1
|
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents have been widely used over the last 3 decades in routine clinical practice. Paul Lauterbur recognized the presence of these contrast agents, which act as paramagnetic catalysts that accelerate the T1 relaxation process. The first MR contrast agent to be approved for clinical use was in 1988, and since then, it is estimated that 200 million doses have been administered worldwide. These contrast agents have diverse clinical as well as research applications, involving almost all the body organs. This review will cover some existing as well as many new applications that have emerged over the last few decades. MR imaging now has the potential of being used to monitor enzymatic activity, gene expression, metal ion homeostasis, and cell death in vivo. In future, newer contrast agents will develop and become commercially available, expanding the current clinical applications of MR contrast media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Chandra
- *Department of Radiology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL ‡Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Özmen E, Algın O, Evrimler Ş, Arslan H. The Impact of Gd-Eob-Dtpa-Enhanced MR Cholangiography in Biliary Diseases: Comparison with T2-Weighted MR Cholangiopancreatography. Balkan Med J 2016; 33:275-82. [PMID: 27308071 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2016.140872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography is a novel technique and promising method in demonstrating biliary tree anatomy and evaluating biliary disorders. However, to date, there are a limited number of studies that have focused on the impact of this technique. AIMS We aimed to evaluate the additional role of contrast enhanced MR cholangiography (MRC) and compare contrast enhanced MRC with T2-weighted (w) magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the diagnosis of biliary disorders. STUDY DESIGN Diagnostic accuracy study. METHODS The T2w-MRCP and contrast enhanced MRC sequences of 31 patients whose gold standard test results were available were scored visually for the existence of pathological findings with regard to any of the biliary diseases. Gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) was used as the contrast agent. The correlation values were determined according to the statistical analysis made from those scores and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of each sequence were detected as well. RESULTS We detected that the correlation values with gold standard methods of contrast enhanced MRC sequences were significantly higher than the ones of T2w-MRCP sequences. The correlation ratios of T2w-MRCP sequences were between 26 and 34%, while those for contrast enhanced MRC sequences were between 81 and 83% for the first reader and the correlation ratios of T2w-MRCP sequences were between 10 and 61%, whereas those of contrast enhanced MRC were between 79 and 81% for the second reader The mean sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of T2w-MRCP sequences were 14.3-42.5%, 85-89.2% and 59.3-72.5%, respectively, while the mean sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of contrast enhanced MRC sequences were 100%, 86.7% and 93.2-93.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION We suggest that obtaining of contrast enhanced MRC sequences in addition to the T2w-MRCP can be useful in the diagnosis of many diseases in relation with biliary tree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Özmen
- Department of Radiology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Oktay Algın
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şehnaz Evrimler
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Arslan
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Lee SW, Cha SH, Chung HH, Kim KH, Yeom SK, Seo BK, Je BK, Kim BH. Functional magnetic resonance cholangiography with Gd-EOB-DTPA: a study in healthy volunteers. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32:385-91. [PMID: 24529920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the patterns of bile distribution in the biliary tree, duodenum, jejunum, and stomach, and to determine the gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) by using functional magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) with gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) in healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty subjects were included in this study. After conventional MRC, pre-fatty meal MRC (PRFM) was obtained at 30, 40, 50, and 60min after contrast agent injection. Then, post-fatty meal MRC (POFM) was obtained every 10min for 1h. We assessed the PRFM and POFM for opacification of contrast agent in the first- and second-order intrahepatic ducts (IHDs) and the common bile duct (CBD). Contrast agent opacification in the cystic duct was assessed, and the percentage volume of contrast agent filling in the gallbladder (GB) was calculated on PRFM. We calculated the GBEF and assessed the presence of contrast agent in the GB, duodenum, jejunum, and stomach. RESULTS Thirty-six (90%) subjects showed grade 3 CBD opacification (visible contrast and well-defined bile duct border) on 60-min PRFM. Thirty-four (85%) subjects showed grade 3 first-order IHD opacification on 60-min PRFM. All (100%) subjects showed cystic duct opacification of contrast agent, and the average percentage volume of contrast agent filling in the GB was 68.81%±16.84% on 60-min PRFM. The GBEF at 30-min POFM was 35.00%±18.26%. Ten (25%) subjects had no contrast agent in the stomach and small bowel on all PRFMs. Twelve (30%) subjects had contrast medium in the stomach on PRFM and/or POFM. CONCLUSIONS Functional MRC with Gd-EOB-DTPA can allow determining the distribution of bile in the biliary tree and small intestine, as well as the GBEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wha Lee
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hopsital, # 516 GoJan 1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 425-707
| | - Sang Hoon Cha
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hopsital, # 516 GoJan 1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 425-707.
