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Matsumura Y, Maruyama M, Ntonifor NN, Beutel RG. A new species of Zoraptera, Zorotypuskomatsui sp. nov. from Cameroon and a redescription of Zorotypusvinsoni Paulian, 1951 (Polyneoptera, Zoraptera). Zookeys 2023; 1178:39-59. [PMID: 37692914 PMCID: PMC10492039 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1178.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A new species of the order Zoraptera, Zorotypuskomatsui Matsumura, Maruyama, Ntonifor & Beutel, sp. nov., is described from Cameroon. The female and male morphology of another species, Z.vinsoni, is re-described, and its new distribution in Madagascar is recorded. A particular focus is on the male postabdominal morphology. This is apparently a crucial body region in the very small order with an extreme variation of the genital apparatus but otherwise a very uniform morphology. The male of the newly described species shares rudimentary male genitalia and well-developed postabdominal projections with the distantly related Spermozorosimpolitus, apparently a result of parallel evolution. Whether males of Z.komatsui also perform external sperm transfer like S.impolitus remains to be shown. The collecting of the material used for this study suggests that the present knowledge of zorapteran species diversity of the Afrotropical region is very fragmentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsumura
- Systematic Entomology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, JapanHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Munetoshi Maruyama
- The Kyushu University Museum, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka, 812–8581, JapanThe Kyushu University MuseumFukuokaJapan
| | - Nelson N. Ntonifor
- Department of Agronomic and Applied Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, CameroonUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Rolf G. Beutel
- Entomology Group, Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, GermanyFriedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaJenaGermany
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2
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Matsumura Y, Lima SP, Rafael JA, Câmara JT, Beutel RG, Gorb SN. Distal leg structures of Zoraptera - did the loss of adhesive devices curb the chance of diversification? ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 68:101164. [PMID: 35468454 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The distal leg structures of Zoraptera are documented and discussed with respect to their functional morphology and evolutionary aspects. We investigated eight species using scanning electron microscopy. We analyzed material compositions of the tarsus in three representative species using confocal laser scanning microscopy. When possible, we included both sexes, wing morphs, and nymphs and compared the structures among them. The distal leg structure is unusually uniform across zorapterans regardless of the sex, morphs, and developmental stages. The observed features combine simplification with innovation. The former is likely partially correlated with cryptic microhabitats and miniaturization. Innovation includes a protibial cleaning organ. This is very likely an autapomorphy of Zoraptera. The tarsi are composed of two tarsomeres covered with setae. The pretarsus distally bears an unguitractor plate and well-sclerotized claws. The tarsomeres appear less-sclerotized than the covering setae. The articulation between the basitarsus and tarsomere 2 is hinge-like, implying that tarsomere 2 moves only mediolaterally. The simplified and specialized tarsal morphology is likely suitable for the typical zorapteran microhabitat, under bark. However, the irreversible complete loss of adhesive devices prevented zorapterans to make use of a broader spectrum of environments and was presumably one reason for the species paucity of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; General and Systematic Zoology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sheila P Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José A Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Rolf G Beutel
- Entomology Group, Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Molecular Phylogeny and Infraordinal Classification of Zoraptera (Insecta). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010051. [PMID: 31940956 PMCID: PMC7023341 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Zoraptera is a small and predominantly tropical insect order with an unresolved higher classification due to the extremely uniform external body morphology. We, therefore, conducted a multigene molecular phylogeny of extant Zoraptera and critically re-evaluated their morphological characters in order to propose a natural infraordinal classification. We recovered a highly-resolved phylogeny with two main clades representing major evolutionary lineages in Zoraptera, for which we propose family ranks. The two families exhibit striking differences in male genitalia and reproductive strategies. Each family contains two subclades (subfamilies) supported by several morphological synapomorphies including the relative lengths of the basal antennomeres, the number and position of metatibial spurs, and the structure of male genitalia. The newly proposed higher classification of Zoraptera includes the family Zorotypidae stat. revid. with Zorotypinae Silvestri, 1913 (Zorotypus stat. revid., Usazoros Kukalova-Peck and Peck, 1993 stat. restit.) and Spermozorinae subfam. nov. (Spermozoros gen. nov.), and Spriralizoridae fam. nov. with Spiralizorinae subfam. nov. (Spiralizoros gen. nov., Scapulizoros gen. nov., Cordezoros gen. nov., Centrozoros Kukalova-Peck and Peck, 1993, stat. restit., Brazilozoros Kukalova-Peck and Peck, 1993, stat. restit.), and Latinozorinae subfam. nov. (Latinozoros Kukalova-Peck and Peck, 1993, stat. restit.). An identification key and morphological diagnoses for all supraspecific taxa are provided.
