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Sengupta R, Topiwala IS, Shakthi A M, Dhar R, Devi A. Immune Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Cell-Free Cutting-Edge Tumor Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:7076-7087. [PMID: 39495624 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cellular communication molecules and are classified into three major subpopulations, such as microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes. Among these, exosomes-based cancer research is a cutting-edge investigation approach to cancer understanding. During cancer progression , tumor-derived exosomes can reprogram the cellular system and promote cancer. Circulating exosomes in the body fluids such as blood, plasma, serum, saliva, CSF, sweat, and tears play a key role in identifying diagnostic and prognostic cancer biomarkers. Diverse therapeutic sources of exosomes including stem cells, plants, and immune cells, etc. exhibit significant cancer-healing properties. Although cancer-targeting immunotherapy is an effective strategy, it has limitations such as toxicity, and high costs. In comparison, immune cell-derived exosomes-based immunotherapy is a cell-free approach for cancer treatment and has advantages like less toxicity, biocompatibility, reduced immunogenicity, and efficient, target-specific cancer therapeutic development. This review highlights the therapeutic signature of immune cell-derived exosomes for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini Sengupta
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, TamilNadu 603203, India
| | - Ibrahim S Topiwala
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, TamilNadu 603203, India
| | - Meghana Shakthi A
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, TamilNadu 603203, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, TamilNadu 603203, India
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, TamilNadu 603203, India
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Chen L, Rao W, Chen Y, Xie J. In vitro induction of anti‑lung cancer immune response by the A549 lung cancer stem cell lysate‑sensitized dendritic cell vaccine. Oncol Lett 2024; 28:550. [PMID: 39328277 PMCID: PMC11425031 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the most fatal types of cancer worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer being the most common subtype. Therefore, there is need for improved treatment approaches. Tumor growth results from the proliferation of a very small number of tumor stem cells, giving rise to the theory of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Lung CSCs are associated with lung cancer development, and although chemotherapy drugs can inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells, they have difficulty acting on lung CSCs. Even if the tumor appears to have disappeared after chemotherapy, the presence of a small number of residual tumor stem cells can lead to cancer recurrence and metastasis. Hence, targeting and eliminating lung CSCs is of significant therapeutic importance. In this study, we cultured A549 cells in sphere-forming conditions using B27, EGF, and bFGF, isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and induced and characterized dendritic cells (DCs). We also isolated and expanded T lymphocytes. DC vaccines were prepared using A549 stem cell lysate or A549 cell lysate for sensitization and compared with non-sensitized DC vaccines. The content of IFN-γ in the supernatant of cultures with vaccines and T cells was measured by ELISA. The cytotoxic effects of the vaccines on A549 cells and stem cells were assessed using the Cytotox96 assay, and the impact of the vaccines on A549 cell migration and apoptosis was evaluated using Transwell assays and flow cytometry. DC vaccines sensitized with human lung CSC lysates induced significant in vitro cytotoxic effects on A549 lung cancer cells and CSCs by T lymphocytes, while not producing immune cytotoxic effects on human airway epithelial cells. Moreover, the immune-killing effect induced by DC vaccines sensitized with lung CSC lysates was superior to that of DC vaccines sensitized with lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Rao
- Department of Urology, Yingtan People's Hospital, Yingtan, Jiangxi 335000, P.R. China
| | - Yujuan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gaoan People's Hospital, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, P.R. China
| | - Junping Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
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Zhou H, Chen M, Zhao C, Shao R, Xu Y, Zhao W. The Natural Product Secoemestrin C Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells via p38-S100A8 Feed-Forward Regulatory Loop. Cells 2024; 13:620. [PMID: 38607060 PMCID: PMC11011747 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are closely associated with tumor initiation, metastasis, chemoresistance, and recurrence, which represent some of the primary obstacles to cancer treatment. Targeting CSCs has become an important therapeutic approach to cancer care. Secoemestrin C (Sec C) is a natural compound with strong anti-tumor activity and low toxicity. Here, we report that Sec C effectively inhibited colorectal CSCs and non-CSCs concurrently, mainly by inhibiting proliferation, self-renewal, metastasis, and drug resistance. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analysis showed that the pro-inflammation pathway of the IL17 axis was enriched, and its effector S100A8 was dramatically decreased in Sec C-treated cells, whose roles in the stemness of CSCs have not been fully clarified. We found that the overexpression of S100A8 hindered the anti-CSCs effect of Sec C, and S100A8 deficiency attenuated the stemness traits of CSCs to enhance the Sec C killing activity on them. Meanwhile, the p38 signal pathway, belonging to the IL17 downstream axis, can also mediate CSCs and counter with Sec C. Notably, we found that S100A8 upregulation increased the p38 protein level, and p38, in turn, promoted S100A8 expression. This indicated that p38 may have a mutual feedback loop with S100A8. Our study discovered that Sec C was a powerful anti-colorectal CSC agent, and that the positive feedback loop of p38-S100A8 mediated Sec C activity. This showed that Sec C could act as a promising clinical candidate in colorectal cancer treatment, and S100A8 could be a prospective drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (H.Z.); (C.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Minghua Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Cong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (H.Z.); (C.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Rongguang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (H.Z.); (C.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Yanni Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Wuli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (H.Z.); (C.Z.); (R.S.)
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Li Z, Chen J, Zhu D, Wang X, Chen J, Zhang Y, Lian Q, Gu B. Identification of prognostic stemness biomarkers in colon adenocarcinoma drug resistance. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:51. [PMID: 35794546 PMCID: PMC9261069 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are vital for COAD chemoresistance and recurrence, however little is known about stem cell-related biomarkers in drug resistance and COAD prognosis prediction. METHODS To uncover the roles of CSC in COAD tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, and prognosis, we retrieved COAD patients' RNAseq data from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). We further performed analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi) to identify stemness-related COAD biomarkers. We then evaluated the roles of mRNAsi in tumorigenesis, clinical-stage, overall survival (OS), and chemoresistance. Afterward, we used identified prognostic stemness-related genes (PSRGs) to construct a prediction model. After constructing the prediction model, we used elastic Net regression and area under the curve (AUC) to explore the prediction value of PSRGs based on risk scores and the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. To elucidate the underlying interconnected systems, we examined relationships between the levels of TFs, PSRGs, and 50 cancer hallmarks by a Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS Twelve thousand one hundred eight DEGs were identified by comparing 456 primary COADs and 41 normal solid tissue samples. Furthermore, we identified 4351 clinical stage-related DEGs, 16,516 stemness-associated DEGs, and 54 chemoresistance-related DEGs from cancer stages: mRNAsi, and COAD chemoresistance. Compared to normal tissue samples, mRNAsi in COAD patients were marked on an elevation and involved in prognosis (p = 0.027), stemness-related DEGs based on chemoresistance (OR = 3.28, p ≤ 0.001) and AJCC clinical stage relating (OR = 4.02, p ≤ 0.001) to COAD patients. The prediction model of prognosis were constructed using the 6 PSRGs with high accuracy (AUC: 0.659). The model identified universal correlation between NRIP2 and FDFT1 (key PRSGs), and some cancer related transcription factors (TFs) and trademarks of cancer gene were in the regulatory network. CONCLUSION We found that mRNAsi is a reliable predictive biomarker of tumorigenesis and COAD prognosis. Our established prediction model of COAD chemoresistance, which includes the six PSRGs, is effective, as the model provides promising therapeutic targets in the COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Li
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jierong Chen
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Jace Chen
- Laboratory Schools, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Bing Gu
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, P. R. China.
