[Homeopathy: insubstantial doctrine of salvation]

Homeopathy-A lively relic of the prescientific era

Homeopathy was first postulated by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann in 1796 and 220 years later homeopathy is the most popular and widespread alternative medicine. Partly, it is also part of the national healthcare and insurance systems but homeopathy is not without controversy within the medical and healthcare community. Its implausible basic assumptions, some of which contradict natural laws, do not lead us to expect that its remedies have any specific effect. In fact, there is no study or systematic review to date that reliably certifies homeopathy to have an effect beyond the placebo effect and other context effects. In this respect it must be disconcerting how widely homeopathy is applied and represented in therapeutic practice. It indeed claims a role within scientific (evidence-based) medicine but cannot substantiate this claim. It displays clear characteristics of pseudoscience [1]. This implies a lot of problems, such as misleading people and tackling medical ethics up to scientific publication practices. Furthermore, it turns out that quite a few people do not know exactly what homeopathy is, which may lead them to make wrong decisions for their personal health. This article summarizes the information about homeopathy and its problematic implications and serves as a general introduction to this topic and its unacceptable role in today's medicine.The medical irrelevance of the sham method of homeopathy has been proven with more than sufficient probability [2]. As a major testimonial, the statement "Homeopathic products and practices" of the European (EASAC 2017) can be regarded. The primary aim of this brief report is therefore not to take another look at homeopathy from a medical scientific perspective, but rather focus attention on the implications of the still continuous and largely uncritically accepted existence of this method in medical practice, in the medical scientific sphere and in the judgement of the general public.

Critical Evaluation of Specific Efficacy of Preparations Produced According to European Pharmacopeia Monograph 2371

European Pharmacopoeia monograph 2371 describes the production of homeopathic preparations. A specific efficacy of these preparations in high dilution levels is questionable in view of basic scientific principles. There is empirical evidence for such effects, for example in a Lemna-intoxication bioassay published 2010. To test the replicability and robustness of this bioassay, we conducted two experimental series (five independent blinded and randomised experiments each). The specimen of Lemna gibba L., clone-number 9352, were stressed in arsenic solution for 48 h (158 mg/L AsNa2HO4 (250 mg/L in series 2)), then grew in either As2O3 preparations produced according to Eu. Pharm. Monogr. 2371 or control solution. Comparing the area-related relative growth rate of day 3−9 (rgr 3−9) between treatment and control groups for each series showed differences that were not significant in series 1 (p = 0.10), significant in series 2 (p = 0.04) and significant in the pooled data of both series (p < 0.01). The effect direction (rgr 3−9 increase) was comparable to experiments of 2010, but the effect size was smaller, likely due to a changed light cycle. These results are not compatible with the hypothesis that the application of European Pharmacopoeia monograph 2371 results in pharmaceutical preparations without specific effects. Further studies are needed to investigate a potential mode of action explaining these effects.

Bund katholischer Ärzte: Homeopathic Conversion Therapists in 21st Century Germany

Even in modern Germany of the 21st century there is still homophobia and other intolerances towards different sexualities and genders. These are also evident in the presence of so-called conversion therapies, which are still offered although there are already legal efforts. Among those groups, the Bund katholischer Ärzte (Association of Catholic Doctors) is a unique curiosity. Although this group is no longer really active, it is currently moving into the German focus again due to criminal charges and reporting in the tabloid press. The aim of this publication is to bring the Bund katholischer Ärzte not only into a more scientific but also into a more international focus. Furthermore, it is an ideal example to show what strange effects homophobia can produce.

[Media and homeopathy : Reporting between proximity to lobbyism and distance from science]

Media coverage of homeopathy frequently appears outside the evidence-based scientific context compared to other medical topics, even though it is good and accepted journalistic practice to report on medicine and health in an evidence-based way.Starting from the previous lack of systematic analyses or empirical data on homeopathy in the media, the authors present a narrative approach to the topic based on their years of observation of the media landscape from the perspective of science-based homeopathy criticism. As an explanatory hypothesis for the many media contributions on homeopathy that are far from evidence, the authors consider that the reception of the method is shaped in different ways by cognitive patterns and subjectivistic tendencies, the common basis of which is the widespread and widely unquestioned "public reputation" of the method as a "gentle, side-effect-free, and effective alternative to conventional medicine." This leads to a reception of the homeopathic topic on variously motivated metalevels more or less beyond scientific evidence.A change towards fact-oriented reporting can be observed. However, metalevels far removed from science continue to be served by the media landscape, although there is a broad scientific consensus that homeopathy cannot prove any specific medicinal effect. The present article outlines this phenomenon on the basis of typifying case groups. The authors see the given situation as deficient. To remedy the situation, they consider a clear positioning of politics, science, and healthcare on homeopathy appropriate, in addition to intensifying educational campaigns.