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Chen X, Su G. A new species of
Zorotypus
(Insecta, Zoraptera, Zorotypidae) and the earliest known suspicious mating behavior of Zorapterans from the mid‐cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chen
- Cores and Samples Center of Land & Resources (CSCLR) Sanhe Hebei China
| | - Guifen Su
- Cores and Samples Center of Land & Resources (CSCLR) Sanhe Hebei China
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Dallai R, Mercati D, Mashimo Y, Machida R, Beutel RG. The morphology and ultrastructure of salivary glands of Zoraptera (Insecta). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:508-517. [PMID: 28189833 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The salivary glands of two species of Zoraptera, Zorotypus caudelli and Zorotypus hubbardi, were examined and documented mainly using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results obtained for males and females of the two species are compared and functional aspects related to ultrastructural features are discussed. The salivary glands are divided into two regions: the secretory cell region and the long efferent duct, the latter with its distal end opening in the salivarium below the hypopharyngeal base. The secretory region consists of a complex of secretory cells provided with microvillated cavities connected by short ectodermal ducts to large ones, which are connected with the long efferent duct. The secretory cell cytoplasm contains a large system of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus producing numerous dense secretions. The cells of the efferent duct, characterized by reduced cytoplasm and the presence of long membrane infoldings associated with mitochondria, are possibly involved in fluid uptaking from the duct lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - D Mercati
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Y Mashimo
- Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
| | - R Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano, 386-2204, Japan.
| | - R G Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Dallai R, Mercati D, Mashimo Y, Machida R, Beutel RG. The fine structure of the rectal pads of Zorotypus caudelli Karny (Zoraptera, Insecta). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:380-388. [PMID: 27368527 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The rectal pads of a species of the controversial polyneopteran order Zoraptera were examined using histological sections and TEM micrographs. Six pads are present along the thin rectal epithelium. Each pad consists of a few large principal cells surrounded by flattened junctional cells, which extend also beneath the principal cells. The cells are lined by a thin apical cuticle. No basal cells and no cavity have been observed beneath the pad. Principal cells have a regular layer of apical microvilli and are joined by intercellular septate junctions, which are interrupted by short dilatations of the intercellular space. At these levels the two adjacent plasma membranes are joined by short zonulae adhaerentes. In the cytoplasm, a rich system of strict associations between lateral plasma membranes and mitochondria forms scalariform junctions. Rectal pads share ultrastructural features with similar excretory organs of several neopteran groups, in particular with Blattodea (roaches and termites) and Thysanoptera, and are involved in fluid reabsorption and ion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - D Mercati
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Y Mashimo
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - R Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - R G Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Dallai R, Gottardo M, Beutel RG. Structure and Evolution of Insect Sperm: New Interpretations in the Age of Phylogenomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:1-23. [PMID: 26982436 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review of the structure of sperm in all orders of insects evaluates phylogenetic implications, with the background of a phylogeny based on transcriptomes. Sperm characters strongly support several major branches of the phylogeny of insects-for instance, Cercophora, Dicondylia, and Psocodea-and also different infraordinal groups. Some closely related taxa, such as Trichoptera and Lepidoptera (Amphiesmenoptera), differ greatly in sperm structure. Sperm characters are very conservative in some groups (Heteroptera, Odonata) but highly variable in others, including Zoraptera, a small and morphologically uniform group with a tremendously accelerated rate of sperm evolution. Unusual patterns such as sperm dimorphism, the formation of bundles, or aflagellate and immotile sperm have evolved independently in several groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Dallai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy; ,
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy; ,
| | - Rolf Georg Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany;
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Mashimo Y, Beutel RG, Dallai R, Gottardo M, Lee CY, Machida R. The morphology of the eggs of three species of Zoraptera (Insecta). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:656-666. [PMID: 26431636 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The egg structure of Zorotypus magnicaudelli, Zorotypus hubbardi and Zorotypus impolitus was examined and described in detail. Major characteristics of zorapteran eggs previously reported were confirmed in these species, with the partial exception of Z. impolitus: 1) a pair of micropyles at the equator of the egg's ventral side, 2) a honeycomb pattern on the egg surface, 3) a two-layered chorion, 4) micropylar canals running laterally, 5) a flap covering the inner opening of the micropylar canal and 6) no region specialized for hatching. These features are probably part of the groundplan of the order. Three groups (A-C) and two subgroups (A1 and A2) of Zoraptera can be distinguished based on characters of the reproductive apparatus including eggs. However, information for more species is needed for a reliable interpretation of the complex and apparently fast evolving character system. The egg of Z. impolitus presumably shows apomorphic characteristics not occurring in other species, a chorion without layered construction and polygonal surface compartments with different sculptures on the dorsal and ventral sides of the egg. Another feature found in this species, distinct enlargement of the micropyles, is also found in Z. hubbardi. The increased micropylar size is likely correlated with the giant spermatozoa produced by males of these two species. These two features combined with the large size of the spermatheca are arguably a complex synapomorphy of Z. hubbardi and Z. impolitus. The phylogenetic placement of Zoraptera is discussed based on the egg structure. A clade of Zoraptera + Eukinolabia appears most plausible, but the issue remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Mashimo
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen 1278-294, Ueda, Nagano, 386-2204, Japan.
