocrinologia, Malattie del Ricambio e della Nutrizione - AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
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Exercise Training and Epigenetic Regulation: Multilevel Modification and Regulation of Gene Expression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1000:281-322. [PMID: 29098627 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training elicits acute and adaptive long term changes in human physiology that mediate the improvement of performance and health state. The responses are integrative and orchestrated by several mechanisms, as gene expression. Gene expression is essential to construct the adaptation of the biological system to exercise training, since there are molecular processes mediating oxidative and non-oxidative metabolism, angiogenesis, cardiac and skeletal myofiber hypertrophy, and other processes that leads to a greater physiological status. Epigenetic is the field that studies about gene expression changes heritable by meiosis and mitosis, by changes in chromatin and DNA conformation, but not in DNA sequence, that studies the regulation on gene expression that is independent of genotype. The field approaches mechanisms of DNA and chromatin conformational changes that inhibit or increase gene expression and determine tissue specific pattern. The three major studied epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, Histone modification, and regulation of noncoding RNA-associated genes. This review elucidates these mechanisms, focusing on the relationship between them and their relationship with exercise training, physical performance and the enhancement of health status. On this chapter, we clarified the relationship of epigenetic modulations and their intimal relationship with acute and chronic effect of exercise training, concentrating our effort on skeletal muscle, heart and vascular responses, that are the most responsive systems against to exercise training and play crucial role on physical performance and improvement of health state.
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Oeing CU, Tschöpe C, Pieske B. Neuerungen der ESC-Leitlinien zur akuten und chronischen Herzinsuffizienz 2016. Herz 2016; 41:655-663. [DOI: 10.1007/s00059-016-4496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schwarz S, Boscheri A, Christle J, Duvinage A, Esefeld K, Fricke H, Pitsch N, Pressler A, Weichenberger M, Halle M. [Exercise training in the therapy of heart diseases: Current evidence and future options]. Herz 2016; 41:159-69; quiz 170-1. [PMID: 26914583 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-016-4403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training has been firmly established as an additional therapeutic strategy in addition to pharmacological and interventional treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease. Benefits for quality of life as well as prognosis have been confirmed for cardiovascular risk factors, ischemic heart disease, after myocardial infarction, in heart failure with preserved as well as reduced ejection fraction, in atrial fibrillation and in patients after catheter-assisted aortic valve implantation (TAVI), with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or with left ventricular assist devices (VAD). Training programs have to be tailored according to the disease, stage of disease, comorbidities, age of the patient, medication as well as exercise capacity. For prescribing exercise mode and intensity, a maximum exercise test has to be performed. Ideally, this is accompanied by spirometry to assess maximum values such as maximum oxygen consumption. Training intensity will then be prescribed according to the optimal training range and maximum training intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schwarz
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland
| | - A Boscheri
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland
| | - J Christle
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland
| | - A Duvinage
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzkreislaufforschung (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, München, Deutschland
| | - K Esefeld
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland
| | - H Fricke
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland
| | - N Pitsch
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland
| | - A Pressler
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland
| | - M Weichenberger
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland
| | - M Halle
- Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56, 80992, München, Deutschland.
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzkreislaufforschung (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, München, Deutschland.
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Deutschland.
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Górski A, Weber-Dabrowska B. The potential role of endogenous bacteriophages in controlling invading pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62:511-9. [PMID: 15747058 PMCID: PMC11365883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-004-4403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are omnipresent in our environment, and recent studies highlight their potential impact on the microbial world. Phages can also be present in mammalian organisms, including man (intestines, oral cavity, urine, sputum and serum). Data are available which suggest that those endogenous phages could play an important role in eliminating bacteria and regulating the body ecosystem. Furthermore, our most recent findings suggest that phages can exert immunosuppressive action in the gut, helping control local inflammatory and autoimmune reactions, and demonstrate anticancer activity. We hypothesize that phages could act in concert with the immune system in immunosurveillance against bacteria, viruses and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Górski
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53114, Wroclaw, Poland.
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