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Hanifeh Ahagh M, Dehghan G, Mahdavi M, Hosseinpour Feizi MA, Teimuri-Mofrad R, Payami E, Mehdipour M, Rashtbari S. DNA binding ability and cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis inducing properties of a benzochromene derivative against K562 human leukemia cells. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:732-753. [PMID: 34126850 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1937644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromene and its derivatives are generally spread in nature. Heterocylic-based compounds like chromenes have displayed pharmacological activities. Chromene derivatives are critical due to some biological features such as anticancer activity. CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia, is a fatal malignancy determined by resistance to apoptosis and contains the Philadelphia chromosome. Induction of apoptosis is one of the main approaches in cancer therapy. In this research, benzochromene derivative, 2-amino-4-(4-methoxy phenyl)-4H-benzochromene-3-carbonitrile (4-MC) was tested for cytotoxic and apoptotic induction activities in the human leukemic K562 cell line. The MTT growth inhibition assay was used to determine the cellular growth and survival. Moreover, the binding attribute of 4-MC with double helix DNA was assessed by some spectroscopic and viscosity measurement, and also for docking analysis. 4-MC exhibited good cytotoxicity on K562 cell line and the IC50 value was calculated to be 30 µM. Furthermore, the mechanisms of apoptosis induction were determined morphologically by fluorescence dual staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide and cell cycle analysis was based on DNA content, as well as the presence of phosphatidyl serine on the outside of the cells by the flow cytometric method. The results showed that 4-MC had potent cytotoxic activity via sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. The experimental and simulation studies reported that 4-MC binds to ctDNA through groove binding mode with the binding constant (Kb) of 2.5 × 103 M-1. These data represent a considerable anticancer potential of 4-MC and could be suggested for further pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hanifeh Ahagh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Teimuri-Mofrad
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elmira Payami
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mehdipour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rashtbari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Shamsian A, Sepand MR, Javaheri Kachousangi M, Dara T, Ostad SN, Atyabi F, Ghahremani MH. Targeting Tumorigenicity of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Using SAHA/Wnt-b Catenin Antagonist Loaded Onto Protein Corona of Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4063-4078. [PMID: 32606664 PMCID: PMC7295335 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s234636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among various theories for the origin of cancer, the "stemness phenotype model" suggests a dynamic feature for tumor cells in which non-cancer stem cells (non-CSCs) can inter-convert to CSCs. Differentiation with histone-deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat (SAHA), can induce stem cells to differentiate as well as enforces non-CSCs to reprogram to CSCs. To avoid this undesirable effect, one can block the Wnt-βcatenin pathway. Thus, a dual delivery system of SAHA and a Wnt-βcatenin blocker will be beneficial in the induction of differentiation of CSCs. Protein corona (PC) formation in nanoparticle has a biologic milieu, and despite all problematic properties, it can be employed as a medium for dual loading of the drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prepared sphere gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with human plasma protein corona loaded with SAHA as differentiating agent and PKF118-310 (PKF) as a Wnt-βcatenin antagonist. The MCF7 breast cancer stem cells were treated with NPs and the viability and differentiation were evaluated by Western blotting and sphere formation assay. RESULTS We found that both drugs loaded onto corona-capped GNPs had significant cytotoxicity in comparison to bare GNP-corona. Data demonstrated an increase in stem cell population and upregulation of mesenchymal marker, Snail by SAHA-loaded GNPs treatment; however, the combination of PKF loaded GNPs along with SAHA-loaded GNPs resulted in a reduction of stem cell populations and Snail marker. We have shown that in MCF7 and its CSCs simultaneous treatment with SAHA and PKF118-310 induced differentiation and inhibition of Snail induction. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the PC-coated GNPs as a biocompatible career for both hydrophilic (PKF) and hydrophobic (SAHA) agents which can decrease breast cancer stem cell populations along with reduced stemness state regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Shamsian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziye Javaheri Kachousangi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Dara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Nasser Ostad
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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El-Gowily AH, Abosheasha MA. Differential mechanisms of autophagy in cancer stem cells: Emphasizing gastrointestinal cancers. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:162-173. [PMID: 32468609 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are one of the most common forms of malignancies and still are the most important cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic pathway involving lysosomal degradation and recycling of whole cellular components, which is essential for cellular homeostasis. For instance, it acts as a pivotal intracellular quality control and repair mechanism but also implicated in cell reformation during cell differentiation and development. Indeed, GI cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible for tumour initiation, traditional therapies resistance, metastasis and tumour recurrence. Molecular mechanisms of autophagy in normal vs CSCs gain great interest worldwide. Here, we shed light on the role of autophagy in normal stem cells differentiation for embryonic progression and its role in maintaining the activity and self-renewal capacity of CSCs which offer novel viewpoints on promising cancer therapeutic strategies based on the differential roles of autophagy in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan H El-Gowily
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Organ and Cell physiology Department, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammed A Abosheasha
- Cellular Genetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Nusblat LM, Tanna S, Roth CM. Gene silencing of HIF-2α disrupts glioblastoma stem cell phenotype. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:199-208. [PMID: 32566921 PMCID: PMC7304423 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Improved treatment strategies are desperately needed for eradicating cancer stem cells (CSCs), which drive malignancy and recurrence in glioblastoma multiforme. Hypoxic regions within the tumor microenvironment help maintain and promote the proliferation of CSCs. Here, we explored the effects of silencing hypoxia inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) because of its specificity for CSCs within the hypoxic environment. Methods: Cancer stem cell neurospheres were formed by enriching from both the glioblastoma cell line U87 and from brain tumor stem cells isolated directly from human brain tumors. Silencing of human HIF-2α was performed using both commercial and in-house transfection of a validated short interfering RNA, with all results compared to an established non-silencing control short interfering RNA. Silencing of HIF-2α was established by Western blotting, and phenotypic effects were assayed by cell migration assays, cell viability measurements, and immunofluorescence staining of differentiation markers. Results: Transfection with either our previously reported pH-sensitive, cationic amphiphilic macromolecule-based delivery system or Lipofectamine was similarly effective in silencing HIF-2α. The chemotherapeutic resistance and neurosphere formation were reduced when HIF-2α was silenced. Migratory capacities in the presence of macrophage conditioned media were modulated. HIF-2α silencing was complementary to temozolomide treatment in producing phenotypic rather than cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: HIF-2α silencing under hypoxia inhibited CSC phenotypes while promoting differentiated cell phenotypes and is complementary to existing DNA alkylating treatments in inhibiting glioma CSC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora M Nusblat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shaili Tanna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Charles M Roth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Liu WT, Liu WB, Gao M, Zhang YY, Gu KS. Expression of ALDH1A1 and CD133 is associated with the prognosis and effect of different chemotherapeutic regimens in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4573-4582. [PMID: 31611965 PMCID: PMC6781782 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Previous studies have reported that aldehyde dehydrogenase-1A1 (ALDH1A1) and cluster of differentiation (CD)-133 are considered to be cancer stem cell markers in GCs. The present study immunohistochemically examined the distribution and expression of two tumor stem cell markers, CD133 and ALDH1A1, in both primary tumors and para-tumor tissues. In 91 cases with stage III, 57 (62%) were positive for ALDH1A1 and 60 (66%) were positive for CD133. ALDH1A1 was detected in para-tumors and cancerous tissues of the stomach, and the immunoreactivity of the tumors was stronger than that in para-tumor tissues. CD133 was only detected in tumors. The expression of ALDH1A1 was significantly associated with advanced T/N stage (T stage, P=0.012; N stage, P=0.023) and poor differentiation (P=0.020), while CD133 was associated with advanced T stage (P=0.007). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that tumor stage, CD133 expression, vascular invasion and sex were independent predictors of disease-free survival (DFS) time, and tumor size, vascular invasion and sex were independent predictors of overall survival (OS) time in patients with GC. Patients with CD133+ GC had poorer DFS (P=0.042), while ALDH1A1+ GC was not associated with poorer DFS. In regard to chemotherapy, improvements in survival were not observed after the addition of taxane compared with two-drug therapy. However, the subgroup analysis indicated that in the ALDH1A1− subgroup, and CD133+ and ALDH1A1− subgroups, an increased OS was observed in two-drug therapy (P=0.043). The results of the present study indicate that ALDH1A1 and CD133 may play an important role in tumor invasion, metastasis and prognosis, and ALDH1A1− expression does not benefit the taxane-based triple chemotherapeutic regimen in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Yin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Kang-Sheng Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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10
