[Perfusion analysis in parotid gland tumors using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)]

[Use of Contrast enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Head and Neck Area: Update]

With the help of contrast enhanced ultrasound, the diagnostic accuracy of conventional sonography can be increased in many areas of otorhinolaryngology. Vascularisation and tissue perfusion can be objectified through the examination. This offers promising approaches for example to monitor the therapy of metastatic cervical lymph nodes or in the treatment of vascular malformations. Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) also offers great potential for differential diagnosis, for example of thyroid nodules. Valid threshold values for the quantitative time intensity curve (TIC) analysis of cervical pathologies are currently still not available. Further studies are necessary. As there is currently no license for the use of contrast enhanced ultrasound in otorhinolaryngology patients must be informed about its off-label use before the examination. This article is intended to provide an overview of the current possibilities and to serve as an introduction to the topic.

Perfusion analysis of benign parotid gland tumors by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS)

BACKGROUND

Diagnosis of parotid gland tumors is sometimes challenging due to their diversity and pleomorphic histological appearance. B-scan sonography along with color-coded duplex sonography is the gold standard in the diagnostic workup of these lesions, whereas histopathology is to date the gold standard for the final diagnosis. To date no single imaging technique provides the chance for an art-diagnosis with highly diagnostic accuracy. Contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) on the other hand provides information of the perfusion down to the capillary level. Currently there are only a few papers published with systematical examination of the perfusion in benign parotid gland tumors and its diagnostic significance.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

One hundred patients with a parotid gland tumor were examined. The examinations included conventional B-scan sonography, color-coded duplexsonography along with contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). B-scan sonographic parameters, i.e. echogenicity, shape, size, demarcation, and borders of a lesion along with vascularization estimated by color-coded-duplexsonography were analyzed. Analysis of quantitative CEUS parameters was performed using 8 regions of interest (ROI), which were standardized located throughout the entire tumors. The perfusion parameters were analyzed for particular tumor entities. Qualitative CEUS analysis with estimating the perfusion pattern was additionally performed.

RESULTS

Histological examination revealed benign tumors in 92 cases, with pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin´s tumors were the most frequent entities. Malignant conditions were found in 8 cases. CEUS revealed a centripetal perfusion pattern in malignant tumors significantly more frequently than in benign tumors. CEUS showed a significant heterogenic perfusion in all tumors, with a higher perfusion in the medial parts of the tumors and in some cases also in the center. Perfusion patterns of PA and WT were different. WT displayed centrifugal, centripetal, and central diffuse perfusion more often than PA, whereas in PA perfusion often was limited to the capsule or periphery. Oncocytoma had the highest perfusion values. Intraglandular cysts showed no intralesional perfusion.

CONCLUSIONS

CEUS analysis in different parts of benign tumors revealed a significant heterogeneity in tumor perfusion. Some perfusion pattern could be identified which might be characteristic for particular lesions. Based on this, the diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in the differential diagnosis of parotid gland tumors can be increased. In particular, the perfusion analysis within the tumors using ROIs located standardized throughout the entire tumor provides additional information which are important for the art diagnosis and in differentiation of tumor entity.