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Romano Dallai
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen 1278-294, Ueda, Nagano, 386-2204, Japan.
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Ma C, Wang Y, Wu C, Kang L, Liu C. The compact mitochondrial genome of Zorotypus medoensis provides insights into phylogenetic position of Zoraptera. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1156. [PMID: 25529234 PMCID: PMC4367826 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoraptera, generally regarded as a member of Polyneoptera, represents one of the most enigmatic insect orders. Although phylogenetic analyses based on a wide array of morphological and/or nuclear data have been performed, the position of Zoraptera is still under debate. Mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) information is commonly considered to be preferable to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, but no efforts have been made to incorporate it in Zorapteran phylogeny. To characterize Zoraptera mitogenome features and provide insights into its phylogenetic placement, here we sequenced, for the first time, one complete mitogenome of Zoraptera and reconstructed the phylogeny of Polyneoptera. RESULTS The mitogenome of Zorotypus medoensis with an A+T content of 72.50% is composed of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and a noncoding A+T-rich region. The gene content and arrangement are identical to those considered ancestral for insects. This mitogenome shows a number of very unusual features. First, it is very compact, comprising 14,572 bp, and is the smallest among all known polyneopteran mitogenomes. Second, both noncoding sequences and coding genes exhibit a significant decrease in size compared with those of other polyneopterans. Third, Z. medoensis mitogenome has experienced an accelerated substitution rate. Fourth, truncated secondary structures of tRNA genes occur with loss of dihydrouridine (DHU) arm in trnC, trnR, and trnS(AGN) and loss of TΨC arm in trnH and trnT. The phylogenetic analyses based on the mitogenome sequence information indicate that Zoraptera, represented by Z. medoensis, is recovered as sister to Embioptera. However, both Zoraptera and Embioptera exhibit very long branches in phylogenetic trees. CONCLUSIONS Characterization of Z. medoensis mitogenome contributes to our understanding of the enigmatic Zoraptera. Mitogenome data demonstrate an overall strong resolution of deep-level phylogenies of Polyneoptera but not Insecta. It is preferable to expand taxon sampling of Zoraptera and other poorly represented orders in future to break up long branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ma
- />State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- />Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yeying Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Chao Wu
- />State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Le Kang
- />State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- />Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Chunxiang Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- />Laboratory of Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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Dallai R, Gottardo M, Mercati D, Rafael JA, Machida R, Mashimo Y, Matsumura Y, Beutel RG. The intermediate sperm type and genitalia of Zorotypus shannoni Gurney: evidence supporting infraordinal lineages in Zoraptera (Insecta). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-014-0244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dallai R. Overview on spermatogenesis and sperm structure of Hexapoda. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:257-290. [PMID: 24732045 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The main characteristics of the sperm structure of Hexapoda are reported in the review. Data are dealing with the process of spermatogenesis, including the aberrant models giving rise to a reduced number of sperm cells. The sperm heteromorphism and the giant sperm exceeding the usual sperm size for length and width are considered. The characteristics of several components of a typical insect sperm are described: the plasma membrane and its glycocalyx, the nucleus, the centriole region and the centriole adjunct, the accessory bodies, the mitochondrial derivatives and the flagellar axoneme. Finally, a detailed description of the main sperm features of each hexapodan group is given with emphasis on the flagellar components considered to have great importance in phylogenetic considerations. This study may be also useful to those requiring an introduction to hexapod reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Dallai R, Gottardo M, Mercati D, Machida R, Mashimo Y, Matsumura Y, Rafael JA, Beutel RG. Comparative morphology of spermatozoa and reproductive systems of zorapteran species from different world regions (Insecta, Zoraptera). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:371-383. [PMID: 24657729 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The male and female reproductive apparatus of Zorotypus magnicaudelli (Malaysia), Zorotypus huxleyi (Ecuador) and Zorotypus weidneri (Brazil) were examined and documented in detail. The genital apparatus and sperm of the three species show only minor differences. The testes are larger in Z. magnicaudelli. Z. huxleyi lacks the helical appendage in the accessory glands. A long cuticular flagellum is present in Z. magnicaudelli and in the previously studied Zorotypus caudelli like in several other species, whereas it is absent in Z. weidneri, Z. huxleyi, Zorotypus hubbardi, Zorotypus impolitus and Zorotypus guineensis. Characteristic features of the very similar sperm are the presence of: a) two dense arches above the axoneme; b) a 9 + 9+2 axoneme with detached subtubules A and B of doublets 1 and 6; c) the axonemal end degenerating with enlarging accessory tubules; d) accessory tubules with 17 protofilaments; e) three accessory bodies beneath the axoneme; and f) two mitochondrial derivatives of equal shape. The first characteristic (a) is unknown outside of Zoraptera and possibly autapomorphic. The sperm structure differs distinctly in Z. impolitus and Z. hubbardi, which produce giant sperm and possess a huge spermatheca. The presence of the same sperm type in species either provided with a sclerotized coiled flagellum in males or lacking this structure indicates that a different organization of the genital apparatus does not necessarily affect the sperm structure. The flagellum and its pouch has probably evolved within Zoraptera, but it cannot be excluded that it is a groundplan feature and was reduced several times. The fossil evidence and our findings suggest that distinct modifications in the genital apparatus occurred before the fragmentation of the Gondwanan landmass in the middle Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - David Mercati
- Department of Life Sciences, Via A. Moro 2, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano 386-2204, Japan.