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Yu SS, Cirillo N. The molecular markers of cancer stem cells in head and neck tumors. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:65-73. [PMID: 31206697 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the six most common malignancy worldwide leading to more than 350,000 deaths annually. Despite recent advances in treatment modalities for these patients, there has been only a slight improvement of prognosis. As cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated in tumor cell survival, progression, and response to therapy, the identification of this tumor subpopulation would have important therapeutic and prognostic implications. In this structured appraisal of the literature, Embase, PubMed, and Ovid were searched for publications that investigated CSC markers of HNC in humans. The search was conducted under the PRISMA guidelines with clear inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles published in the last two decades. The review process resulted in the identification of some key CSC-associated molecules such as CD44, ALDH1, CD133, Oct3/4, Nanog, and Sox2, although a single common CSC sorting marker could not be found. These biomarkers were identified in a range of HNCs but the most common one was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), predominantly oral SCC. Patient cohorts were of variable size (3-195 individuals) and the most common technique used for detection was immunohistochemistry. Some of the molecules were associated with poor prognosis and may be able to inform the choice of appropriate treatment for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Si Yu
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Taniguchi H, Suzuki Y, Natori Y. The Evolving Landscape of Cancer Stem Cells and Ways to Overcome Cancer Heterogeneity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040532. [PMID: 31013960 PMCID: PMC6520864 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) with therapeutic resistance and plasticity can be found in various types of tumors and are recognized as attractive targets for treatments. As CSCs are derived from tissue stem or progenitor cells, and/or dedifferentiated mature cells, their signal transduction pathways are critical in the regulation of CSCs; chronic inflammation causes the accumulation of genetic mutations and aberrant epigenetic changes in these cells, potentially leading to the production of CSCs. However, the nature of CSCs appears to be stronger than the treatments of the past. To improve the treatments targeting CSCs, it is important to inhibit several molecules on the signaling cascades in CSCs simultaneously, and to overcome cancer heterogeneity caused by the plasticity. To select suitable target molecules for CSCs, we have to explore the landscape of CSCs from the perspective of cancer stemness and signaling systems, based on the curated databases of cancer-related genes. We have been studying the integration of a broad range of knowledge and experiences from cancer biology, and also from other interdisciplinary basic sciences. In this review, we have introduced the concept of developing novel strategies targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Taniguchi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan.
- Clinical and Translational Research Center Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Suzuki
- Clinical and Translational Research Center Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yukikazu Natori
- BioThinkTank Co. Ltd. 4-10-1-E1706 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-0012, Japan.
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12
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13
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Stroma-derived IL-6, G-CSF and Activin-A mediated dedifferentiation of lung carcinoma cells into cancer stem cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11573. [PMID: 30069023 PMCID: PMC6070555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of resistant cells inhabiting the tumors. Although comprising only nearly 3% of the tumor mass, these cells were demonstrated to orchestrate tumorigenesis and differentiation, underlie tumors’ heterogeneity and mediate therapy resistance and tumor relapse. Here we show that CSCs may be formed by dedifferentiation of terminally differentiated tumor cells under stress conditions. Using a elegant co-culture cellular system, we were able to prove that nutrients and oxygen deprivation activated non-malignant stromal fibroblasts, which in turn established with tumor cells a paracrine loop mediated by Interleukine-6 (IL-6), Activin-A and Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), that drove subsequent tumor formation and cellular dedifferentiation. However, by scavenging these cytokines from the media and/or blocking exosomes’ mediated communication it was possible to abrogate dedifferentiation thus turning these mechanisms into potential therapeutic targets against cancer progression.
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14
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Snyder V, Reed-Newman TC, Arnold L, Thomas SM, Anant S. Cancer Stem Cell Metabolism and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2018; 8:203. [PMID: 29922594 PMCID: PMC5996058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors contain heterogeneous populations of cells in various states of proliferation and differentiation. The presence of cancer stem or initiating cells is a well-established concept wherein quiescent and poorly differentiated cells within a tumor mass contribute to drug resistance, and under permissive conditions, are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. A number of studies have identified molecular markers that are characteristic of tissue-specific cancer stem cells (CSCs). Isolation of CSCs has enabled studies on the metabolic status of CSCs. As metabolic plasticity is a hallmark of cancer cell adaptation, the intricacies of CSC metabolism and their phenotypic behavior are critical areas of research. Unlike normal stem cells, which rely heavily on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as their primary source of energy, or cancer cells, which are primarily glycolytic, CSCs demonstrate a unique metabolic flexibility. CSCs can switch between OXPHOS and glycolysis in the presence of oxygen to maintain homeostasis and, thereby, promote tumor growth. Here, we review key factors that impact CSC metabolic phenotype including heterogeneity of CSCs across different histologic tumor types, tissue-specific variations, tumor microenvironment, and CSC niche. Furthermore, we discuss how targeting key players of glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways has shown promising results in cancer eradication and attenuation of disease recurrence in preclinical models. In addition, we highlight studies on other potential therapeutic targets including complex interactions within the microenvironment and cellular communications in the CSC niche to interfere with CSC growth, resistance, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vusala Snyder
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Tamika C Reed-Newman
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Levi Arnold
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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15
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Roney MSI, Park SK. Antipsychotic dopamine receptor antagonists, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:384-408. [PMID: 29556831 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Despite extensive studies, treating metastatic cancers remains challenging. Years of research have linked a rare set of cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) to drug resistance, leading to the suggestion that eradication of CSCs might be an effective therapeutic strategy. However, few drug candidates are active against CSCs. New drug discovery is often a lengthy process. Drug screening has been advantageous in identifying drug candidates. Current understanding of cancer biology has revealed various clues to target cancer from different points of view. Many studies have found dopamine receptors (DRs) in various cancers. Therefore, DR antagonists have attracted a lot of attention in cancer research. Recently, a group of antipsychotic DR antagonists has been demonstrated to possess remarkable abilities to restrain and sensitize CSCs to existing chemotherapeutics by a process called differentiation approach. In this review, we will describe current aspects of CSC-targeting therapeutics, antipsychotic DR antagonists, and their extraordinary abilities to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam Roney
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
- Research Driven Hospital, Korea University Guro Hospital, Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Bai X, Zhou Y, Chen P, Yang M, Xu J. MicroRNA-142-5p induces cancer stem cell-like properties of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma via inhibiting PTEN. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2179-2188. [PMID: 28857248 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a malignancy of keratinocyte-derived skin tumor, which is regarded as the second most common skin cancer worldwide. Accumulating evidence has established that microRNAs (miRNAs) can play a critical role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis including cSCC. Abnormal expression of hsa-miR-142-5p has been elaborated in various tumors. Nevertheless, its expression and function in the development of cSCC remain unclear. In our study, we found that the expression of hsa-miR-142-5p in cSCC cells were greatly overexpressed compared to human benign epidermal keratinocyte cells. Moreover, inhibited hsa-miR-142-5p can repress cSCC cell growth and induce apoptosis while upregulated hsa-miR-142-5p exhibited a reverse phenomenon. Recently, cancer stem cells (CSCs) which possess the ability of self-renewal and proliferation and are able to produce cancer cells have been widely reported. However, the correlation between hsa-miR-142-5p and CSCs in cSCC is still unknown. Interestingly, we observed that overexpressing hsa-miR-142-5p can induce CSC-like properties in cSCC via activating Wnt signaling. In addition, the luciferase reporter assay data and bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that hsa-miR-142-5p can target the 3'UTR of PTEN mRNA. Taken these together, we draw a conclusion that hsa-miR-142-5p can trigger cancer stem cell-like properties of cSCC through inhibition of PTEN. Our findings may provide hsa-miR-142-5p as a new therapeutic target for cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Bai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
