Management des Schädel-Hirn-Traumas im Kindesalter

[Emergency Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a temporary or permanent damage to the cerebral functions caused by external force on the skull. TBI is one of the most common causes of death worldwide and has significant socioeconomic and health consequences. This article examines classification, clinical pictures and adequate emergency treatment with diagnostics, surgical therapy and prognosis.

Sonography in Childhood and Adolescence for General Radiologists - More Possibilities Than Expected

Sonography is the most common imaging modality in childhood and adolescence. The rapid availability, absence of X-rays, bedside applicability, e. g., in intensive care units, the lack of need for sedation, and last but not least the very good ultrasound conditions in the vast majority of cases are the main advantages of sonography. Due to the spectrum of patients, from premature infants to adolescents, a great variety of questions arise for the examiner. This requires knowledge of the various disease patterns in the different age groups. Proper handling of the young patients as well as their parents is essential in order to make the examination conditions as optimal as possible. Due to the smaller body size compared to adults, sonographic examinations of the abdomen and thorax in children and adolescents are usually possible with very good image quality. In the majority of cases, a definitive diagnosis is made by sonography without additional cross-sectional imaging, which is more common in adults. Due to the acoustic windows provided by the still open fontanelles, excellent image quality of the central nervous system is usually possible in the first year of life. In most cases, complex MRI examinations are not necessary. Due to the partly still missing ossification of the bony structures, further acoustic windows are available, which allow an examination of, e. g., the spinal canal. Ultrasound also plays a major role in the examination of soft tissues and the musculoskeletal system in childhood and adolescence, not only in hip ultrasound. The aim of this article is to show this very broad spectrum for colleagues working predominantly in adult radiology, to highlight some representative examples and to present the respective clinical features in childhood and adolescence. KEY POINTS::   · Ultrasound is the most important initial imaging modality in children and adolescents.. · Often, no further cross-sectional imaging is necessary.. · The most important area of application is the abdomen and pelvis.. · Furthermore, there are additional special applications such as CNS in neonates and infants, thorax, musculoskeletal system.. CITATION FORMAT: · Schaal MC, Moritz JD, Mentzel H et al. Sonography in Childhood and Adolescence for General Radiologists - More Possibilities Than Expected.... Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; DOI: 10.1055/a-1681-2136.