| | - Hwan Hoon Chung
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hopsital, # 516 GoJan 1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 425-707
| | - Kee Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hopsital, # 516 GoJan 1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 425-707
| | - Suk Keu Yeom
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hopsital, # 516 GoJan 1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 425-707
| | - Bo Kyung Seo
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hopsital, # 516 GoJan 1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 425-707
| | - Bo Kyung Je
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hopsital, # 516 GoJan 1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 425-707
| | - Baek Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hopsital, # 516 GoJan 1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 425-707
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kantarcı M, Pirimoglu B, Karabulut N, Bayraktutan U, Ogul H, Ozturk G, Aydinli B, Kizrak Y, Eren S, Yilmaz S. Non-invasive detection of biliary leaks using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR cholangiography: comparison with T2-weighted MR cholangiography. Eur Radiol 2013; 23:2713-22. [PMID: 23695221 PMCID: PMC3769590 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-013-2880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the added role of T1-weighted (T1w) gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) compared with T2-weighted MRC (T2w-MRC) in the detection of biliary leaks. Methods Ninety-nine patients with suspected biliary complications underwent routine T2w-MRC and T1w contrast-enhanced (CE) MRC using Gd-EOB-DTPA to identify biliary leaks. Two observers reviewed the image sets separately and together. MRC findings were compared with those of surgery and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopancreatography. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the techniques in identifying biliary leaks were calculated. Results Accuracy of locating biliary leaks was superior with the combination of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC and T2w-MRC (P < 0.05).The mean sensitivities were 79 % vs 59 %, and the mean accuracy rates were 84 % vs 58 % for combined CE-MRC and T2w-MRC vs sole T2w-MRC. Nineteen out of 21 patients with biliary-cyst communication, 90.4 %, and 12/15 patients with post-traumatic biliary extravasations, 80 %, were detected by the combination of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC and T2w-MRC images, P < 0.05. Conclusions Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC yields information that complements T2w-MRC findings and improves the identification and localisation of the bile extravasations (84 % accuracy, 100 % specificity, P < 0.05). We recommend Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC in addition to T2w-MRC to increase the preoperative accuracy of identifying and locating extravasations of bile. Key Points • Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) does not always detect bile leakage and cysto-biliary communications. • Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC helps by demonstrating extravasation of contrast material into fluid collections. • Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC also demonstrates the leakage site and bile duct injury type. • Combined Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced and T2w-MRC can provide comprehensive information about biliary system. • Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC is non-invasive and does not use ionising radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mecit Kantarcı
- School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
MRI for evaluation of potential living liver donors: a new approach including contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 37:244-51. [PMID: 21479607 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-011-9736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the feasibility of a comprehensive MRI protocol using intrabiliary contrast medium (gadolinium-EOB-DTPA) for evaluation of living liver donors. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospective study, 30 donor candidates for living-related liver transplantation (17 men; 13 women, mean age 37 ± 10.9 years) underwent MRI including MR-angiography (MRA) as well as a conventional T2-weighted MR-cholangiography (MRC) and a contrast-enhanced sequence for depiction of the biliary structures. MRC and MRA images were evaluated for quality on a four-point-scale (score of 0 indicated poor and a score of 3, excellent image quality). Anatomic variants of the arterial, venous, portal venous, and biliary structures were identified. RESULTS Image quality was diagnostic in all examinations except for 4 of 30 MRA data sets. Intrahepatic biliary structures, especially with regard to the intrahepatic bile ducts of 2nd and 3rd order could be identified with significantly increased image quality than in conventional T2-weighted MRC sequences (P = 0.005 and P = 0.035). A high percentage rate of anatomic variants regarding the biliary, arterial, venous, and portal venous anatomy was found. CONCLUSION This protocol allows the evaluation of liver donors especially with regard to the biliary structures. However, the depiction of the arterial anatomy requires further technical developments.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bastati-Huber N, Prosch H, Baroud S, Magnaldi S, Schima W, Ba-Ssalamah A. [New developments in MRI of the liver]. Radiologe 2012; 51:680-7. [PMID: 21809147 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-010-2126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Radiology has gained an exceptional position in medicine because a correct diagnosis is the most crucial issue in determining an accurate and personalized therapeutic strategy. This has a direct influence not only on the individual patient but also on the socio-economic aspects of healthcare services in terms of shortening the time interval to establish a diagnosis and to avoid risk-associated invasive diagnostic methods or long-term, cost-intensive follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent example of this which due to continuous technological developments and emerging techniques allows a non-invasive diagnosis of the different hepatic diseases. In this article, we illustrate the direct correlation between the recent technical advances in MRI, such as 3.0 T, diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion imaging, spectroscopy, texture analysis and MR elastography and obtaining a confident non-invasive diagnosis of focal and diffuse liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Bastati-Huber