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Lin J, Lee JHJ, Paramasivam K, Pathak E, Wang Z, Pramono ZAD, Lim B, Wee KB, Surana U. Induced-Decay of Glycine Decarboxylase Transcripts as an Anticancer Therapeutic Strategy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:263-273. [PMID: 29246305 PMCID: PMC5675722 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are thought to be responsible for tumor recurrence and chemo-resistance. Glycine decarboxylase, encoded by the GLDC gene, is reported to be overexpressed in TIC-enriched primary non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). GLDC is a component of the mitochondrial glycine cleavage system, and its high expression is required for growth and tumorigenic capacity. Currently, there are no therapeutic agents against GLDC. As a therapeutic strategy, we have designed and tested splicing-modulating steric hindrance antisense oligonucleotides (shAONs) that efficiently induce exon skipping (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] at 3.5–7 nM), disrupt the open reading frame (ORF) of GLDC transcript (predisposing it for nonsense-mediated decay), halt cell proliferation, and prevent colony formation in both A549 cells and TIC-enriched NSCLC tumor sphere cells (TS32). One candidate shAON causes 60% inhibition of tumor growth in mice transplanted with TS32. Thus, our shAONs candidates can effectively inhibit the expression of NSCLC-associated metabolic enzyme GLDC and may have promising therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore; Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Jia Hui Jane Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kathirvel Paramasivam
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117660, Singapore
| | - Elina Pathak
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Zhenxun Wang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | | | - Bing Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Keng Boon Wee
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore; Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138632, Singapore.
| | - Uttam Surana
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117660, Singapore; Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138668, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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18
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Wahab SR, Islam F, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. The Identifications and Clinical Implications of Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2017; 16:93-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Noncanonical GLI1 signaling promotes stemness features and in vivo growth in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2017; 36:4641-4652. [PMID: 28368412 PMCID: PMC5558095 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant Hedgehog/GLI signaling has been implicated in a diverse spectrum of human cancers, but its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) is still under debate. We show that the downstream effector of the Hedgehog pathway, GLI1, is expressed in 76% of LACs, but in roughly half of these tumors, the canonical pathway activator, Smoothened, is expressed at low levels, possibly owing to epigenetic silencing. In LAC cells including the cancer stem cell compartment, we show that GLI1 is activated noncanonically by MAPK/ERK signaling. Different mechanisms can trigger the MAPK/ERK/GLI1 cascade including KRAS mutation and stimulation of NRP2 by VEGF produced by the cancer cells themselves in an autocrine loop or by stromal cells as paracrine cross talk. Suppression of GLI1, by silencing or drug-mediated, inhibits LAC cells proliferation, attenuates their stemness and increases their susceptibility to apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide insight into the growth of LACs and point to GLI1 as a downstream effector for oncogenic pathways. Thus, strategies involving direct inhibition of GLI1 may be useful in the treatment of LACs.
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Taniguchi H, Moriya C, Igarashi H, Saitoh A, Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Imai K. Cancer stem cells in human gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 107:1556-1562. [PMID: 27575869 PMCID: PMC5132287 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation, drug and radiation resistance, invasive growth, metastasis, and tumor relapse, which are the main causes of cancer-related deaths. Gastrointestinal cancers are the most common malignancies and still the most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Because gastrointestinal CSCs are also thought to be resistant to conventional therapies, an effective and novel cancer treatment is imperative. The first reported CSCs in a gastrointestinal tumor were found in colorectal cancer in 2007. Subsequently, CSCs were reported in other gastrointestinal cancers, such as esophagus, stomach, liver, and pancreas. Specific phenotypes could be used to distinguish CSCs from non-CSCs. For example, gastrointestinal CSCs express unique surface markers, exist in a side-population fraction, show high aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 activity, form tumorspheres when cultured in non-adherent conditions, and demonstrate high tumorigenic potential in immunocompromised mice. The signal transduction pathways in gastrointestinal CSCs are similar to those involved in normal embryonic development. Moreover, CSCs are modified by the aberrant expression of several microRNAs. Thus, it is very difficult to target gastrointestinal CSCs. This review focuses on the current research on gastrointestinal CSCs and future strategies to abolish the gastrointestinal CSC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Taniguchi
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Moriya
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Igarashi
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anri Saitoh
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Adachi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Yu L, Jiao YJ, Zhou L, Song WQ, Wu SW, Wang DN. [Expressions of OCT4, Notch1 and DLL4 and their clinical implications in epithelial ovarian cancer]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2016; 37:444-450. [PMID: 28446394 PMCID: PMC6744103 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlations among OCT4, Notch1 and DLL4 and their association with the clinicopathological features of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS A total of 207 specimens of EOC and 65 specimens of benign ovarian epithelial tumor tissues were examined for expressions of OCT4, Notch1 and DLL4 proteins using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The positivity rates of OCT4, Notch1 and DLL4 in EOC tissues were 60.0%, 61.8% and 60.9%, respectively, significantly higher than the rates in benign epithelial tumor tissues (9.2%, 6.2%, and 0, respectively; P<0.05). The expressions of OCT4, Notch1 and DLL4 in EOC were significantly correlated with tumor differentiation, FIGO stage, and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). DLL4 was positively correlated with OCT4 and Notch1 expressions (r=0.758 and 0.704, respectively, P<0.001), and the latter two were also positively correlated (r=0.645, P<0.001). Overexpressions of OCT4, Notch1 and DLL4 were associated with a poor prognosis, and the survival rate was significantly lower in patients positive for OCT4, Notch1, and DLL4 than in the negative patients (P<0.05). FIGO stage and expressions of OCT4 and DLL4 were independent prognostic factors of EOC (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The expressions of OCT4, Notch1 and DLL4 are correlated with the differentiation, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and prognosis of EOC. Combined detection of the 3 proteins has an important value in predicting the progression and prognosis of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Department of Pathology, the first Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China. E-mail:
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22
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Bai XY, Zhang XC, Yang SQ, An SJ, Chen ZH, Su J, Xie Z, Gou LY, Wu YL. Blockade of Hedgehog Signaling Synergistically Increases Sensitivity to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149370. [PMID: 26943330 PMCID: PMC4778934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been implicated in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem-like cell (CSC) maintenance; both processes can result in tumor progression and treatment resistance in several types of human cancer. Hh cooperates with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in embryogenesis. We found that the Hh signaling pathway was silenced in EGFR-TKI-sensitive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, while it was inappropriately activated in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells, accompanied by EMT induction and ABCG2 overexpression. Upregulation of Hh signaling through extrinsic SHH exposure downregulated E-cadherin expression and elevated Snail and ABCG2 expression, resulting in gefitinib tolerance (P < 0.001) in EGFR-TKI-sensitive cells. Blockade of the Hh signaling pathway using the SMO antagonist SANT-1 restored E-cadherin expression and downregulate Snail and ABCG2 in EGFR-TKI-resistant cells. A combination of SANT-1 and gefitinib markedly inhibited tumorigenesis and proliferation in EGFR-TKI-resistant cells (P < 0.001). These findings indicate that hyperactivity of Hh signaling resulted in EGFR-TKI resistance, by EMT introduction and ABCG2 upregulation, and blockade of Hh signaling synergistically increased sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs in primary and secondary resistant NSCLC cells. E-cadherin expression may be a potential biomarker of the suitability of the combined application of an Hh inhibitor and EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xu-Chao Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Su-Qing Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - She-Juan An
