[Aerosinusitis: part 1: Fundamentals, pathophysiology and prophylaxis]

[ENT in zero g: the cosmic challenges of otolaryngology]

Manned spaceflight places special demands on the human body, including the organs in the ENT region. These organs play a critical role in maintaining the health and safety of astronauts in space. In this paper, we review common ENT problems of spaceflight, including upper airway edema, middle ear and mastoid effusions, hearing loss, and dizziness with nausea. We discuss the underlying mechanisms contributing to these complaints, their clinical manifestations, and potential treatment strategies. In addition, we examine the potential impact of these conditions on astronaut health and mission outcomes. Finally, we emphasize the importance of preventive measures and future research in this area to optimize astronaut health and safety on future missions.

Comprehensive review on endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery

Endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery is the standard procedure for surgery of most paranasal sinus diseases. Appropriate frame conditions provided, the respective procedures are safe and successful. These prerequisites encompass appropriate technical equipment, anatomical oriented surgical technique, proper patient selection, and individually adapted extent of surgery. The range of endonasal sinus operations has dramatically increased during the last 20 years and reaches from partial uncinectomy to pansinus surgery with extended surgery of the frontal (Draf type III), maxillary (grade 3-4, medial maxillectomy, prelacrimal approach) and sphenoid sinus. In addition there are operations outside and beyond the paranasal sinuses. The development of surgical technique is still constantly evolving. This article gives a comprehensive review on the most recent state of the art in endoscopic sinus surgery according to the literature with the following aspects: principles and fundamentals, surgical techniques, indications, outcome, postoperative care, nasal packing and stents, technical equipment.