Hüftkopfnekrose

Comparison of two joint-preserving treatments for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: core decompression and core decompression with additional cancellous bone grafting

OBJECTIVE

Femoral head necrosis (FHN) affects mostly young and active people. The most common operative therapy is core decompression (CD) with optional cancellous bone grafting (CBG). Because little information is available on the long-term results of these procedures, we investigated the effectiveness of CD and CD + CBG in patients with ARCO stage II FHN in terms of postoperative pain, range of motion, patient-reported outcome measures (Harris Hip Score, Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, EuroQol 5D, and Short Form 36 Questionnaire), and disease progression.

METHODS

We retrospectively compared 11 patients treated with CD alone 48.0 months (range, 26.3-68.5 months) postoperatively versus 11 patients treated with CD + CBG 69.2 months (range, 38.0-92.9 months) postoperatively. All patients were assessed according to a routine clinical protocol involving a clinical examination, questionnaires, and radiological imaging (X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging).

RESULTS

The clinical and radiological results showed no significant differences between the two groups. Both interventions demonstrated equal results according to clinical scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data may encourage application of the less invasive technique of CD alone without CBG, which is more surgically demanding. Further prospective studies with longer follow-up are necessary to clarify the risk factors for therapy failure.

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: three-dimensional measurement of drilling precision reveals high accuracy and no difference between fluoroscopically controlled core decompression and cancellous bone grafting

INTRODUCTION

Avascular osteonecrosis of the femoral head (AVN) is a widespread disease affecting mostly young and active people, often exacerbating in progressive stages, ending in joint replacement. The most common joint preserving operative therapy for early stages is core decompression (CD), optional with cancellous bone grafting (CBG). For success it is vital that the necrotic area is hit and the sclerotic rim is broken by drilling into the defect zone to relieve intraosseous pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate if both techniques are precise enough to hit the center of the necrosis and if there is a difference in precision between drilling with small pins (CD) and the trephine (CBG).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

10 patients underwent CD, 12 patients CBG with conventional C-arm imaging. Postoperatively 3D MRI reconstructions of the necrotic area and the drilling channels were compared. The deviation of the drilling channel from the center of the necrotic area was measured. PROMs (HHS, HOOS, EQ-5D, SF-36) were evaluated to compare the clinical success of these procedures.

RESULTS

Neither with CD nor with CBG the defect zone was missed. The drilling precision of both procedures did not differ significantly: distance to center 3.58 mm for CD (range 0.0-14.06, SD 4.2) versus 3.91 mm for CBG (range 0.0-15.27, SD 4.7). PROMs showed no significant difference.

CONCLUSION

Concerning the most important difference between the two procedures-the surgical higher demanding technique of CBG-we suggest applying the less invasive technique of CD alone.

Study on the outcome of patients with aseptic femoral head necrosis treated with percutaneous multiple small-diameter drilling core decompression: a retrospective cohort study based on magnetic resonance imaging and equivalent sphere model analysis

Background

Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) has a high incidence in the community and causes substantial problems with health as well as economic and social stress. Core decompression is the most commonly used treatment for early ANFH. Although many studies have reported on the efficacy of femoral head core decompression surgery for ANFH, there are still some shortcomings in assessing the severity of femoral head necrosis, the location distribution, and changes in necrotic lesions before and after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and equivalent sphere model analysis were used to further clarify the clinical efficacy of percutaneous multiple small-diameter drilling core decompression in patients with ANFH.

Methods

From July 2013 to November 2016, 24 patients (32 cases of the hip joint) with ANFH who underwent percutaneous multiple small-diameter drilling core decompression were selected, and a retrospective analysis was conducted. MRI as well as VAS, OHS-C, and HHS scores were used to evaluate joint function in all patients before and 6, 12, and 24 months after the operation.

Results

Twenty-four months after the operation, 10 hips were amputated. The survival rates of alcoholic femoral head necrosis (AFNH), idiopathic femoral head necrosis (IFHN), and steroid-induced femoral head necrosis (SIFHN) patients at 24 months were 100%, 85.7% (− 2 hips), and 0.0% (− 8 hips), respectively. The MRI and equivalent sphere analysis results revealed that the anterior superior medial quadrant was the area most prone to osteonecrosis, and the posterior superior medial quadrant was the area second most prone to necrosis. After the operation, the average percentage of the AFHN necrosis area in the total volume of the femoral head decreased from 14.5 to 10.3%, and the average percentage of the IFHN necrosis area decreased from 16.3 to 9.2%; however, the average percentage of the necrosis area for SIFHN increased from 30.4 to 33.1%.

Conclusion

Percutaneous multiple small-diameter drilling core decompression significantly reduced the lesion volume for AFHN and IFHN, but the effect on SIFHN was not good.

Efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave combined spinal core decompression for the treatment of patients with femoral head necrosis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have reported that extracorporeal shock wave (EPSW) combined spinal core decompression (SCD) has been used for the treatment of patients with femoral head necrosis (FHN) effectively. However, their results are still inconsistent. Therefore, this study will systematically assess the efficacy and safety of EPSW and SCD for the treatment of patients with FHN.

METHODS

This study will systematically search the following databases from inception through March 1, 2020: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. All searches will be performed without language and publication date restrictions. This study will only include randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy and safety of EPSW and SCD for the treatment of patients with FHN. Two authors will independently assess all literatures, extract data, and appraise risk of bias. Any confusion between 2 authors will be cleared up by a third author through discussion. RevMan 5.3 software will be utilized to analyze the data and to perform a meta-analysis if necessary.

RESULTS

This study will summarize up-to-date evidence and provide a detailed summary related to the efficacy and safety of EPSW and SCD for the treatment of patients with FHN.

CONCLUSION

This study may provide helpful evidence to determine whether or not EPSW combined SCD is effective and safety for the treatment of patients with FHN.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

INPLASY202040092.

Evaluation of bone viability in patients after girdlestone arthroplasty: comparison of bone SPECT/CT and MRI

PURPOSE

To test the diagnostic performance of bone SPECT/CT and MRI for the evaluation of bone viability in patients after girdlestone-arthroplasty with histopathology used as gold standard.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, patients after girdlestone-arthroplasty were imaged with single-photon-emission-computed-tomography/computed-tomography (SPECT/CT) bone-scans using 99mTc-DPD. Additionally, 1.5 T MRI was performed with turbo-inversion-recovery-magnitude (TIRM), contrast-enhanced T1-fat sat (FS) and T1-mapping. All imaging was performed within 24 h prior to revision total-hip-arthroplasty in patients with a girdlestone-arthroplasty. In each patient, four standardized bone-tissue-biopsies (14 patients) were taken intraoperatively at the remaining acetabulum superior/inferior and trochanter major/minor. Histopathological evaluation of bone samples regarding bone viability was used as gold standard.

RESULTS

A total of 56 bone-segments were analysed and classified as vital (n = 39) or nonvital (n = 17) by histopathology. Mineral/late-phase SPECT/CT showed a high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (94%) to distinguish viable and nonviable bone tissue. TIRM (sensitivity 87%, specificity 88%) and contrast-enhanced T1-FS (sensitivity 90%, specificity 88%) also achieved a high sensitivity and specificity. T1-mapping achieved the lowest values (sensitivity 82%, specificity 82%). False positive results in SPECT/CT and MRI resulted from small bone fragments close to metal artefacts.

CONCLUSIONS

Both bone SPECT/CT and MRI allow a reliable differentiation between viable and nonviable bone tissue in patients after girdlestone arthroplasty. The findings of this study could also be relevant for the evaluation of bone viability in the context of avascular bone necrosis.

Aspects of postoperative magnetic resonance imaging of patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head, treated by advanced core decompression

OBJECTIVE

To analyze remodeling processes after advanced core decompression (ACD) in patients with avascular femoral head necrosis by means of 3T MRI and to identify indicators for clinical outcome considering the defect size and characteristics of the bone graft and of the neighboring regeneration tissue.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-four hips, with preexisting preoperative MRIs in 21 cases, were examined 1-34 months (mean 12.7) postoperatively by 3T MRI. The volume of necrosis was measured manually pre- and postoperatively to calculate absolute as well as percentage necrosis reduction. The signal intensity of the bone graft was quantified using a 4-point scale. Border phenomena between the bone graft and bone were described and classified into groups. Wilcoxon sign-rank test was used to identify correlations between the analyzed items and clinical signs of femoral head collapse after a mean follow-up time of 28.6 months (10.4-46.8).

RESULTS

Mean percentage reduction of necrosis was significantly higher in asymptomatic patients (59.36%) compared to patients with signs of femoral head collapse (28.78%, p = 0.008). Signal intensity of the bone graft increased in T1w and T2w TIRM sequences over time after surgery and was significantly higher in asymptomatic patients. Five border phenomena between the bone graft and healthy bone were identified. Among them, the so-called "rail sign" representing three layers of remodeling tissue correlated with the histological observations.

CONCLUSION

A variety of border phenomena representing remodeling processes have been described using 3T MRI. Beneath the percentage amount of necrosis reduction, we identified the signal intensity of the bone graft as an indicator for clinical outcome.

[Aseptic osteonecrosis in children and adolescents]

BACKGROUND

Aseptic osteonecrosis (AO) in children and adolescents has been described in all parts of the skeleton. The disease is presumed to be caused by local blood circulation disorders, the reasons for which are multifactorial and occur more often in times of stronger growth intensity.

