Von Leitlinien zur Qualitätssicherung

Correlation between the level of evidence and the class of recommendations concerning the pharmacological aspects of the Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology

Background The reliability of the recommendations affecting the clinical decisions is being continuously weighed in everyday practice (Gershlick, 2018). The objective of our study was to assess the consistency of the evidence behind the recommendations. Methods We narrowed our focus on the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of the most recent 38 European Society of Cardiology guidelines and analyzed the correlation between the level of evidence (LoE) classified as A, B and C and the class of recommendations (CoR) subdivided into I, IIa, IIb and III. Results Contrary to the majority of recommendations based on a LoE C (43,0%), fewer recommendations were proposed on heavily evidence-supported LoE A (23.8%), which percentage increased with subsequent updates of the guidelines. The most common recommendation was CoR I (44,9%), while the least common recommendation was CoR III (9,2%). While a similar share of A (39,1%) and C (30,1%) LoE shaped the CoR I nearly half (48,8%) of the CoR III were based on LoE C. Conversely, the overwhelming majority of the recommendations within the scope of LoE A were indisputably strong and classified as CoR I (73,7%). Conclusion The pharmacological aspects of the ESC guidelines are predominantly based on LoE C. A greater number of pharmacological recommendations are based on LoE A in comparison to the general ones. Various constraints significantly skew the credibility due to paucity of scientific data. A more nuanced approach is needed, as the guidelines cannot completely substitute the clinical experience and the patient-centered approach in shaping the optimal therapeutic outcome.

[Stocked medications in emergency medical service vehicles staffed by physicians-is prehospital treatment according to current guidelines possible?]

Background

High quality of care in prehospital emergency medicine is characterized by guideline-based therapy. The basic prerequisite for this therapy is the availability of the required drugs in accordance with the current guideline recommendations. It is currently unclear whether this is guaranteed nationwide. There is no uniform standard regarding which drugs must be stocked in emergency medical services (EMS) vehicles staffed by physicians in Germany. The aim of the present study is to identify important diagnoses and the drugs required for their therapy. In a second step, medical directors throughout Germany were interviewed about current drugs available in their physician-staffed EMS vehicles and these were compared with the previously defined diagnosis-dependent drug lists.

Materials and methods

After a structured guideline search, tracer diagnoses were defined and relevant drugs were assigned to them. The levels of evidence and recommendations were also considered. In a second step, this was compared with the current drugs available in physician-staffed EMS vehicles.

Results

A total of 156 different medications were identified. The median number of medications stocked was 58; the minimum number of medications stocked was 35 at one site, while multiple sites stocked a maximum of 77 medications .

Discussion

The present study investigated stocked medications in physician-staffed EMS vehicles. Overall, compared to a 2011 study, drug availability has improved. Most of the recommended medications are available in physician-staffed vehicles in Germany. The data from this study can be used by EMS throughout Germany to evaluate their preparedness.

[DNVF Memorandum Health Services Research in Oncology]

Health services research in oncology deals with all situations which cancer patients face. It looks at the different phases of care, i. e. prevention / early detection, prehabilitation, diagnostics, therapy, rehabilitation and palliative care as well as the various actors, including those affected, the carers and self-help. It deals with healthy people (e. g. in the context of prevention / early detection), patients and cancer survivors. Due to the nature of cancer and the existing care structures, there are a number of specific contents for health services research in oncology compared to general health services research while the methods remain essentially identical. This memorandum describes the subject, illustrates the care structures and identifies areas of health services research in oncology. This memorandum has been prepared by the Oncology Section of the German Network for Health Services Research and is the result of intensive discussions.

