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Pentoxifylline Can Reduce the Inflammation Caused by LPS after Inhibiting Autophagy in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6698366. [PMID: 33816630 PMCID: PMC7987419 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6698366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX), as a methylxanthine derivative and nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has the characteristics of anti-inflammatory and partial inflammatory process inhibition. However, the regulatory effect of PTX on inflammatory cytokines is unclear. Autophagy can regulate the activation of inflammasomes and then inhibit inflammation as previously described. Our study attempts to explore the relationship between autophagy and PTX-mediated regulation of inflammasome suppression. Macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells were studied as the in vitro macrophage model. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect caused by PTX with time and dose response against the LPS-induced inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β). Western blot detected the levels of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3, as well as the signal pathways of AMPK and p-AMPK. Fluorescence microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the autophagy bodies in cells influenced by PTX. The autophagy in cells inhibited by PTX exhibited dose- and time-dependent effects, and PTX alleviated LPS-induced inflammation caused by retarded autophagy. Furthermore, in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, our data indicated that AMPK signaling perhaps functioned importantly in repressed autophagy. In addition, in RAW264.7 macrophages, our data suggested that AMPK signaling might play an important role in inhibiting autophagy during the process of PTX ameliorating LPS-mediated inflammation.
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Gruber S, Bozsaky E, Roitinger E, Schwarz K, Schmidt M, Dörr W. Early inflammatory changes in radiation-induced oral mucositis : Effect of pentoxifylline in a mouse model. Strahlenther Onkol 2017; 193:499-507. [PMID: 28258409 PMCID: PMC5438416 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-017-1119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Early inflammation is a major factor of mucosal reactions to radiotherapy. Pentoxifylline administration resulted in a significant amelioration of radiation-induced oral mucositis in the mouse tongue model. The underlying mechanisms may be related to the immunomodulatory properties of the drug. The present study hence focuses on the manifestation of early inflammatory changes in mouse tongue during daily fractionated irradiation and their potential modulation by pentoxifylline. Materials and methods Daily fractionated irradiation with 5 fractions of 3 Gy/week (days 0–4, 7–11) was given to the snouts of mice. Groups of 3 animals per day were euthanized every second day between day 0 and 14. Pentoxifylline (15 mg/kg, s. c.) was administered daily from day 5 to the day before sacrifice. The expression of the inflammatory proteins TNFα, NF-κB, and IL-1β were analysed. Results Fractionated irradiation increased the expression of all inflammatory markers. Pentoxifylline significantly reduced the expression of TNFα and IL-1β, but not NF-κB. Conclusion Early inflammation, as indicated by the expression of the inflammatory markers TNFα, NF-κB, and IL-1β, is an essential component of early radiogenic oral mucositis. Pentoxifylline differentially modulated the expression of different inflammatory markers. The mucoprotective effect of pentoxifylline does not appear to be based on modulation of NF-κB-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Gruber
- Applied and Translational Radiobiology, Dept. Radiation Oncology/CD Lab. Med. Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University/AKH Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Eva Bozsaky
- Applied and Translational Radiobiology, Dept. Radiation Oncology/CD Lab. Med. Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University/AKH Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Roitinger
- Applied and Translational Radiobiology, Dept. Radiation Oncology/CD Lab. Med. Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University/AKH Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Schwarz
- Applied and Translational Radiobiology, Dept. Radiation Oncology/CD Lab. Med. Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University/AKH Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margret Schmidt
- Dept. Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dörr
- Applied and Translational Radiobiology, Dept. Radiation Oncology/CD Lab. Med. Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University/AKH Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Dept. Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Vircheva S, Alexandrova A, Georgieva A, Mateeva P, Zamfirova R, Kubera M, Kirkova M. In vivo effects of pentoxifylline on enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidant levels in rat liver after carrageenan-induced paw inflammation. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 28:668-72. [PMID: 21104934 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the carrageenan (CG)-induced paw oedema and on the endogenous levels of cell enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidants in rat liver, 4 and 24 h after CG injection. PTX (50 mg kg(-1) , i.p.), administered 30 min before CG, decreased the paw oedema, 2-4 h after CG administration. The drug protected CG-induced decrease of glutathione (non-enzyme antioxidant) and had no effect on CG-unchanged activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (enzyme antioxidants) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (enzyme, important for the activity of GSH-conjugated antioxidant enzymes). The drug showed a good antioxidant capacity in chemical systems, generating reactive oxygen species. The present results suggest that the antioxidant activity of PTX might contribute to its beneficial effects in liver injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Vircheva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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