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Han M, Zhang J, Wei H, Zou W, Zhang M, Meng X, Chen W, Shao H, Wang C. Rapid and Robust Analysis of Coumatetralyl in Environmental Water and Human Urine Using a Portable Raman Spectrometer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:12878-12885. [PMID: 37065026 PMCID: PMC10099114 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use and exposure of coumatetralyl (CMTT) has led to its accumulation in the environment and organisms, causing damage to ecosystems and adverse health effects in humans. Unfortunately, achieving fast detection of CMTT remains challenging. Herein, a rapid and robust surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method was developed for rapid on-site detection of CMTT in environmental water and human urine. Clear trends were observed between the signal intensity and the logarithmic concentration of CMTT, ranging from 0.025 to 5.0 μg/mL with high reproducibility. The detection limits in water and human urine were as low as 1.53 and 13.71 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of CMTT for environmental water and urine samples were 90.2-98.2 and 82.0-87.5%, respectively, satisfactory for practical applications. The quantitative results of this approach were highly comparable to those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography. Most importantly, it is cost-effective, operationally simple, and without a complicated sample preparation step. Detecting CMTT in water samples took only 5 min, and the detection of urine samples was completed within 8 min. This simple yet practical SERS approach offers a reliable application prospect for on-site CMTT detection in environmental water and point-of-care monitoring of poisoned patients.
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Windahl U, Tevell Åberg A, Kryuchkov F, Lundgren S, Tegner C, Dreimanis K, Koivisto S, Simola O, Sandvik M, Bernhoft A. Alpha-chloralose poisoning in cats in three Nordic countries - the importance of secondary poisoning. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:334. [PMID: 36064401 PMCID: PMC9446805 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-chloralose (AC) is a compound known to be toxic to various animal species and humans. In 2018 and 2019 an increase in suspected cases of AC poisoning in cats related to the use of AC as a rodenticide was reported to national veterinary and chemical authorities in Finland, Norway and Sweden by veterinarians working in clinical practices in respective country. The aims of this study were to prospectively investigate AC poisoning in cats, including possible secondary poisoning by consuming poisoned mice, and to study metabolism and excretion of AC in cats through analysis of feline urine. METHODS Data on signalment, history and clinical findings were prospectively collected in Finland, Norway and Sweden from July 2020 until March of 2021 using a questionnaire which the attending veterinarian completed and submitted together with a serum sample collected from suspected feline cases of AC-poisoning. The diagnosis was confirmed by quantification of AC in serum samples. Content of AC was studied in four feline urine samples, including screening for AC metabolites by UHPLC-HRMS/MS. Bait intake and amount of AC consumed by mice was observed in wild mice during an extermination of a rodent infestation. RESULTS In total, 59 of 70 collected questionnaires and accompanying serum samples were included, with 127 to 70 100 ng/mL AC detected in the serum. Several tentative AC-metabolites were detected in the analysed feline urine samples, including dechlorinated and oxidated AC, several sulfate conjugates, and one glucuronic acid conjugate of AC. The calculated amount of AC ingested by each mouse was 33 to 106 mg with a mean of 61 mg. CONCLUSIONS Clinical recognition of symptoms of AC poisoning in otherwise healthy cats roaming free outdoors and known to be rodent hunters strongly correlated with confirmation of the diagnosis through toxicological analyses of serum samples. The collected feline exposure data regarding AC show together with the calculation of the intake of bait and subsequent AC concentrations in mice that secondary poisoning from ingestion of mice is possible. The results of the screening for AC metabolites in feline urine confirm that cats excrete AC both unchanged and metabolized through dechlorination, oxidation, glucuronidation and sulfatation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Windahl
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Annica Tevell Åberg
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fedor Kryuchkov
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Sandra Lundgren
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Tegner
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Dreimanis
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Sanna Koivisto
- Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency, P.O. Box 66, 00521, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Simola
- Finnish Food Authority, P.O. Box 200, 00027, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Aksel Bernhoft
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
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Tegner C, Lundgren S, Dreimanis K, Åberg AT, Windahl U. Alpha-chloralose poisoning in cats: clinical findings in 25 confirmed and 78 suspected cases. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e324-e329. [PMID: 35757929 PMCID: PMC9510939 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221107787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the clinical picture in cats with
alpha-chloralose (AC) intoxication and to confirm AC in serum from suspected
cases of AC poisoning. Methods Suspected cases of AC poisoning were identified in patient records from a
small animal university hospital from January 2014 to February 2020.
Clinical signs of intoxication described in respective records were
compiled, the cats were graded into four intoxication severity scores and
hospitalisation time and mortality were recorded. Surplus serum from select
cases in late 2019 and early 2020 was analysed to detect AC with a
quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass
spectrometry analysis, and the AC concentration was compared with the
respective cat’s intoxication severity score. Results Serum from 25 cats was available for analysis and AC poisoning was confirmed
in all. Additionally, 78 cats with a clinical suspicion of AC intoxication
were identified in the patient records, most of which presented from
September to April. The most common signs of intoxication were ataxia,
tremors, cranial nerve deficits and hyperaesthesia. The prevalence of
clinical signs and intoxication severity differed from what has previously
been reported, with our population presenting with less severe signs and no
deaths due to intoxication. The majority had a hospitalisation time
<48 h, irrespective of intoxication severity score. Conclusions and relevance This study describes the clinical signs and prognosis in feline AC
intoxication. There were no mortalities in confirmed cases, indicating that
AC-poisoned cats have an excellent prognosis when treated in a timely
manner. Recognition of AC intoxication as a differential diagnosis for acute
onset of the described neurological signs in areas where AC exposure is
possible may influence clinical decision-making and help avoid excessive
diagnostic procedures. A severe clinical picture upon presentation could be
misinterpreted as a grave prognosis and awareness about AC poisoning may
avoid unnecessary euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Tegner
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lundgren
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Dreimanis
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annica Tevell Åberg
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Windahl
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
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Windahl U, Lundgren S, Sprycha M, Tegner C, Dreimanis K, Tevell Åberg A. Development and Validation of a Quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Alpha-Chloralose in Feline Blood and Application on Blood Samples Collected From Cats With Symptoms of Alpha-Chloralose Poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:651-657. [PMID: 34313718 PMCID: PMC9282274 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-chloralose (AC) is used as a rodenticide as well as an anesthetic agent in laboratory animals. It was previously also used as an avicide. Detection of AC in blood samples or in body tissues collected postmortem is key for the diagnosis of clinical cases and a requirement for surveillance of secondary toxicosis, including potential cases in wild animals. Reports on poisoning of humans and non-laboratory animals confirmed by the detection of AC or its metabolites are available, however poisoning of domestic animals are rarely available. Furthermore, reports on clinical cases in domestic animals rarely report quantifications of AC in blood or body tissues. The present study describes the validation of a quantitative ultra high performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC--MS-MS) method that can be used in cases of suspected AC poisoning in cats. The validation study showed the method to be fit for purpose. In serum, the limit of quantification was 100 ng/mL and the limit of detection was 30 ng/mL. The new analytical method was applied on blood samples collected from 20 individual cats with a preliminary clinical diagnosis of acute AC poisoning. AC was confirmed in all 20 feline blood samples, and the concentration range of AC was 538–17,500 ng/mL. The quantitative method developed in this study was found to be a fast and selective method for confirmation of AC poisoning using blood samples from cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Windahl
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lundgren
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Tegner
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Dreimanis
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annica Tevell Åberg
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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