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Su
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lan-Ying Gou
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Based on an analysis of a large number of sources of literature, the paper gives general information on the markers for cancer stem cells (CSCs), which allow the detection of this rare cell subpopulation, on the possibilities of estimating their immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent expression in tumors, and on the prognostic and predictive values of these molecules. For their detection, investigators generally use definite molecules, the so-called markers of CSCs, among which there are CD44, CD133, CD24, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and others. The expression of these molecules in the tumor tissue obtained from patients affects survival rates and permits the prediction of a response to therapy. A better insight into the immunophenotype of CSCs, the role of CSC markers in retaining the special properties of this call population, and the clinical significance of the expression of CSC markers will be able to elaborate new approaches to therapy for malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Puchinskaya
- Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
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24
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Dietl S, Schwinn S, Dietl S, Riedel S, Deinlein F, Rutkowski S, von Bueren AO, Krauss J, Schweitzer T, Vince GH, Picard D, Eyrich M, Rosenwald A, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD, Remke M, Monoranu CM, Beilhack A, Schlegel PG, Wölfl M. MB3W1 is an orthotopic xenograft model for anaplastic medulloblastoma displaying cancer stem cell- and Group 3-properties. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:115. [PMID: 26883117 PMCID: PMC4756501 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and can be divided in different molecular subgroups. Patients whose tumor is classified as a Group 3 tumor have a dismal prognosis. However only very few tumor models are available for this subgroup. Methods We established a robust orthotopic xenograft model with a cell line derived from the malignant pleural effusions of a child suffering from a Group 3 medulloblastoma. Results Besides classical characteristics of this tumor subgroup, the cells display cancer stem cell characteristics including neurosphere formation, multilineage differentiation, CD133/CD15 expression, high ALDH-activity and high tumorigenicity in immunocompromised mice with xenografts exactly recapitulating the original tumor architecture. Conclusions This model using unmanipulated, human medulloblastoma cells will enable translational research, specifically focused on Group 3 medulloblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2170-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dietl
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schwinn
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Dietl
- Department of Surgery II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simone Riedel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF Würzburg), Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Deinlein
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andre O von Bueren
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Giles H Vince
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Picard
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology / Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology / Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Andreas Beilhack
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF Würzburg), Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul G Schlegel
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wölfl
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Ogunsina M, Samadder P, Idowu T, Arthur G, Schweizer F. Design, synthesis and evaluation of cytotoxic properties of bisamino glucosylated antitumor ether lipids against cancer cells and cancer stem cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs) are a class of amphiphilic antitumor agents that kill cancer cells by a non-apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makanjuola Ogunsina
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
| | - Pranati Samadder
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
| | - Temilolu Idowu
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
| | - Gilbert Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
| | - Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
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Garvalov BK, Acker T. Implications of Oxygen Homeostasis for Tumor Biology and Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 903:169-85. [PMID: 27343096 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumors serve as a prototype system to study the role of the hypoxic microenvironment and gain insight in the regulation oxygen homeostasis. A series of biochemical and cell biological studies have significantly extended our knowledge of how tumor cells activate key regulatory mechanisms of oxygen homeostasis not only to adapt to the hostile tumor microenvironment but also to acquire a more aggressive tumor phenotype. Reduced oxygen levels and tumor-specific genetic alterations synergistically drive tumor progression by activating a key transcriptional system, the hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs trigger a set of adaptive responses commonly associated with tumor malignancy including tumor angiogenesis, a shift in metabolism, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. We and others could demonstrate that cancer stem cells are controlled by HIFs within a hypoxic niche, establishing an intriguing link between the well known function of hypoxia in tumor growth and stem cell biology. Additionally, HIF activation potentially conveys resistance to current tumor therapies including the evasive resistance phenotype observed after anti-angiogenic treatment. Together, these findings provide strong evidence that activation of the HIF system is a decisive step in cancer progression that critically shapes therapy response and clinical outcome. Recent insight into the precise mechanisms of oxygen sensing and signalling has offered new promising and potentially selective strategies to counteract this crucial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan K Garvalov
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Till Acker
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
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Wei W, Tweardy DJ, Zhang M, Zhang X, Landua J, Petrovic I, Bu W, Roarty K, Hilsenbeck SG, Rosen JM, Lewis MT. STAT3 signaling is activated preferentially in tumor-initiating cells in claudin-low models of human breast cancer. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2571-82. [PMID: 24891218 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In breast cancer, a subset of tumor-initiating cells (TIC) or "cancer stem cells" are thought to be responsible for tumor maintenance, treatment resistance, and disease recurrence. While current breast cancer stem cell markers (e.g., CD44(high) /CD24(low/neg) , ALDH positive) have allowed enrichment for such cells, they are not universally expressed and may actually identify distinct TIC subpopulations in the same tumor. Thus, additional markers of functional stem cells are needed. The STAT3 pathway is a critical regulator of the function of normal stem cells, and evidence is accumulating for its important role in breast cancer stem cells. However, due to the lack of a method for separating live cells based on their level of STAT3 activity, it remains unknown whether STAT3 functions in the cancer stem cells themselves, or in surrounding niche cells, or in both. To approach this question, we constructed a series of lentiviral fluorescent (enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP) reporters that enabled flow cytometric enrichment of cells differing in STAT3-mediated transcriptional activity, as well as in vivo/in situ localization of STAT3 responsive cells. Using in vivo claudin-low cell line xenograft models of human breast cancer, we found that STAT3 signaling reporter activity (EGFP(+) ) is associated with a subpopulation of cancer cells enriched for mammosphere-forming efficiency, as well as TIC function in limiting dilution transplantation assays compared to negative or unsorted populations. Our results support STAT3 signaling activity as another functional marker for human breast cancer stem cells thus making it an attractive therapeutic target for stem-cell-directed therapy in some breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Translational potential of cancer stem cells: A review of the detection of cancer stem cells and their roles in cancer recurrence and cancer treatment. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:135-47. [PMID: 25967525 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with many clinical implications in most cancer types. One important clinical implication of CSCs is their role in cancer metastases, as reflected by their ability to initiate and drive micro and macro-metastases. The other important contributing factor for CSCs in cancer management is their function in causing treatment resistance and recurrence in cancer via their activation of different signalling pathways such as Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Hedgehog, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways. Thus, many different therapeutic approaches are being tested for prevention and treatment of cancer recurrence. These may include treatment strategies targeting altered genetic signalling pathways by blocking specific cell surface molecules, altering the cancer microenvironments that nurture cancer stem cells, inducing differentiation of CSCs, immunotherapy based on CSCs associated antigens, exploiting metabolites to kill CSCs, and designing small interfering RNA/DNA molecules that especially target CSCs. Because of the huge potential of these approaches to improve cancer management, it is important to identify and isolate cancer stem cells for precise study and application of prior the research on their role in cancer. Commonly used methodologies for detection and isolation of CSCs include functional, image-based, molecular, cytological sorting and filtration approaches, the use of different surface markers and xenotransplantation. Overall, given their significance in cancer biology, refining the isolation and targeting of CSCs will play an important role in future management of cancer.