Berechenbarkeit der Qualitätsindikatoren der onkologischen S3-Leitlinien mit dem ADT-/GEKID-Basisdatensatz und seiner Zusatzmodule

Hintergrund Das Krebsfrüherkennungs- und -registergesetz (KFRG, § 65c SGB V) regelt zur Verbesserung der onkologischen Versorgung, dass die klinische Krebsregistrierung in Deutschland auf Grundlage des Basisdatensatzes der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Tumorzentren (ADT) und der Gesellschaft der epidemiologischen Krebsregister in Deutschland (GEKID) durchzuführen ist. Qualitätsindikatoren in S3-Leitlinien sind Kennzahlen zur Beurteilung der Qualität von Behandlung und Ergebnis in der klinischen Versorgung für die jeweilige Krebsentität. Diese Studie untersucht, in welchem Umfang diese Qualitätsindikatoren anhand der Variablen des ADT/GEKID Basisdatensatzes und seiner organspezifischen Module berechnet werden können.

Methoden Nach Überprüfung aller verfügbaren S3-Leitlinien auf die Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien zur Berechnung der Qualitätsindikatoren, wurde für jeden Indikator bewertet, ob er unter Verwendung einer einzelnen oder einer Kombination mehrerer Variablen des ADT/GEKID Basisdatensatzes und seiner organ-spezifische Module berechnet werden kann.

Ergebnisse In 17 veröffentlichten S3-Leitlinien werden insgesamt 151 Qualitätsindikatoren definiert. Davon können 82 (54%) Qualitätsindikatoren mit den Variablen des ADT/GEKID Basisdatensatzes ermittelt werden. Nur die Qualitätsindikatoren des exokrinen Pankreaskarzinoms konnten zu 100% berechnet werden und hatte damit den höchsten berechenbaren Anteil. Der geringste Anteil an Qualitätsindikatoren ist für das Mundhöhlenkarzinom berechenbar (10%).

Schlussfolgerungen Diese Analyse zeigt erhebliche Unterschiede bei der Berechenbarkeit der Qualitätsindikatoren für die verschiedenen Tumorentitäten mittels der in den klinischen Krebsregistern dokumentierten Variablen. Der ADT/GEKID-Basisdatensatz sollte um zusätzliche organ-spezifische Module, ähnlich dem Modul für das kolorektale Karzinom, erweitert werden, um eine möglichst vollständige Dokumentation aller Variablen zu ermöglichen, die für die Bestimmung der klinischen Qualitätsindikatoren erforderlich sind.

Quality Measurement Recommendations Relevant to Clinical Guidelines in Germany and the United Kingdom: (What) Can We Learn From Each Other?

We conducted a systematic review of clinical guidelines (CGs) to examine the methodological approaches of quality indicator derivation in CGs, the frequency of quality indicators to check CG recommendations in routine care, and clinimetric properties of quality indicators. We analyzed the publicly available CG databases of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Data on the methodology of subsequent quality indicator derivation, the content and definition of recommended quality indicators, and clinimetric properties of measurement instruments were extracted. In Germany, no explicit methodological guidance exists, but 3 different approaches are used. For NICE, a general approach is used for the derivation of quality indicators out of quality standards. Quality indicators were defined in 34 out of 87 CGs (39%) in Germany and for 58 out of 133 (43%) NICE CGs. Statements regarding measurement properties of instruments for quality indicator assessment were missing in German and NICE documents. Thirteen pairs of CGs (32%) have associated quality indicators. Thirty-four quality indicators refer to the same aspect of the quality of care, which corresponds to 27% of the German and 7% of NICE quality indicators. The development of a standardized and internationally accepted methodology for the derivation of quality indicators relevant to CGs is needed to measure and compare quality of care in health care systems.

Implementation of study results in guidelines and adherence to guidelines in clinical practice

Guidelines were introduced in hospital- and practice-based otorhinolaryngology in the 1990ies, and have been undergoing further development ever since. There are currently 20 guidelines on file at the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head & Neck Surgery. The society has cooperated in further 34 guidelines. The quality of the guidelines has been continuously improved by concrete specifications put forward by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e.V., AWMF). Since increasing digitalization has made access to scientific publications quicker and simpler, relevant study results can be incorporated in guidelines more easily today than in the analog world. S2e and S3 guidelines must be based on a formal literature search with subsequent evaluation of the evidence. The consensus procedure for S2k guidelines is also regulated. However, the implementation of guidelines in routine medical practice must still be considered inadequate, and there is still a considerable need for improvement in adherence to these guidelines.