DISEASE SEQUELAE

The disease leads to bone catabolism which can affect the epiphyses, metaphyses, apophyses, carpal and tarsal bones of the hands and feet. The more stretched the form alteration of the bone at the end of the diseases is, the earlier arthritic alterations occur due to the incongruence of the corresponding joint partner. If a growth plate is affected, a growth disorder can be the result.

DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY

The diagnostics and therapeutic measures are oriented to the site and extent of the disease and the age of the child. For early forms of AO magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging method of choice. In recent years the medicinal therapy of AO has been described as an additional option. The disease lasts at least several months up to years and more commonly affects boys than girls with the exception of necrosis of the foot tarsals.

CONCLUSION

The early diagnosis and immediate initiation of adequate therapy which must take the age and stage of the disease into consideration, can reduce a possible joint destruction. Prostaglandin therapy, as an off label use, leads to a reduction of pain and improvement in mobility.

[Osseous tuberculosis as a rare differential diagnosis of femoral head necrosis]

BACKGROUND

We report on a 60-year-old immunocompetent German male patient without risk factors, who had been suffering from pain in the right hip for 8 months.

DIAGNOSTICS

Radiographs showed destruction of the femoral head with a collapse of the main weight-bearing area, which was interpreted as femoral head necrosis.

THERAPY

A cement-free total hip prosthesis was then implanted. The femoral head was sent for routine histological analysis and PCR amplification yielded a positive result for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA, leading to immediate guideline-based tuberculostatic treatment.

CONCLUSION

Tuberculosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in the case of destruction of the femoral head, especially in immunocompromised patients, patients with a foreign background or destructive osteoarthritis of the hip with an atypical course. Antibiotic treatment is necessary postoperatively. Under this therapy, a good clinical outcome can be expected comparable to that achieved in patients with primary osteoarthritis without infection.

Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with VEGF165 transgenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in mongrel dogs

We evaluated the efficacy of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF(165)) transgenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for the repair of early-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in mature mongrel dogs. This animal model was surgically established by femoral neck osteotomy and subsequent repinning. Twenty-seven dogs (54 hips) were divided into 3 equal-sized groups: a pCI-neo-VEGF(165) BMSC group, a pCI-neo BMSC group and a core decompression-alone group. The lipofectamine was used to introduce the VEGF(165) gene into the BMSCs. After core decompression, transgenic and non-transgenic autologous BMSCs were implanted. Therapeutic efficacy, including new bone formation and neovascularization in the femoral head, was examined by computed radiography, single-photon emission computed tomography, histological and histomorphometric analysis and immunofluorescent staining for von Willebrand factor in pathological sections. The femoral osteotomy site healed completely by the 4th week after the osteotomy surgery and regions of histologically evident osteonecrosis were found 12 weeks later. A regular arrangement of trabeculae and obvious bone regeneration were observed in the animals receiving implanted VEGF-transgenic BMSCs. The quantity of newly generated capillaries was significantly increased in the pCI-neo-VEGF(165) BMSC group, but there was no significant difference between the pCI-neo BMSC group and the core decompression-alone group. These results demonstrated that VEGF(165) transgenic autologous BMSCs enhanced bone reconstruction and blood vessel regeneration in the ONFH model. Compared with non-transgenic BMSCs, this approach could provide advanced benefits in the treatment of ONFH.

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in patients with Hodgkin's disease

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is a rare complication that may occur in patients diagnosed with Hodgkin's Disease (HD), as a result of treatment. A review was made of 315 cases of HD treated with systemic chemotherapy associated with high doses of steroids and radiation therapy and 18 patients (5.71%) were found to have developed ANFH during treatment. The mean follow-up time for chemotherapy was 40 months (range 20-110 months) with an average dose of prednisone of 8.45 g (range 3.20 - 18.50). The patients were treated by simple forage, simple forage plus IES and total hip arthroplasty (THA). In 8 cases (44.44%) forage associated with IES was performed as the initial treatment option and 6 of these cases were found to be in Ficat stage II (75%), 1 was found to be in stage III (12.55%) and another in stage IV (12.5%). In 2 cases, the central decompression technique was used (Simple Forage); both were in Ficat stage II. In the other 8 cases, a total hip arthroplasty (THA) was chosen as the initial treatment option, with 3 of these patients in Ficat stage III and 5 in Ficat stage IV. The clinical outcomes (time to postoperative pain, time to radiological failure, and time to arthroplasty from the forage) following surgical management using the forage-biopsy technique with and without internal electrostimulation (IES) were recorded. We observed that treatment with Forage + IES was better than simple Forage in stages below III in patients with Hodgkin's Disease. We considered that in Ficat stage III and IV arthroplasty (THA) was the better option. Steroids do not appear to be the only factor that worsens the outcomes of the parameters tested, and, in our opinion, other associated factors exist.