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Andrews TE, Wang D, Harki DA. Cell surface markers of cancer stem cells: diagnostic macromolecules and targets for drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:121-42. [PMID: 25787981 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in patients following chemotherapy can result in disease relapse underscores the necessity to develop therapeutics against those cells. CSCs display a unique repertoire of cell surface macromolecules, which have proven essential for their characterization and isolation. Additionally, CSC-specific cell surface macromolecules or markers provide targets for the development of specific agents to destroy them. In this review, we compiled those cell surface molecules that have been validated as CSC markers for many common blood and solid tumors. We describe the unique chemical and structural features of the most common cell surface markers, as well as recent efforts to deliver chemotherapeutic agents into CSCs by targeting those macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Andrews
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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Arthur G, Schweizer F, Ogunsina M. Synthetic Glycosylated Ether Glycerolipids as Anticancer Agents. CARBOHYDRATES IN DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849739993-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs) are a class of synthetic antitumor ether lipids (AELs) with a sugar moiety in place of the phosphocholine found in the prototypical AEL, edelfosine. This chapter reviews the development of GAELs as antitumor agents. Studies on structure–activity relationships, mechanism of induction of cell death, metabolism, selectivity against cancer cells, toxicity, hemolysis and thrombogenic effects are discussed. The requirements for significant cytotoxic activity include a glycerol moiety, a cationic sugar other than mannose and an O- or C-glycosidic bond with either α- or β-configuration. Compounds with S- and N-glycosidic linkages are not very active. The most active GAEL to date, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol, displays greater in vitro activity than edelfosine, the AEL “gold standard”. The unique properties of GAELs as antitumor agents include their apoptotic-independent mechanism of inducing cell death and the ability to kill cancer stem cells. These characteristics of GAELs offer the potential for their development into chemotherapeutic agents to prevent the recurrence of tumors as well as for treatment against drug-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba 754 Bannatyne Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba 460 Parker Building Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Makanjuola Ogunsina
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba 460 Parker Building Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2
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Noble M, Mayer-Pröschel M, Li Z, Dong T, Cui W, Pröschel C, Ambeskovic I, Dietrich J, Han R, Yang YM, Folts C, Stripay J, Chen HY, Stevens BM. Redox biology in normal cells and cancer: restoring function of the redox/Fyn/c-Cbl pathway in cancer cells offers new approaches to cancer treatment. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:300-23. [PMID: 25481740 PMCID: PMC10173888 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses a unique discovery path starting with novel findings on redox regulation of precursor cell and signaling pathway function and identification of a new mechanism by which relatively small changes in redox status can control entire signaling networks that regulate self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. The pathway central to this work, the redox/Fyn/c-Cbl (RFC) pathway, converts small increases in oxidative status to pan-activation of the c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase, which controls multiple receptors and other proteins of central importance in precursor cell and cancer cell function. Integration of work on the RFC pathway with attempts to understand how treatment with systemic chemotherapy causes neurological problems led to the discovery that glioblastomas (GBMs) and basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) inhibit c-Cbl function through altered utilization of the cytoskeletal regulators Cool-1/βpix and Cdc42, respectively. Inhibition of these proteins to restore normal c-Cbl function suppresses cancer cell division, increases sensitivity to chemotherapy, disrupts tumor-initiating cell (TIC) activity in GBMs and BLBCs, controls multiple critical TIC regulators, and also allows targeting of non-TICs. Moreover, these manipulations do not increase chemosensitivity or suppress division of nontransformed cells. Restoration of normal c-Cbl function also allows more effective harnessing of estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-independent activities of tamoxifen to activate the RFC pathway and target ERα-negative cancer cells. Our work thus provides a discovery strategy that reveals mechanisms and therapeutic targets that cannot be deduced by standard genetics analyses, which fail to reveal the metabolic information, isoform shifts, protein activation, protein complexes, and protein degradation critical to our discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Zaibo Li
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410W 10th Avenue, E403 Doan Hall, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA.
| | - Tiefei Dong
- University of Michigan Tech Transfer, 1600 Huron Pkwy, 2nd Floor, Building 520, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2590, USA.
| | - Wanchang Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine,10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 600, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Ibro Ambeskovic
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Joerg Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Ruolan Han
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Yin Miranda Yang
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Christopher Folts
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Jennifer Stripay
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Hsing-Yu Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology 240 Longwood Avenue Building C1, Room 513B Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Brett M Stevens
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Campus Box F754-AMCA, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Esposito G, Teta R, Miceli R, Ceccarelli LS, Della Sala G, Camerlingo R, Irollo E, Mangoni A, Pirozzi G, Costantino V. Isolation and assessment of the in vitro anti-tumor activity of smenothiazole A and B, chlorinated thiazole-containing peptide/polyketides from the Caribbean sponge, Smenospongia aurea. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:444-59. [PMID: 25603342 PMCID: PMC4306946 DOI: 10.3390/md13010444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the secondary metabolites contained in the organic extract of Caribbean sponge Smenospongia aurea led to the isolation of smenothiazole A (3) and B (4), hybrid peptide/polyketide compounds. Assays performed using four solid tumor cell lines showed that smenothiazoles exert a potent cytotoxic activity at nanomolar levels, with selectivity over ovarian cancer cells and a pro-apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Esposito
- The NeaNat Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Roberta Teta
- The NeaNat Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Roberta Miceli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Luca S Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gerardo Della Sala
- The NeaNat Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rosa Camerlingo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Elena Irollo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Mangoni
- The NeaNat Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Pirozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valeria Costantino
- The NeaNat Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Abstract
Cultured tumor cells are a central tool in cancer research and have provided fundamental insights in tumor biology. Recent evidence, however, indicates that classically established cell lines from different tumors, including glioblastoma, do not fully reflect the genotypes and phenotypes of the respective primary tumors. By contrast, primary cells, isolated from human tumor samples and maintained in serum-free spheroid cultures at low passage under defined growth factor conditions, reproduce key aspects of tumor cell physiology much more faithfully. Among the tumor cell characteristics that are better represented in primary glioblastoma cell cultures is the self-renewal and differentiation potential of the tumor cells. Indeed, a large body of evidence from the past decade indicates that glioblastomas and other tumors are composed of a hierarchy of heterogeneous types of cells, which are generated and maintained by cells that share characteristics of stem cells. This cancer stem cell/tumor initiating cell population is optimally preserved and maintained in primary glioblastoma cultures. Here, we describe a method for the isolation and culture of primary tumor cells from human glioblastomas in serum-free conditions, which allows the routine generation and proper maintenance of tumor cells as spheroid cultures. Such primary tumor cultures can serve as a model of choice for the study of the mechanisms behind key aspects of glioblastoma biology, including tumorigenicity, stem cell hierarchy, invasion, and therapeutic resistance.
