1
|
Wu SY, Wu ATH, Liu SH. MicroRNA-17-5p regulated apoptosis-related protein expression and radiosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma caused by betel nut chewing. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51482-51493. [PMID: 27285985 PMCID: PMC5239490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel nut chewing is associated with oral cavity cancer. Radiotherapy is one of the therapeutic approaches. Here, we used miR-17-5p antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) and human apoptosis protein array to clarify which apoptosis-related proteins are increased or decreased by miR-17-5p in betel nut chewing- oral squamous cell carcinoma OC3 cells. Furthermore, miR-17-5p AS-ODN was used to evaluate the radio-sensitization effects both in vitro and in vivo. An OC3 xenograft tumor model in severe combined immunodeficiency mice was used to determine the effect of miR-17-5p AS ODN on tumor irradiation. We simultaneously detected the relative expressions of 35 apoptosis-related proteins in irradiated OC3 cells that were treated with miR-17-5p AS-ODN or a control ODN. Several proteins, including p21, p53, TNF RI, FADD, cIAP-1, HIF-1α, and TRAIL R1, were found to be up- or downregulated by miR-17-5p in OC3 cells; their expression patterns were also confirmed by Western blotting. We further clarified the role of p53 in irradiated OC3 cells, using a p53 overexpression strategy. The results revealed that the enhancement of p53 expression significantly enhanced radiation-induced G2/M arrest of the OC3 cells. In the in vivo study, treatment of miR-17-5p AS-ODN before irradiation significantly enhanced p53 expression and reduced tumor growth. These results suggest that miR-17-5p increases or decreases apoptosis-related proteins in irradiated OC3 cells; its effect on p53 protein expression contributes to the modulation of the radiosensitivity of the OC3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T H Wu
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schilling D, Tetzlaff F, Konrad S, Li W, Multhoff G. A hypoxia-induced decrease of either MICA/B or Hsp70 on the membrane of tumor cells mediates immune escape from NK cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:139-47. [PMID: 25103413 PMCID: PMC4255247 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment contributes to immune escape from natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and the stress-regulated major histocompatibility class I chain-related protein A and B (MICA/B) both serve as ligands for activated NK cells when expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells. Herein, we studied the effects of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) on the membrane expression of these NK cell ligands in H1339 with high and MDA-MB-231 tumor cells with low basal HIF-1α levels and its consequences on NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. We could show that a hypoxia-induced decrease in the membrane expression of MICA/B and Hsp70 on H1339 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively, is associated with a reduced sensitivity to NK cell-mediated lysis. A knockdown of HIF-1α revealed that the decreased surface expression of MICA/B under hypoxia is dependent on HIF-1α in H1339 cells with high basal HIF-1α levels. Hypoxia and HIF-1α did not affect the MICA/B expression in MDA-MB-231 cells but reduced the Hsp70 membrane expression which in turn also impaired NK cell recognition. Furthermore, we could show that the hypoxia-induced decrease in membrane Hsp70 is independent of HIF-1α in MDA-MB-231. Our data indicate that hypoxia-induced downregulation of both NK cell ligands MICA/B and Hsp70 impairs NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, whereby only MICA/B appears to be regulated by HIF-1α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schilling
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- />Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, IBMI; CCG - Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Tetzlaff
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Konrad
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- />Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- />Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, IBMI; CCG - Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ostheimer C, Bache M, Güttler A, Kotzsch M, Vordermark D. A pilot study on potential plasma hypoxia markers in the radiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Osteopontin, carbonic anhydrase IX and vascular endothelial growth factor. Strahlenther Onkol 2013; 190:276-82. [PMID: 24322994 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-013-0484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic radioresistance plays a critical role in the radiotherapy of cancer and adversely impacts prognosis and treatment response. This prospective study investigated the interrelationship and the prognostic significance of several hypoxia-related proteins in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated by radiotherapy ± chemotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pretreatment