[Nutrition and immunonutrition in septic patients]

[Calories, proteins - what does the intensive care patient need?]

It is increasingly recognized that the nutrition of critically ill patients is a highly complex activity with many unanswered questions. Much research has been performed showing that early enteral nutrition helps to avoid complications. In addition, it has already been shown that the calorie goal as the sole diet goal rather plays a minor role, if one pays attention to sufficient supply of proteins. The diet of the different patient groups with their very individual physiological conditions and their very different diseases are another difficile question in nutritional therapy. The question about the best access path currently appears clearly to be the way of enteral nutrition. Although there seems to be no clear advantage to the gastric or jejunal route, the gastric tube is apparently used more often in clinical practice due to the ease of placement. Reflux control is also currently controversially discussed. To assess the intestinal transport capacity, control of reflux is inevitable, but the amount of reflux that should be considered as cut-off criteria is still unclear. The field of immunonutrition or the substitution of selenium, glutamine, and other substances requires further research. The goal of this article is to provide the reader with a review of the current literature concerning nutritional needs of intensive care patients.