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Allegra A, Alonci A, Penna G, Innao V, Gerace D, Rotondo F, Musolino C. The cancer stem cell hypothesis: a guide to potential molecular targets. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:470-95. [PMID: 25254602 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.958231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Common cancer theories hold that tumor is an uncontrolled somatic cell proliferation caused by the progressive addition of random mutations in critical genes that control cell growth. Nevertheless, various contradictions related to the mutation theory have been reported previously. These events may be elucidated by the persistence of residual tumor cells, called Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) responsible for tumorigenesis, tumor maintenance, tumor spread, and tumor relapse. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of CSCs, with a focus on the possibility to identify specific markers of CSCs, and discuss the clinical application of targeting CSCs for cancer treatment.
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Lun SWM, Cheung ST, Lo KW. Cancer stem-like cells in Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:529-38. [PMID: 25223912 PMCID: PMC4244315 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has spread to all populations in the world, EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is prevalent only in South China and Southeast Asia. The role of EBV in the malignant transformation of nasopharyngeal epithelium is the main focus of current researches. Radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy have been successful in treating early stage NPC, but the recurrence rates remain high. Unfortunately, local relapse and metastasis are commonly unresponsive to conventional treatments. These recurrent and metastatic lesions are believed to arise from residual or surviving cells that have the properties of cancer stem cells. These cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have the ability to self-renew, differentiate, and sustain propagation. They are also chemo-resistant and can form spheres in anchorage-independent environments. This review summarizes recent researches on the CSCs in EBV-associated NPC, including the findings regarding cell surface markers, stem cell-related transcription factors, and various signaling pathways. In particular, the review focuses on the roles of EBV latent genes [latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A)], cellular microRNAs, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette chemodrug transporters in contributing to the properties of CSCs, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem-like transition, and chemo-resistance. Novel therapeutics that enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy and inhibitors that suppress the properties of CSCs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wei-Man Lun
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.
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Renovanz M, Kim EL. Intratumoral heterogeneity, its contribution to therapy resistance and methodological caveats to assessment. Front Oncol 2014; 4:142. [PMID: 24959421 PMCID: PMC4050363 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Renovanz
- The Translational Neurooncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre , Mainz , Germany
| | - Ella L Kim
- The Translational Neurooncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre , Mainz , Germany
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Samadder P, Xu Y, Schweizer F, Arthur G. Cytotoxic properties of D-gluco-, D-galacto- and D-manno-configured 2-amino-2-deoxy-glycerolipids against epithelial cancer cell lines and BT-474 breast cancer stem cells. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 78:225-35. [PMID: 24681987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs) 6 and 7 containing a α- or β-D-gluco-configured 2-amino-2-deoxy (2-NH2-Glc) sugar moiety linked to a glycerolipid aglycone kill cancer cell lines via a non-apoptotic mechanism that could be exploited to kill cancer stem cells. To test this hypothesis and develop novel potent GAEL analogs, we synthesized GAELS which contain D-galacto- and D-manno-configured 2-amino-2-deoxy sugar moieties (2-NH2-Gal or 2-NH2-Man) and investigated their cytotoxicity against human epithelial cancer cell lines and cancer stem cells derived from BT-474 breast cancer cells. Within the class of D-galacto-configured GAELs, we prepared both O- and S-glycosidic linkages as well as their corresponding α- and β-anomers and screened against breast (BT-474, JIMT-1 and BT-549), pancreas (MiaPaCa2) and prostate cancer (DU145, PC3) cancer cell lines. The α-anomeric 2-NH2-Gal-based lipid 1 was the most active of all the compounds tested with CC50 values of 4.4-8 μM and is the most active GAEL synthesized to date. The β-anomer 2 was 4->5-fold less active than 1. Replacement of the α-O-glycosidic by an α-S-glycosidic linkage resulted in a 2-4-fold reduction in activity, while the β-S-glycolipid 4 was inactive. In comparison, α-configured 2-NH2-Man-based glycerolipid 5 displayed very little activity with CC50 > 30 μM. The effect of the most active GAELs, 1, 6, or 7, on cancer stem cell viability revealed that all three inhibited the formation of tumorspheres from BT-474 cancer stem cell lines, caused the disintegration of preformed tumorspheres and resulted in total loss of cell viability of the cancer stem cells at concentrations of 20 μM. In contrast, the related antitumor ether lipid gold standard, edelfosine that is in clinical development was much less effective in preventing tumorsphere formation and affecting the viability of the cancer stem cells. Taken together our study demonstrates that α-GAEL anomers are more potent than their corresponding β-anomers and that the nature of the CHO moiety as well as the glycosidic bond significantly affects activity. The study also showed that GAELs are effective in killing CSCs while the apoptosis-inducing edelfosine is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranati Samadder
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Yaozu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2T 2N2, Canada
| | - Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2T 2N2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Gilbert Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Ma R, Minsky N, Morshed SA, Davies TF. Stemness in human thyroid cancers and derived cell lines: the role of asymmetrically dividing cancer stem cells resistant to chemotherapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E400-9. [PMID: 24823711 PMCID: PMC3942234 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the ability to self-renew through symmetric and asymmetric cell division. CSCs may arise from mutations within an embryonic stem cell/progenitor cell population or via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and recent advances in the study of thyroid stem cells have led to a growing recognition of the likely central importance of CSCs in thyroid tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to establish the presence of a stem cell population in human thyroid tumors and to identify, isolate, and characterize CSCs in thyroid cancer cell lines. RESULTS 1) Human thyroid cancers (n = 10) and thyroid cancer cell lines (n = 6) contained a stem cell population as evidenced by pluripotent stem cell gene expression. 2) Pulse-chase experiments with thyroid cancer cells identified a label-retaining cell population, a primary characteristic of CSCs, which at mitosis divided their DNA both symmetrically and asymmetrically and included a population of cells expressing the progenitor marker, stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1). 3) Cells positive for SSEA-1 expressed additional stem cell markers including Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog were confirmed as CSCs by their tumor-initiating properties in vivo, their resistance to chemotherapy, and their multipotent capability. 4) SSEA-1-positive cells showed enhanced vimentin expression and decreased E-cadherin expression, indicating their likely derivation via EMT. CONCLUSIONS Cellular diversity in thyroid cancer occurs through both symmetric and asymmetric cell division, and SSEA-1-positive cells are one form of CSCs that appear to have arisen via EMT and may be the source of malignant thyroid tumor formation. This would suggest that thyroid cancer CSCs were the result of thyroid cancer transformation rather than the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York 10468
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Fawzy M, Bahnassy A, El-Wakil M, Abdel-Sayed A. Hepatoblastoma Survival and the Prognostic Role of Cancer Stem Cell Markers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER THERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0201.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Freitas DP, Teixeira CA, Santos-Silva F, Vasconcelos MH, Almeida GM. Therapy-induced enrichment of putative lung cancer stem-like cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1270-8. [PMID: 24105655 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumour drug resistance is a major issue in the management of lung cancer patients as almost all lung tumours are either intrinsically resistant or quickly develop acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer drug resistance has recently been linked, at least in part, to the existence of cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs), a small sub-population of cells within the tumour that possess stem-like properties. CSLCs are often isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) according to the expression of certain stem-like cell membrane markers. Conflicting results regarding the specificity of particular stem cell surface markers for isolating CSLCs have, however, been recently reported. Therefore, alternative strategies enabling the identification and study of CSLCs should be considered, particularly in tumour types where appropriate stem cell markers are not well established and validated, like in lung cancer. In this article, we review data indicating therapy-selection as a valid approach for putative lung CSLCs enrichment. We believe that this strategy would be determinant for correctly assessing and characterising the sub-populations of CSLCs that are able to survive chemo or radiotherapy regimens and, at the same time, also have the ability to recapitulate and sustain tumour growth. Using therapy-induced enrichment of CSLCs may, therefore, prove to be an extremely useful method for studying CSLCs and provide new clues regarding potential therapeutic targets for their efficient elimination, which will undoubtedly play a decisive role in improving lung cancer patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Freitas