[Knowledge and implementation of the S3 guideline on delirium management in Germany]

BACKGROUND

Delirium is a common complication in critical care. The syndrome is often underestimated due to its potentially no less dangerous course as a hypoactive delirium. Therefore, current guidelines ask for a structured, regular and routine screening in all intensive care units. If delirium is diagnosed, symptomatic therapy should be initiated promptly.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the current study was to evaluate recent German anesthetists' strategies regarding delirium care compared to the German guidelines for sedation and delirium in intensive care.

METHODS

In an online survey German hospitals' senior anesthetists (n = 922) were interviewed anonymously between May and June 2015 regarding guideline use in delirium management in German intensive care units. In 33 direct questions the anesthetists were invited to answer items regarding the structure of their hospitals, intensive care and delirium therapy in order to review their knowledge of the German delirium guidelines that expired in 2014.

RESULTS

The 249 senior anesthetists who responded to the survey, can be associated with (or represent) a quarter of German intensive care beds and cases, respectively. In every tenth clinic that runs an intensive care unit the guideline was unknown. In three of four intensive care units physicians specified a preferred delirium score, the CAM-ICU (49.4 %) is used most frequently. With knowledge of the guidelines more often a recommended delirium score is used (p = 0.017). However, only 53.6 % of the respondents ascertain a score every eight hours and 36 % have no facility for standardized documentation in the records. At intensive care rounds, a possible diagnosis of delirium is an inherent part in only 34.9 % of the responders even with guideline knowledge. The particular gold standard for the therapy of delirium (alphaagonists for vegetative symptoms; 89.6 %, benzodiazepines for anxiety, 77.5 %; antipsychotics in 86.7 % for psychotic symptoms) is implemented more often with growing knowledge of the guidelines. The latter applies to the implementation of structured programs for delirium prophylaxis, cognition and therapy.

CONCLUSION

For the first time, this study documents knowledge and implementation of the German S3 guidelines for delirium in intensive care. Overall, the guidelines for delirium care are less well executed than those for sedation. With growing knowledge of the guidelines, diagnosis and treatment of delirium fits the guidelines more frequently. The facility to document a delirium score in intensive records is insufficient. Especially a nursing-based delirium strategy could possibly improve implementation of the guidelines, claiming an eight-hour screening and documentation. However, the small number of hospitals that have integrated the guidelines into in-house standard operating procedures (40 %) shows urgent need for optimization. A re-evaluation involving all relevant caretakers could probably improve the implementation of guidelines in intensive care and perioperative medicine.

[Collaborative and stepped care for depression: Development of a model project within the Hamburg Network for Mental Health (psychenet.de)]

BACKGROUND

Depression is one of the most widespread mental disorders in Germany and causes a great suffering and involves high costs. Guidelines recommend stepped and interdisciplinary collaborative care models for the treatment of depression.

OBJECTIVES

Stepped and collaborative care models are described regarding their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. A current model project within the Hamburg Network for Mental Health exemplifies how guideline-based stepped diagnostics and treatment incorporating innovative low-intensity interventions are implemented by a large network of health care professionals and clinics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An accompanying evaluation using a cluster randomized controlled design assesses depressive symptom reduction and cost-effectiveness for patients treated within "Health Network Depression" ("Gesundheitsnetz Depression", a subproject of psychenet.de) compared with patients treated in routine care.

RESULTS

Over 90 partners from inpatient and outpatient treatment have been successfully involved in recruiting over 600 patients within the stepped care model. Communication in the network was greatly facilitated by the use of an innovative online tool for the supply and reservation of treatment capacities. The participating professionals profit from the improved infrastructure and the implementation of advanced training and quality circle work.

CONCLUSIONS

New treatment models can greatly improve the treatment of depression owing to their explicit reference to guidelines, the establishment of algorithms for diagnostics and treatment, the integration of practices and clinics, in addition to the implementation of low-intensity treatment alternatives. These models could promote the development of a disease management program for depression.