- Universitätsklinik für Radiodiagnostik, AKH, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Contrast-enhanced MR cholangiography (MRCP) with GD-EOB-DTPA in evaluating biliary complications after surgery. Radiol Med 2011; 117:354-68. [PMID: 22020424 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-011-0731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed the usefulness of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography (CE-MRC) with liver-specific contrast agent in evaluating the biliary tree after hepatic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 142 patients with suspected biliary complications after liver surgery underwent hepatobiliary MR before and after administration of gadolinium ethoxy benzylic diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA). Unenhanced MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and postcontrast MRC were obtained in all patients. Blinded image evaluation and semiquantitative analysis comparing MRCP and CE-MRC were performed by two experienced radiologists. RESULTS In all cases, optimal postcontrast visualisation of the biliary tract was obtained. In 22 patients, a postsurgical biliary complication was confirmed. MRCP detected 64% of lesions, but in 36% of cases, an alteration was only suspected but not clearly defined. CE-MRC allowed definite diagnosis in 100% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents allow for accurate and extensive study of biliary tract alterations, especially in assessing postsurgical complications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pecchi A, De Santis M, Di Benedetto F, Gibertini M, Gerunda G, Torricelli P. Role of magnetic resonance cholangiography in biliary complications of orthotopic liver transplantation. Radiol Med 2010; 115:1065-79. [PMID: 20680501 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-010-0563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in the detection of biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-eight transplant patients with clinically suspected biliary complications were evaluated with 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a surface coil. All patients were imaged with the following sequences: axial T1-weighted and axial and coronal T2-weighted, 2D spin echo (SE) breath-hold radial cholangiography, and coronal 3D single-shot turbo spin echo (SS-TSE) with respiratory triggering. Patients with negative MRI underwent clinical and sonographic followup. When biliary complications were present, diagnostic confirmation was obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n=13), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) (n=20), ultrasonography (n=10) or computed tomography (CT) (n=2). In 11 cases, surgical confirmation was also obtained. RESULTS MRC detected biliary complications in 44/78 patients, in particular, 42 biliary strictures (37 anastomotic and five intrahepatic), 40 of which were confirmed by other imaging modalities. In 25/37 cases of anastomotic stricture, preanastomotic dilatation of the biliary tract was also demonstrated. Other MRC-detected biliary complications were biliary sludge (n=4), biloma (n=5), and biliary stones (n=3). In four cases, PTC revealed biliary complications that had not been detected with MRC (false negative results). In two cases, MRC showed unconfirmed strictures of the intrahepatic ducts and biliodigestive anastomosis (false positive results). The sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values and diagnostic accuracy of MRC were 93.5%, 94.4%, 96.7%, 89.5% and 93.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that MRC is a reliable technique for depicting biliary anastomoses and detecting biliary complications after OLT. The high diagnostic accuracy of MRC indicates that this examination should be routinely employed in all OLT patients with clinically suspected biliary complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pecchi
- Dipartimento Integrato dei Servizi Diagnostici e per Immagine, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Policlinico via del Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI of the liver: part 1, protocol optimization and lesion appearance in the noncirrhotic liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195:13-28. [PMID: 20566794 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.10.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to review the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA), to describe a workflow-optimized pulse sequence protocol, and to illustrate the imaging appearance of focal lesions in the noncirrhotic liver. CONCLUSION Gd-EOB-DTPA allows a comprehensive evaluation of the liver with the acquisition of both dynamic and hepatocyte phase images. This provides potential additional information, especially for the detection and characterization of small liver lesions. However, protocol optimization is necessary for improved image quality and workflow.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ringe KI, Gupta RT, Brady CM, Massey CM, Hahn A, Galanski M, Merkle EM, Lotz J. Respiratory-triggered Three-dimensional T2-weighted MR Cholangiography after Injection of Gadoxetate Disodium: Is It Still Reliable? Radiology 2010; 255:451-8. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10091130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