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Expression Regulation in Cancer Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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Ricci F, Broggini M, Damia G. Revisiting ovarian cancer preclinical models: Implications for a better management of the disease. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:561-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yun JY, Kim YA, Choe JY, Min H, Lee KS, Jung Y, Oh S, Kim JE. Expression of cancer stem cell markers is more frequent in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma compared to papillary thyroid carcinoma and is related to adverse clinical outcome. J Clin Pathol 2013; 67:125-33. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Worku M, Fersht N, Martindale C, Funes JM, Short SC. Sequential transformation of mesenchymal stem cells is associated with increased radiosensitivity and reduced DNA repair capacity. Radiat Res 2013; 179:698-706. [PMID: 23647005 DOI: 10.1667/rr2998.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We used sequentially transformed mesenchymal stem cells to investigate how the events that lead to tumorigenicity influence the cellular response to radiation. Bone marrow derived SH2(+), SH4(+), Stro-1(+) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were transformed stepwise by retroviral transfection of hTERT, HPV-16 E6 and E7, SV40 small T antigen and oncogenic H-ras. Cells at three different stages of transformation were irradiated and compared using assays for cytotoxicity, apoptosis, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and checkpoint signaling. The effects of inhibition of cell cycle checkpoint signaling on radiosensitivity were investigated using RNA interference. During stepwise transformation, specifically after HPV-16 E6 and E7 transduction, MSCs became more sensitive to radiation. This was associated with increased residual DNA DSB at 24 h and increased apoptosis. Enhanced checkpoint signaling occurred during transformation and there was a differential effect of checkpoint targeting in cells at different stages; Chk1 knockdown enhanced radiosensitivity in all cells while Chk2 knockdown only affected non-transformed cells. These data show that transformation of MSC is associated with a reduction in DNA DSB repair capacity and increased radiosensitivity. Up-regulation of checkpoint signaling does not overcome this and the effect of checkpoint inhibition may change with transformation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Worku
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
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45
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Ma L, Zhang G, Miao XB, Deng XB, Wu Y, Liu Y, Jin ZR, Li XQ, Liu QZ, Sun DX, Testa JR, Yao KT, Xiao GH. Cancer stem-like cell properties are regulated by EGFR/AKT/β-catenin signaling and preferentially inhibited by gefitinib in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. FEBS J 2013; 280:2027-41. [PMID: 23461856 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway plays a critical role in regulating cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), one of the most common malignant tumors in Southeast Asia. Effects of EGFR on maintaining CSCs are mainly mediated by AKT signaling, and β-catenin is responsible for governing CSC properties in response to EGFR/AKT activation. Significantly, CSCs are enriched by cisplatin and decreased by gefitinib in NPC xenograft models. Upon reimplantation in secondary mice, tumor cells derived from cisplatin-treated mice grew rapidly, whereas regrowth of tumor cells from gefitinib-treated mice was severely diminished. We further demonstrate that expression of EGFR correlates with expression of β-catenin and Nanog in primary tumor specimens from NPC patients. These findings provide mechanistic and preclinical evidence supporting the use of gefitinib alone or in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent in first-line therapy for patients with NPC. In addition, our results suggest that targeting β-catenin represents a rational clinical modality for patients whose tumors harbor activated EGFR or AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Miao
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Bin Deng
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ru Jin
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qing Li
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Zhen Liu
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Du-Xin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kai-Tai Yao
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hui Xiao
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Persano L, Rampazzo E, Basso G, Viola G. Glioblastoma cancer stem cells: Role of the microenvironment and therapeutic targeting. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:612-622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lee HR, Kim MJ, Ha G, Kim SJ, Kim SH, Kang CD. Presence of Leukemia-maintaining Cells in Differentiation-resistant Fraction of K562 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2013.23.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Filatova A, Acker T, Garvalov BK. The cancer stem cell niche(s): The crosstalk between glioma stem cells and their microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2496-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Dietary Phytochemicals Target Cancer Stem Cells for Cancer Chemoprevention. MITOCHONDRIA AS TARGETS FOR PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122321 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9326-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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50
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Lun SWM, Cheung ST, Cheung PFY, To KF, Woo JKS, Choy KW, Chow C, Cheung CCM, Chung GTY, Cheng ASH, Ko CW, Tsao SW, Busson P, Ng MHL, Lo KW. CD44+ cancer stem-like cells in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52426. [PMID: 23285037 PMCID: PMC3528656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique EBV-associated epithelial malignancy, showing highly invasive and metastatic phenotype. Despite increasing evidence demonstrating the critical role of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in the maintenance and progression of tumors in a variety of malignancies, the existence and properties of CSC in EBV-associated NPC are largely unknown. Our study aims to elucidate the presence and role of CSCs in the pathogenesis of this malignant disease. Sphere-forming cells were isolated from an EBV-positive NPC cell line C666-1 and its tumor-initiating properties were confirmed by in vitro and in vivo assays. In these spheroids, up-regulation of multiple stem cell markers were found. By flow cytometry, we demonstrated that both CD44 and SOX2 were overexpressed in a majority of sphere-forming C666-1 cells. The CD44+SOX2+ cells was detected in a minor population in EBV-positive xenografts and primary tumors and considered as potential CSC in NPC. Notably, the isolated CD44+ NPC cells were resistant to chemotherapeutic agents and with higher spheroid formation efficiency, showing CSC properties. On the other hand, microarray analysis has revealed a number of differentially expressed genes involved in transcription regulation (e.g. FOXN4, GLI1), immune response (CCR7, IL8) and transmembrane transport (e.g. ABCC3, ABCC11) in the spheroids. Among these genes, increased expression of CCR7 in CD44+ CSCs was confirmed in NPC xenografts and primary tumors. Importantly, blocking of CCR7 abolished the sphere-forming ability of C666-1 in vitro. Expression of CCR7 was associated with recurrent disease and distant metastasis. The current study defined the specific properties of a CSC subpopulation in EBV-associated NPC. Our findings provided new insights into developing effective therapies targeting on CSCs, thereby potentiating treatment efficacy for NPC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Clone Cells
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/virology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Neutralization Tests
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wei-Man Lun
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Siu Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Phyllis Fung Yi Cheung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - John Kong-Sang Woo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwong-Wai Choy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chit Chow
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chartia Ching-Mei Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Alice Suk-Hang Cheng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chun-Wai Ko
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pierre Busson
- Université Paris-Sud-11, CNRS-UMR 8126 and Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Margaret Heung-Ling Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- * E-mail:
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