Reporting standards for guideline-based performance measures

Background

The Guidelines International Network (G-I-N) aims to promote high quality clinical guideline development and implementation. Guideline-based performance measures are a key implementation tool and are widely used internationally for quality improvement, quality assurance, and pay for performance in health care. There is, however, no international consensus on best methods for guideline-based performance measures. In order to address this issue, the G-I-N Performance Measures Working Group aimed to develop a set of consensus-based reporting standards for guideline-based performance measure development and re-evaluation.

Methods

Methodology publications on guideline-based performance measures were identified from a systematic literature review and analyzed. Core criteria for the development and evaluation process of guideline-based performance measures were determined and refined into draft standards with an associated rationale and description of the evidence base. In a two-round Delphi-process, the group members appraised and approved the draft standards. After the first round, the group met to discuss comments and revised the drafts accordingly.

Results

Twenty-one methodology publications were reviewed. The group reached strong consensus on nine reporting standards concerning: (1) selection of clinical guidelines, (2) extraction of clinical guideline recommendations, (3) description of the measure development process, (4) measure appraisal, (5) measure specification, (6) description of the intended use of the measure, (7) measure testing/validating, (8) measure review/re-evaluation, and (9) composition of the measure development panel.

Conclusions

These proposed international reporting standards address core components of guideline-based performance measure development and re-evaluation. They are intended to contribute to international reporting harmonization and improvement of methods for performance measures. Further research is required regarding validity, acceptability, and practicality.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13012-015-0369-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

[Measuring quality in the German Guideline Programme in Oncology (GGPO)—methodology and implementation]

The German Guideline Programme in Oncology (GGPO) is a joint initiative between the German Cancer Society, the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany and German Cancer Aid. In accordance with the aims of the German National Cancer Plan, the GGPO supports the systematic development of high-quality guidelines. To enhance implementation and evaluation, the suggestion of performance measures (PMs) derived from guideline recommendations following a standardised methodology is obligatory within the GGPO. For this purpose, PM teams are convened representing the multidisciplinary guideline development groups including clinical experts, methodologists and patient representatives as well as those organisations that take an active part in and share responsibility for documentation and quality improvement, i.e., clinical cancer registries, certified cancer centres and, if appropriate, the institution responsible for external quality assurance according to the German Social Code (SGB). The primary selection criteria for PMs include strength of the underlying recommendation (strong, grade A), existing potential for improvement of care and measurability. The premises of data economy and standardised documentation are taken into account. Between May 2008 and July 2014, 12 guidelines with suggestions for 100 PMs have been published. The majority of the suggested performance measures is captured by the specific documentation requirements of the clinical cancer registries and certified cancer centres. This creates a solid basis for an active quality management and re-evaluation of the suggested PMs. In addition, the suspension of measures should be considered if improvement has been achieved on a broad scale and for a longer period in order to concentrate on a quality-oriented, economic documentation.

Guidelines in the Register of the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany - A Quality Improvement Campaign

The Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) is the umbrella organization of medical scientific societies in Germany. The development of guidelines goes back to an initiative of the medical scientific societies and is coordinated by the AWMF. Rules for the inclusion of guidelines in the AWMF Guideline Register have been defined including how guidelines are classified. S1 guidelines are based only on recommendations by experts, whereas S2 guidelines require a structured consensus process or a systematic literature review. S3 guidelines include both elements. In addition to compulsory disclosure of any potential conflict of interest, transparent handling of potential conflicts of interest is an important confidence-building measure. For years, the trend has been to develop higher order (S2/S3) guidelines, and the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG) has been no exception to the trend. In addition to its responsibility for specific S2 and S3 guidelines, the DGGG is also involved in numerous other interdisciplinary guidelines. When developing a guideline, it is essential to define the guideline's scope, identify aspects which require improvement and agree on the goals. Target groups affected by the guidelines should be involved if they are interested. Different formats (long and short versions, practical instructions, conventional or electronic decision aids, patient versions) are useful to disseminate the guideline. The guideline can be adapted to local circumstances to encourage implementation of its recommendations. Implementation can be measured using quality indicators. Feedback from practitioners is important as this highlights areas which require improvement. The medical scientific societies in Germany can look back on almost two decades of work spent on developing guidelines, most of it done by unpaid voluntary contributors, making this a very successful quality initiative.