osteopontin (OPN), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) plasma levels were determined by ELISA in 55 NSCLC (M0) patients receiving 66 Gy curative-intent radiotherapy or chemoradiation. Marker correlation, association with clinicopathological parameters and the prognostic value of a biomarker combination was evaluated. RESULTS All biomarkers were linearly correlated and linked to different clinical parameters including lung function, weight loss (OPN), gross tumor volume (VEGF) and T stage (CA IX). High OPN (p = 0.03), VEGF (p = 0.02) and CA IX (p = 0.04) values were significantly associated with poor survival. Double marker combination additively increased the risk of death by a factor of 2 and high plasma levels of the triple combination OPN/VEGF/CA IX yielded a 5.9-fold risk of death (p = 0.009). The combined assessment of OPN/VEGF/CA IX correlated independently with prognosis (p = 0.03) in a multivariate Cox regression model including N stage, T stage and GTV. CONCLUSION This pilot study suggests that a co-detection augments the prognostic value of single markers and that the integration of OPN, VEGF and CA IX into a hypoxic biomarker profile for the identification of patients with largely hypoxic and radioresistant tumors should be further evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ostheimer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Dryanderstr. 4, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu SY, Lin KC, Chiou JF, Jeng SC, Cheng WH, Chang CI, Lin WC, Wu LL, Lee HL, Chen RJ. MicroRNA-17-5p post-transcriptionally regulates p21 expression in irradiated betel quid chewing-related oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Strahlenther Onkol 2013; 189:675-83. [PMID: 23780339 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-013-0347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Betel nut chewing is associated with oral cavity cancer in Taiwan. OC3 is an oral carcinoma cell line that was established from cells collected from a long-term betel nut chewer who does not smoke. After we found that microRNA-17-5p (miR-17-5p) is induced in OC3 cells, we used this cell line to examine the biological role(s) of this microRNA in response to exposure to ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A combined SYBR green-based real-time PCR and oligonucleotide ligation assay was used to examine the expression of the miR-17 polycistron in irradiated OC3 cells. The roles of miR-17-5p and p21 were evaluated with specific antisense oligonucleotides (ODN) that were designed and used to inhibit their expression. Expression of the p21 protein was evaluated by Western blotting. The clonogenic assay and annexin V staining were used to evaluate cell survival and apoptosis, respectively. Cells in which miR-17-5p was stably knocked down were used to create ectopic xenografts to evaluate in vivo the role of miR-17-5p. RESULTS A radiation dose of 5 Gy significantly increased miR-17-5p expression in irradiated OC3 cells. Inhibition of miR-17-5p expression enhanced the radiosensitivity of the OC3 cells. We found that miR-17-5p downregulates radiation-induced p21 expression in OC3 cells and, by using a tumor xenograft model, it was found that p21 plays a critical role in increasing the radiosensitivity of OC3 cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION miR-17-5p is induced in irradiated OC3 cells and it downregulates p21 protein expression, contributing to the radioresistance of OC3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Wu
- Department of Radiation-oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Philip B, Ito K, Moreno-Sánchez R, Ralph SJ. HIF expression and the role of hypoxic microenvironments within primary tumours as protective sites driving cancer stem cell renewal and metastatic progression. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1699-707. [PMID: 23740838 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic microenvironments frequently exist in many solid tumours with oxygen levels fluctuating temporally and spatially from normoxia to hypoxia. The response to hypoxia in human cells is mainly regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), a family of transcription factors which orchestrate signalling events leading to angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Several events conspire together to lead to the stabilization of HIF-α, commonly expressed in many cancer cell types. These events can result from low oxygen tensions occurring within the expanding tumour mass to produce hypoxic microenvironments or from mutations whereby the HIFs cause changes in expression of genes involved in several cellular functions. Hypoxia-mediated HIF-α regulation has gained significant prominence in tumour biology over recent years, and the hypoxic microenvironments have been shown to facilitate and trigger major molecular and immunological processes necessary to drive the progression of tumours to malignancy. More recently, it has been realized that the hypoxic microenvironments also play significant roles in shielding tumour cells from immune attack by promoting immune suppression. In addition, the hypoxic microenvironment promotes many other oncogenic events, such as the metabolic reconfiguration of tumour cells, neovascularization, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cell renewal and accumulation. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms underlying tumour hypoxia and their pro-tumour contributions, such as immune suppression, development of nascent and more permeable tumour vasculature, selective cancer stem cell renewal, accumulation, mobilization and promotion of EMT leading to tumour cell metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Philip
