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Wu R, Zeng X, Wu M, Xie L, Xu G, Mao Y, Wang Z, Cheng Y, Wang H, Yan Y, Sun J, Ma J. The Mobility of Eurasian Avian-like M2 Is Determined by Residue E79 Which Is Essential for Pathogenicity of 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus in Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:2365. [PMID: 38140609 PMCID: PMC10747126 DOI: 10.3390/v15122365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza virus caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Studies have shown that the influenza M gene played important roles in the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic ((H1N1)pdm09), whilst the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The influenza M gene encodes two proteins, matrix protein 1 and matrix protein 2, which play important roles in viral replication and assembly. In this study, it is found that the M2 protein of the (H1N1)pdm09 virus showed a lower mobility rate than the North America triple-reassortant influenza M2 protein in Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). The site-directed mutations of the amino acids of (H1N1)pdm09 M2 revealed that E79 is responsible for the mobility rate change. Further animal studies showed that the (H1N1)pdm09 containing a single M2-E79K was significantly attenuated compared with the wild-type virus in mice and induced lower proinflammatory cytokines and IFNs in mouse lungs. Further in vitro studies indicated that this mutation also affected NLRP3 inflammasome activation. To reveal the reason why they have different mobility rates, a circular dichroism spectra assay was employed and showed that the two M2 proteins displayed different secondary structures. Overall, our findings suggest that M2 E79 is important for the virus replication and pathogenicity of (H1N1)pdm09 through NLRP3 inflammasome and proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Ganzhou Polytechnic, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xinyu Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Mingqing Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Lixiang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Guanlong Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China; (G.X.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yaqing Mao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China; (G.X.); (Y.M.)
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Heng’an Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (R.W.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (L.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
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Leung KKY, Hon KL. Lessons from Animal Culling during Human Pandemics: Is Vaccination a Viable Option for Animals? Curr Pediatr Rev 2022; 19:2-4. [PMID: 35297351 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220316124155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Animal reservoirs for respiratory and coronavirus have been major health concerns. Zoonosis due to coronavirus involves bats, civet cat, camels, pangolins and now the minks. In the same vein, influenza pandemics occur when a new strain of the influenza virus is transmitted to humans from another animal species. Species thought to be of particular importance in the emergence of new human influenza strains are swine and poultry and these hosts are often culled during epidemics or pandemics. It is often too easy for humans to forget that millions of animals can die or be slaughtered in human pandemics, including the recent cull of minks in Europe and chickens in Asia. To co-exist with nature in a sustainable way, we must respect our animals by ensuring their welfare and immunizing them against pathogens where possible. Zoonotic diseases are here to stay and will continue to cause major epidemics and pandemics. The other side of the coin is that reverse zoonosis can also have devastating effects on animal populations if pandemics are not effectively prevented and controlled. Unfortunately, none of the COVID-19 vaccines in production are set aside to save the minks. We advocate that animals be immunized to save human lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Y Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Gansukh E, Muthu M, Paul D, Ethiraj G, Chun S, Gopal J. Nature nominee quercetin's anti-influenza combat strategy-Demonstrations and remonstrations. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1930. [PMID: 31211498 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nature's providences are rather the choicest remedies for human health and welfare. One such is quercetin, which is nature's nominee for cancer cure and recently demonstrated against influenza attack. Quercetin is highly recognized for its anticancer applications. This review emphasizes on yet another gift that this compound has to offer for mankind, which is none other than combating the deadly evasive influenza virus. The chemistry of this natural bioflavonoid and its derivatives and its modus operandi against influenza virus is consolidated into this review. The advancements and achievements made in the anti-influenza clinical history are also documented. Further, the challenges facing the progress of this compound to emerge as a predominant anti-influenza drug are discussed, and the future perspective for breaking its limitations through integration with nanoplatforms is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhtaivan Gansukh
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Diby Paul
- Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gopal Ethiraj
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sechul Chun
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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