| | - Yuta Mashimo
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano 386-2204, Japan.
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstr. 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - José Albertino Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Caixa Postal 478, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Rolf Georg Beutel
- Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstr. 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Matsumura Y, Yoshizawa K, Machida R, Mashimo Y, Dallai R, Gottardo M, Kleinteich T, Michels J, Gorb SN, Beutel RG. Two intromittent organs inZorotypus caudelli(Insecta, Zoraptera): the paradoxical coexistence of an extremely long tube and a large spermatophore. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsumura
- Entomology Group; Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Erbertstrasse 1 D-07743 Jena Germany
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology; Department of Ecology and Systematics; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center; University of Tsukuba; Nagano 386-2204 Japan
| | - Yuta Mashimo
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center; University of Tsukuba; Nagano 386-2204 Japan
| | - Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences; Via A. Moro 2 I-53100 Siena Italy
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences; Via A. Moro 2 I-53100 Siena Italy
| | - Thomas Kleinteich
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics; Institute of Zoology; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Am Botanischen Garten 1-9 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Michels
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics; Institute of Zoology; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Am Botanischen Garten 1-9 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics; Institute of Zoology; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Am Botanischen Garten 1-9 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Rolf G. Beutel
- Entomology Group; Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Erbertstrasse 1 D-07743 Jena Germany
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Dallai R, Gottardo M, Mercati D, Machida R, Mashimo Y, Matsumura Y, Beutel RG. Giant spermatozoa and a huge spermatheca: a case of coevolution of male and female reproductive organs in the ground louse Zorotypus impolitus (Insecta, Zoraptera). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:135-151. [PMID: 24211517 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The male and female genital apparatus of the recently discovered ground louse Zorotypus impolitus were examined using light and electron microscopy. The rounded testes and a large seminal vesicle are connected with a complex of four accessory glands by a long tapering ejaculatory duct. Two accessory glands have the same whitish coloration, whereas the third one is pale blue, and the elongated and cylindrical fourth one translucent. The sperm are the largest known in Hexapoda, 3mm long and 3μm wide, with a volume of ca. 21,000μm(3); the ratio between the diameter of the axoneme and the width of the main body of the sperm ranges between 1:10 and 1:13. The exceptional width of the spermatozoa is due to an extreme enlargement of the mitochondrial derivatives and accessory bodies. A single sperm is contained in a small globular spermatophore (100μm). The highly unusual external transfer correlates with an atypical mating behavior. The male produces several to many spermatophores during the mating process. As in other zorapterans the ovaries are panoistic and the eggs bear two micropyles. An exceptionally large apical spermathecal receptacle is present; it is connected with the vagina by a long spermathecal duct, which varies structurally along its course. A correlation between the sperm size and the size of the spermatheca is likely. Ultrastructural features of different species support two strikingly different models of male and female reproductive apparatus in the small order Zoraptera. This is in stark contrast to the extreme uniformity of their external morphology. It is likely that sexual selection played a decisive role in the evolution of the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - David Mercati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan.
| | - Yuta Mashimo
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan.
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Ebertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Ebertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Kotrba M, Heß M. Giant spiral shaped spermatozoa of Diasemopsis comoroensis (Diptera, Diopsidae) with a unique ultrastructural component. Tissue Cell 2013; 45:443-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mashimo Y, Beutel RG, Dallai R, Lee CY, Machida R. Embryonic development of Zoraptera with special reference to external morphology, and its phylogenetic implications (Insecta). J Morphol 2013; 275:295-312. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Mashimo
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center; University of Tsukuba; Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda Nagano 386-2204 Japan
| | - Rolf G. Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Erbertstrasse 1 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Via A. Moro 2 Siena I-53100 Italy
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- School of Biological Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Penang 11800 Malaysia
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center; University of Tsukuba; Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda Nagano 386-2204 Japan
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