The development of general practice as an academic discipline in Germany - an analysis of research output between 2000 and 2010

Background

Governmental funding support is seen as a prerequisite for the growth of research in general practice. Several funding programs in the amount of € 13.2 Mio were introduced in Germany from 2002 to February 2012. We aim to provide an overview of publications reporting original data and systematic reviews from German academic family medicine published between 2000 and 2010.

Methods

Publications were identified by searching the database Scopus and screening publication lists of family medicine divisions or institutes. Papers had to report original primary research studies or systematic reviews; at least one of the authors had to be affiliated to a German academic family medicine division or institute.

Results

794 articles were included. The number of publications increased steadily starting from 107 in the period from 2000 to 2003, to 273 from 2004 to 2007, and finally to 414 from 2008 to 2010. Less than 25% were published in English in the first period. This proportion increased to 60.6% from 2008 to 2010. Articles published in a journal without impact factor decreased from 59.8% to 31.9%. Nevertheless, even in the most recent period only 31.6% of all articles were published in a journal with an impact factor above 2. The median impact factor increased from 0 in the first period to 1.2 in the last.

Conclusions

The output of original research publications from academic research divisions and institutes for general practice in Germany greatly increased during the last decade. However, professionalism of German primary care research still needs to be developed.

[Inventory resources of nuclear medicine]

AIM

The first survey of the German Society of Nuclear Medicine (DGN) to assess the resources of our speciality named "Inventory Resources of Nuclear Medicine" aims to provide a reliable data basis for existing and future activities of the DGN. The involvement and participation of as many colleagues as possible will play an important role for the success of the development of our profession.

METHODS

214 leading nuclear medicine professionals were identified as the target group. The questionnaire contained 13 different categories. Apart from individual-related questions, memberships in other societies as well as activities in federal or governmental boards, professional self-government or support groups were inquired. Participation in guideline programmes as well as other special experiences, knowledge or contacts, which could be relevant for the work of our boards and working groups, were also subject of the survey.

RESULTS

The data of 112 (52.3%) returned questionnaires were analysed. 57 persons state that they have already been involved in the activities of the DGN. Almost three quarters of these persons (n = 42) explicitly affirm their further commitment to the DGN in the future. Another 35 respondents can envisage such a future commitment for themselves. More than half of all colleagues (n = 69) are members of a regional society of nuclear medicine, and 80 are members of at least one professional society or association. This amounts to 3.3 memberships per person. 43 respondents are or have been involved in the clinical guideline development by the DGN or by other medical disciplines. In the future more than half of these persons are willing to participate in the guideline development furthermore. 13 colleagues have participated in the 30 reviews or official hearings concerning the clinical evidence evaluation of PET/CT by the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) (effective date: January 15, 2012). 21 (18.8%) persons are members of 23 federal, governmental or other political boards with relevance for research. 38 persons (33.9%) are committed to professional self-governmental bodies. 14 colleagues stated that they support the work of patient interest groups or other non-profit organisations as consultants or advisors. In most cases, this work is related to the patient interest group "Living without Thyroid". 14 colleagues report special experiences or knowledge that could be helpful for our DGN working groups. In the same manner, good contacts to government departments and agencies or representatives of politics and economy (stated by 24 respondents) can be of advantage to further shape the DGN's professional profile in the German health care sector.

CONCLUSION

As the result of a continuously advanced professionalization (2), the DGN has a good infrastructure concerning the political and professional work of its boards (executive committee and working groups). The operational and administrative work of the society and its boards is carried out or coordinated entirely by the society's office. Especially the development of the professional potential within the DGN by increasingly involving leaders working in clinical routine or research is the basis for the future of nuclear medicine.