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Langenbacher M, Abdel-Jalil RJ, Voelter W, Weinmann M, Huber SM. In vitro hypoxic cytotoxicity and hypoxic radiosensitization. Efficacy of the novel 2-nitroimidazole N,N,N-tris[2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]amine. Strahlenther Onkol 2013; 189:246-54. [PMID: 23361139 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-012-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tumor hypoxia is a major problem in radiation therapy of solid tumors because of the radiosensitizing effect of oxygen. Nitroimidazole-containing compounds are oxygen mimetics accumulating in hypoxic tumor areas. However, the broad use of 2-nitroimidazoles as a hypoxic radiosensitizer is limited by their partially low efficacy and/or high neurotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we characterized the in vitro hypoxic cytotoxicity and hypoxic radiosensitizing efficacy of N,N,N-tris [2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]amine (PRC) in a hypoxia-sensitive lymphoma and a hypoxia-resistant glioblastoma cell line by colony formation assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS PRC exerted high hypoxic cytotoxic and radiosensitizing action on both cell lines at almost absent toxicity under normoxic conditions. In particular, under hypoxia, but not normoxia, PRC targeted the mitochondria resulting in oxidative stress, G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, and triggering of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. CONCLUSION Our in vitro findings suggest that PRC might be a promising new 2-nitroimidazole for improving radiation therapy of hypoxic tumors in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Langenbacher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hypoxia-related molecules HIF-1α, CA9, and osteopontin. Strahlenther Onkol 2012; 189:147-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-012-0262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
8
|
Lara PC, Lloret M, Valenciano A, Clavo B, Pinar B, Rey A, Henríquez-Hernández LA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in relation to hypoxia and oncoproteins in clinical cervical tumors. Strahlenther Onkol 2012; 188:1139-45. [PMID: 23111469 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-012-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Explore the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in cervical cancer and its relationship to hypoxia and the expression of p53, Ku70/80, and cyclin D1. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of PAI-1, cyclin D1, and p53, together with tumor oxygenation, were determined in 43 consecutive patients suffering from localized cervical carcinoma. Oncoprotein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Tumor oxygenation was measured using a polarographic probe system, "pO2 histography." RESULTS PAI expression was considered negative in 32.6% and overexpressed in 18.6% of cases. Cyclin D1 showed a median expression of 5.0 (range 0-70). We observed a positive association between PAI expression and altered p53 (p = 0.049) and cyclin D1 (p = 0.020). An inverse association was detected between PAI and Ku70/80 expression (p = 0.042). Cyclin D1 staining increased according to tumor volume (r = 0.314, p = 0.009). We did not observe a significant association between PAI and hypoxia or other clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSION The present results show that PAI-1 overexpression is associated with nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair down-regulation (low Ku70/80 expression) and with increased p53 and cyclin D1 expression, and they suggest that PAI-1 plays a role in the tumor behavior in cervical carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Lara
- Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Helbig L, Yaromina A, Sriramareddy SN, Böke S, Koi L, Thames HD, Baumann M, Zips D. Prognostic value of HIF-1α expression during fractionated irradiation. Strahlenther Onkol 2012; 188:1031-7. [PMID: 23053140 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-012-0150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxia and reoxygenation are important determinants of outcome after radiotherapy. HIF-1α is a key molecule involved in cellular response to hypoxia. HIF-1α expression levels have been shown to change after irradiation. The objective of the present study was to explore the prognostic value of HIF-1α expression during fractionated irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six human squamous cell carcinoma models xenografted in nude mice were analysed. Tumours were excised after 3, 5 and 10 fractions. HIF-1α expression was quantified by western blot. For comparative analysis, previously published data on local tumour control data and pimonidazole hypoxic fraction was used. RESULTS HIF-1α expression in untreated tumours exhibited intertumoural heterogeneity and did not correlate with pimonidazole hypoxic fraction. During fractionated irradiation the majority of tumour models exhibited a decrease in HIF-1α expression, whereas in UT-SCC-5 no change was observed. Neither kinetics nor expression levels during fractionated irradiation correlated with local tumour control. CONCLUSION Our data do not support the use of HIF-1α determined during treatment as a biomarker to predict outcome after fractionated irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Helbig
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology/ OncoRay National Center for Radiation Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Multhoff G, Radons J. Radiation, inflammation, and immune responses in cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:58. [PMID: 22675673 PMCID: PMC3366472 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has emerged as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Inflammation also plays a pivotal role in modulating radiation responsiveness of tumors. As discussed in this review, ionizing radiation (IR) leads to activation of several transcription factors modulating the expression of numerous mediators in tumor cells and cells of the microenvironment promoting cancer development. Novel therapeutic approaches thus aim to interfere with the activity or expression of these factors, either in single-agent or combinatorial treatment or as supplements of the existing therapeutic concepts. Among them, NF-κB, STAT-3, and HIF-1 play a crucial role in radiation-induced inflammatory responses embedded in a complex inflammatory network. A great variety of classical or novel drugs including nutraceuticals such as plant phytochemicals have the capacity to interfere with the inflammatory network in cancer and are considered as putative radiosensitizers. Thus, targeting the inflammatory signaling pathways induced by IR offers the opportunity to improve the clinical outcome of radiation therapy by enhancing radiosensitivity and decreasing putative metabolic effects. Since inflammation and sex steroids also impact tumorigenesis, a therapeutic approach targeting glucocorticoid receptors and radiation-induced production of tumorigenic factors might be effective in sensitizing certain tumors to IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schilling D, Bayer C, Li W, Molls M, Vaupel P, Multhoff G. Radiosensitization of normoxic and hypoxic h1339 lung tumor cells by heat shock protein 90 inhibition is independent of hypoxia inducible factor-1α. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31110. [PMID: 22347438 PMCID: PMC3274537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ionizing irradiation is a commonly accepted treatment modality for lung cancer patients. However, the clinical outcome is hampered by normal tissue toxicity and tumor hypoxia. Since tumors often have higher levels of active heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) than normal tissues, targeting of Hsp90 might provide a promising strategy to sensitize tumors towards irradiation. Hsp90 client proteins include oncogenic signaling proteins, cell cycle activators, growth factor receptors and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Overexpression of HIF-1α is assumed to promote malignant transformation and tumor progression and thus might reduce the accessibility to radiotherapy. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein, we describe the effects of the novel Hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), as a control, on HIF-1α levels and radiosensitivity of lung carcinoma cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. NVP-AUY922 exhibited a similar biological activity to that of 17-AAG, but at only 1/10 of the dose. As expected, both inhibitors reduced basal and hypoxia-induced HIF-1α levels in EPLC-272H lung carcinoma cells. However, despite a down-regulation of HIF-1α upon Hsp90 inhibition, sensitivity towards irradiation remained unaltered in EPLC-272H cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In contrast, treatment of H1339 lung carcinoma cells with NVP-AUY922 and 17-AAG resulted in a significant up-regulation of their initially high HIF-1α levels and a concomitant increase in radiosensitivity. Conclusions/Significance In summary, our data show a HIF-1α-independent radiosensitization of normoxic and hypoxic H1339 lung cancer cells by Hsp90 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schilling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Bayer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Molls
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Vaupel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|