[Outcome after surgical treatment of calcaneal fractures]

[Calcaneoplasty with radiofrequency cementing following balloon reduction]

The standard surgical procedure for complex calcaneal fractures is open reduction, internal reduction and internal stable angle plate osteosynthesis via a lateral approach. More recently, options for minimally invasive and percutaneous surgical strategies have been presented [4, 7]. As a possible procedural alternative for a covered, surgical treatment of calcaneal fractures, calcaneoplasty is discussed and applied in this context [5]. In this case series of five complex calcaneal fractures presented here, a balloon catheter was used for percutaneous reduction to restore the alignment of the calcaneus.This was followed by placement of PMMA cement in radiofrequency application and osteosynthesis using percutaneous cannulated screws. This Vicenti technique allows stable reduction and retention with early partial weight bearing with an overall low complication rate [17].

Consequences of extensile lateral approach to the calcaneal fractures on balance and isokinetic strength of muscle groups crossing the ankle joint

BACKGROUND

Inherent characteristics of extensile lateral approach (ELA) for fixation of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures together with delayed or probably insufficient physical therapy programs may lead to weakness of the muscle groups crossing the ankle joint. Peroneal tendons might be involved more than others because of possible postoperative adhesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the isokinetic strength of the muscle groups crossing the ankle joint and also to assess balance and functional ability in this group of patients.

METHODS

Based on a pilot study, 23 patients undergone open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) via ELA and 22 healthy subjects as the control group participated in this observational cross-sectional study. Patients more than 20 years of age with at least 12 months passed their unilateral closed intraarticular calcaneal fracture fixation without any postoperative complications like infection or wound dehiscence were included. Patients with history of concomitant lower extremity injury, spine trauma or surgery, cases underwent removal of calcaneal plates, and cases with neuromuscular or vestibular dysfunction were excluded. The outcome was assessed by isokinetic parameters such as peak torque, peak torque normalized to body weight, mean power and total work modified star excursion balance test, triple hop for distance test, and evertor-to-invertor (E/I) strength ratio. Isokinetic tests were performed at 60 and 120°/s.

RESULTS

Greater strength was observed in all muscles in the control group at 60°/s (p < 0.05). Evertors and invertors were weaker in the operated group at 120°/s in comparison to the dorsiflexors and plantarflexors. Modified star excursion (p: 0.003) and triple hop tests (p: 0.001) were lower in the operated group. E/I ratio was not statistically significant between the two groups at 60°/s (p: 0.44) and 120°/s (p: 0.62).

CONCLUSIONS

Strength deficit in all muscle groups crossing the ankle joint, and not evertors in isolation, in addition to balance and functional impairments would be seen one year following ORIF of calcaneal fracture via ELA. A long-term rehabilitation program emphasizing different kinds of contraction at low and high speeds and balance training in these patients is highly recommended.

Patient-Reported Outcome Following Operative and Conservative Treatment of Calcaneal Fractures: A Retrospective Analysis of 79 Patients at Short- to Midterm Follow-Up

Background: Fractures of the calcaneus are severe injuries of the hindfoot, mostly resulting from high-energy axial loads, which still present enormous challenges to modern trauma surgery. Possible variables influencing the outcome are the type of fracture, age, and quality of fracture reduction. These might also be factors affecting the self-reported patient outcome, but large studies are still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the patient-reported outcome of calcaneal fractures following operative and conservative treatment.

Methods: All patients suffering from calcaneal fractures between 2002 and 2015 were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. The calcaneal fractures were classified according to Sanders and the AO classification system. For further analysis, two groups were formed: group I involved complex intra-articular fractures defined by the involvement of the posterior calcaneal facet, while group II consisted of extra-articular and process calcaneal fractures. Data were collected via the patient registry, radiographs, and a standardized questionnaire (Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, FAOS). For outcome analysis, non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test was performed, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated.

Results: In total, the functional outcome of 79 patients with calcaneal fractures was analyzed. In group 1 (n = 43), the mean FAOS score was 65.5 ± 18.9. The surgically treated patients with a Sanders type II calcaneal fracture had a mean FAOS score of 72.9 ± 17.2, type III fractures had 65.6 ± 20.8, and type IV had 61.1 ± 19 (p = 0.15). The reoperation rate was 22%, most frequently caused by wound complications (10%). The mean follow-up time was 64.5 ± 44 months. The mean FAOS score of group 2 (n = 36) was 75.2 ± 18.4, and 83% of the patients (=30) were managed conservatively. Only one out of six operatively managed patients had a reoperation due to regular implant removal. The mean follow-up time was 31 ± 25.9 months.

Conclusion: Intra-articular calcaneal fractures are severe injuries of the hindfoot leading to a fair to poor functional outcome in the majority of the patients. Complications regarding wound healing are the most common causes for revisional surgery. Extra-articular calcaneal fractures are a heterogenous entity commonly managed non-operatively. Overall, they show a better functional outcome in comparison to intra-articular calcaneal fractures.