[Cytopathology and molecular diagnostics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)]

[Advances in the targeted treatment of non-small cell lung cancer]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) paradigmatically shows the potential of personalized and therefore precise cancer treatment. For around one third of the patients, predominantly suffering from adenocarcinoma, targetable driver mutations could be characterized in the meantime. Targeted therapies, mostly with kinase inhibitors, achieve impressive advances in the prolongation of overall survival often over many years and excellent quality of life in patients with advanced NSCLC. Targeted treatment is also increasingly evaluated as adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment in early inoperable stages of NSCLC. An absolute prerequisite for the use of personalized treatment is upfront broad molecular diagnostics before the decision on first line treatment. The limitations of personalized treatment are the so far unavoidable development of resistance mutations and increasing clonal heterogeneity during the course of the treatment. Approaches to further improve treatment results comprise the development of next-generation inhibitors, the combination of targeted substances, also with chemotherapy and the use of new immunoconjugates.