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Le B, Gonzalez B, Weaver F, Sinnott B, Ray C, Chu E, Premji S, Raiford M, Mayur O, Carbone L. Malunions following lower extremity fractures in veterans with a spinal cord injury/disorder. J Spinal Cord Med 2024; 47:293-299. [PMID: 36977321 PMCID: PMC10885743 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2023.2188391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly 50% of all persons with a spinal cord injury/disorder (SCI/D) will sustain an osteoporotic fracture sometime in their life, with lower extremity fractures being the most common. There are a number of complications that can occur post fracture, including fracture malunion. To date, there have been no dedicated investigations of malunions among persons with SCI/D. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with fracture malunion among fracture-related (type of fracture, fracture location, initial fracture treatment) and SCI/D-related factors. Secondary objectives were to describe treatment of fracture malunions and complications following these malunions. METHODS Veterans with SCI/D with an incident lower extremity fracture and subsequent malunion from Fiscal Year (FY) 2005-2015 were selected from the Veteran Health Administration (VHA) databases using International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD-9) codes for lower extremity fractures and malunion. These fracture malunion cases underwent electronic health record (EHR) review to abstract information on potential risk factors, treatments and complications for malunion. Twenty-nine cases were identified with a fracture malunion with 28 of them successfully matched with Veterans with a lower extremity fracture during FY2005-FY2014 without a malunion (matched 1:4) based on having an outpatient utilization date of care within 30 days of the fracture case. There was trend towards more nonsurgical treatment in the malunion group (n = 27, 96.43%) compared to the control group (n = 101, 90.18%) (P = 0.05), though fracture treatment proved not to be not associated with developing a malunion in univariate logistic regression analyses (OR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.08-1.09). In multivariate analyses, Veterans with tetraplegia were significantly less likely (approximately 3-fold) to have a fracture malunion (OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.14-0.93) compared to those with paraplegia. Fracture malunion was significantly less likely to occur for fractures of the ankle (OR = 0.02; 95% CI: 0-0.13) or the hip (OR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.03-0.56) compared to femur fractures. Fracture malunions were rarely treated. The most common complications following malunions were pressure injuries (56.3%) followed by osteomyelitis (25.0%). CONCLUSIONS Persons with tetraplegia as well as fractures of the ankle and hip (compared to the femur) were less likely to develop a fracture malunion. Attention to prevention of avoidable pressure injuries following a fracture malunion is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Le
- Division of Specialty Care, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Beverly Gonzalez
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward J. Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Frances Weaver
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward J. Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Bridget Sinnott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cara Ray
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward J. Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chu
- Division of Specialty Care, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara Premji
- Division of Specialty Care, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mattie Raiford
- Division of Specialty Care, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Omkar Mayur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Carbone
- Division of Specialty Care, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, J. Harold Harrison, MD, Distinguished University Chair in Rheumatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Ung L, Ohlmeier M, Jettkant B, Grasmücke D, Aach M, Meindl R, Nicolas V, Schildhauer TA, Citak M. Clinical and Radiological Outcomes After Surgical Treatment of Lower Limb Fractures in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury. Global Spine J 2020; 10:715-719. [PMID: 32707017 PMCID: PMC7383793 DOI: 10.1177/2192568219871019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. OBJECTIVES To analyze the clinical and radiological outcomes of lower limb fractures following surgical treatment in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Between January 2003 and December 2015, 102 chronic SCI patients with a lower limb fracture were surgically treated at our hospital. A total of 58 patients met the inclusion criteria and were recruited for final analysis. Patients with 2-stage procedure or incomplete clinical records with lost-to-follow-up were excluded from the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups (group 1= internal fixation; group 2 = external fixation). Primary outcome measures were to identify the number of nonunions via Kaplan-Meier analysis and the time to bone consolidation. The diagnosis of a pseudarthrosis was made after more than 180 days of consolidation time. Considering the Kaplan-Meier analysis, pseudarthrosis was interpreted as treatment failure. Secondary outcome measure was to evaluate the complication rate with special focus on heterotopic ossification. RESULTS A total of 58 chronic SCI patients with closed bone fractures were included in this study. Fifty-two fractures (88%) were simple and 7 (12%) were complex (type C) fractures according to AO classification. The majority of patients (34 cases, 59%) developed femur fractures followed by 24 tibial fractures (41%). Seventeen patients received an external (29%) and 41 an internal fixation (71%). Bone consolidation was reported in 31 patients (53%) with a mean time interval of bone consolidation after 97 days (range from 45 to 160 days; SD = 30). The reported nonunion (pseudarthrosis) rate was 47%. Comparing the internal group (n = 15 patients) versus the external group (n = 14), we could not find any significant difference (P = .939) concerning the bone consolidation time. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a 75% cumulative survivorship at 120 days (internal group) versus 111 days (external group). Most common postoperative complications occurred in the internal fixation group with Wound infections being predominantly observed (10%), followed by heterotopic ossifications (8%). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that surgical treatment of lower limb fractures in chronic SCI patients is a challenging treatment with a high pseudarthrosis rate in both groups. The complication rate seems to be lower in the patients treated with external fixation. As a clinical recommendation, longer implants should be used for a stable osteosynthesis since SCI patients seem to have a higher load on the osteosynthesis material due to missing sensomotoric feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ung
- BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Malte Ohlmeier
- BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,Malte Ohlmeier, Department of General and Trauma Surgery, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Birger Jettkant
- BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dennis Grasmücke
- BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mirko Aach
- BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Renate Meindl
- BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Volkmar Nicolas
- BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Mustafa Citak
- BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Should lower limb fractures be treated surgically in patients with chronic spinal injuries? Experience in a reference centre. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recote.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Barrera-Ochoa S, Haddad S, Rodríguez-Alabau S, Teixidor J, Tomás J, Molero V. Should lower limb fractures be treated surgically in patients with chronic spinal injuries? Experience in a reference centre. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2016; 61:19-27. [PMID: 27908583 DOI: 10.1016/j.recot.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the outcomes of surgical treatment of lower limb fractures in patients with chronic spinal cord injuries. MATERIAL AND METHOD A total of 37 lower limb fractures were treated from 2003 to 2010, of which 25 fractures were treated surgically and 12 orthopaedically. RESULTS Patients of the surgical group had better clinical results, range of motion, bone consolidation, and less pressure ulcers and radiological misalignment. No differences were detected between groups in terms of pain, hospital stay, and medical complications. DISCUSSION There is no currently consensus regarding the management of lower limb fractures in patients with chronic spinal cord injuries, but the trend has been conservative treatment due to the high rate of complications in surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS Chronic spinal cord injuries patients with lower limb fractures who are treated surgically achieved a more reliable consolidation, practically a free range of motion, low rate of cutaneous complications, and pain associated with the fracture. This allows a quick return to the previous standard of living, and should be considered as an alternative to orthopaedic treatment in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barrera-Ochoa
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, España; Grupo de Ingeniería Tisular Musculoesquelética, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona, España; Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario Quirón-Dexeus, ICATME, Barcelona, España.
| | - S Haddad
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, España
| | - S Rodríguez-Alabau
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario Quirón-Dexeus, ICATME, Barcelona, España
| | - J Teixidor
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, España
| | - J Tomás
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, España
| | - V Molero
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, España
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Bärlehner C, Böhm V, Flieger R, Meiners T. [Surgery for fractures of the lower extremities in cases of chronic spinal cord injury]. DER ORTHOPADE 2005; 34:137-8, 140-3. [PMID: 15650821 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-004-0757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
According to the literature, the need for surgical treatment of fractures of the lower extremity in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) is very limited. Conservative management is usually presented as the treatment of choice. We present the results of a retrospective review of 55 fractures in 44 patients from 1996 to 2000 which were managed surgically. Rating of the outcome was based on basic clinical and radiological criteria. The results of the radiological investigation on bone remodeling and bone positioning after healing were rated as good or excellent in 43 and fair in five limbs. In five cases, the treatment failed. For 53 of the 55 fractures, the patients regained their normal level of independence. Comparing our results to those presented in the literature, we clearly had fewer complications as well as better clinical and radiological results. We therefore advocate surgical treatment as an appropriate choice of treatment for lower extremity fractures of patients with chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bärlehner
- Department I-Zentrum für Rückenmarkverletzte, Werner-Wicker-Klinik, Bad Wildungen-Reinhardshausen
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