12
|
Ringe KI, Husarik DB, Gupta RT, Boll DT, Merkle EM. Hepatobiliary transit times of gadoxetate disodium (Primovist®) for protocol optimization of comprehensive MR imaging of the biliary system--what is normal? Eur J Radiol 2010; 79:201-5. [PMID: 20347540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine transit times for excretion of Gd-EOB-DTPA into different segments of the hepatobiliary system in patients with normal liver function. METHODS This retrospective study was IRB approved with a waiver of consent granted. 61 patients (39 female, 22 male, mean age 52.5 years) with normal liver and renal function who underwent contrast enhanced hepatic MRI after injection of 10 mL Gd-EOB-DTPA at 1.5T and 3T were included. Two readers evaluated all delayed images (3-20 min post contrast) for the presence of contrast agent in the intrahepatic bile ducts (IBD), the common bile duct (CBD), the gallbladder and the duodenum. A two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test with p<0.05 deemed significant was used to determine whether transit times were affected by patient gender, age or body mass index. RESULTS 20 min after contrast initiation, Gd-EOB-DTPA could be detected in the IBD and the CBD in all patients (100%); gallbladder reflux was visible in 53 (86.9%), duodenal excretion in 40 patients (65.5%), respectively. Mean transit times for contrast appearance in the various segments were as follows: IBD 12 min 13s; CBD 12 min 27 s; gallbladder 13 min 32s. Transit times were not significantly affected by patient gender, age or BMI. CONCLUSION Within 20 min post contrast initiation, Gd-EOB-DTPA can be expected in the IBD and the CBD in patients with normal liver function. However, functional information about the sphincter Oddi complex can be ascertained only in about two thirds of these patients within this timeframe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Ringe
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mori H, Furuya K, Akimoto S, Ajioka R, Emoto T. [Examination of the means of measuring liver function in the hepatobiliary phase]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2009; 65:1502-1511. [PMID: 20019430 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.65.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In a field of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver, attention has been focused on evaluation of liver function using gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(EOB). In this study, we examined the possibility of obtaining liver function in only one hepatobiliary phase 60 minutes after injection. First, in regard to the difference between the signal intensity of two materials, we examined the effects of slice gap, surface coil intensity correction(SCIC), and others. Secondly, we compared the difference between liver and spleen signal intensity with biochemical laboratory tests, Child-Pugh class, liver damage class, and the two indices(HH(15) and LHL(15))calculated by 99mTc-DTPA-galactosyl-human serum albumin hepatic scintigraphy in patients with chronic liver diseases. Finally, we designated the "Liver EOB uptake index(L-EOB(60))" from those results, compared with HH(15) and LHL(15). The results demonstrated that the difference between the signal intensity of two materials increased in the lack of slice gap explained by cross talk, and decreased with SCIC. The difference between liver and spleen signal intensity decreased with worsened liver and kidney function. In the case of slice gap >20% and direct bilirubin <0.5 mg/dL without SCIC, the correlation coefficient between L-EOB(60) and LHL(15) was 0.97. L-EOB(60) was strongly proportional to LHL(15). We conclude that L-EOB(60) meeting the above conditions can be employed as a useful index to determine liver function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshige Mori
- Department of Radiology, Hokkaido Social Insurance Hospital
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
NAKAMURA Y, OHMOTO T, SAITO T, KAJIMA T, NISHIMARU E, ITO K. Effects of Gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid on T2-weighted MRCP. Magn Reson Med Sci 2009; 8:143-8. [DOI: 10.2463/mrms.8.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
15
|
Wald C, Scholz FJ, Pinkus E, Wise RE, Flacke S. An Update on Biliary Imaging. Surg Clin North Am 2008; 88:1195-220, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
16
|
Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: consensus statement from the 1st International Primovist User Meeting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10406-008-0010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
17
|
High Spatial Resolution T1-Weighted MR Imaging of Liver and Biliary Tract During Uptake Phase of a Hepatocyte-Specific Contrast Medium. Invest Radiol 2008; 43:809-15. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e318186242b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
18
|
Sahni VA, Mortele KJ. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: current use and future applications. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6:967-77. [PMID: 18774532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance pancreatography (MRCP) is now established as a robust noninvasive tool for the evaluation of biliary and pancreatic pathology. Its diagnostic performance is comparable with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography without the associated risks. This article aims to familiarize the reader with the technique, clinical indications, and limitations of the investigation. Common pitfalls in interpretation also are addressed. Emerging applications and techniques are discussed that include recent advances in technology and the development of functional imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram A Sahni
- Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|