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Filip E, Woronko K, Stępień E, Czarniecka N. An Overview of Factors Affecting the Functional Quality of Common Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087524. [PMID: 37108683 PMCID: PMC10142556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide, and, as a resilient cereal, it grows in various climatic zones. Due to changing climatic conditions and naturally occurring environmental fluctuations, the priority problem in the cultivation of wheat is to improve the quality of the crop. Biotic and abiotic stressors are known factors leading to the deterioration of wheat grain quality and to crop yield reduction. The current state of knowledge on wheat genetics shows significant progress in the analysis of gluten, starch, and lipid genes responsible for the synthesis of the main nutrients in the endosperm of common wheat grain. By identifying these genes through transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics studies, we influence the creation of high-quality wheat. In this review, previous works were assessed to investigate the significance of genes, puroindolines, starches, lipids, and the impact of environmental factors, as well as their effects on the wheat grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Filip
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Woronko
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Stępień
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 16, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Czarniecka
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
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de Sousa T, Ribeiro M, Sabença C, Igrejas G. The 10,000-Year Success Story of Wheat! Foods 2021; 10:2124. [PMID: 34574233 PMCID: PMC8467621 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in the world as it is used in the production of a diverse range of traditional and modern processed foods. The ancient varieties einkorn, emmer, and spelt not only played an important role as a source of food but became the ancestors of the modern varieties currently grown worldwide. Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) now account for around 95% and 5% of the world production, respectively. The success of this cereal is inextricably associated with the capacity of its grain proteins, the gluten, to form a viscoelastic dough that allows the transformation of wheat flour into a wide variety of staple forms of food in the human diet. This review aims to give a holistic view of the temporal and proteogenomic evolution of wheat from its domestication to the massively produced high-yield crop of our day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma de Sousa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.d.S.); (M.R.); (C.S.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2825-149 Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.d.S.); (M.R.); (C.S.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2825-149 Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carolina Sabença
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.d.S.); (M.R.); (C.S.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2825-149 Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.d.S.); (M.R.); (C.S.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2825-149 Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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Martin JM, Hogg AC, Webster RW, Giroux MJ. Creation and Characterization of a Double Null Puroindoline Genotype in Spring Wheat. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-17-0071-rw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Martin
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, U.S.A
| | - Andrew C. Hogg
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, U.S.A
| | - Richard W. Webster
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Giroux
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, U.S.A
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Kumar R, Arora S, Singh K, Garg M. Puroindoline allelic diversity in Indian wheat germplasm and identification of new allelic variants. BREEDING SCIENCE 2015; 65:319-26. [PMID: 26366114 PMCID: PMC4542932 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Grain hardness is an important quality trait that influences product development in wheat. This trait is governed by variation in puroindoline proteins (PINA and PINB). Our study evaluated 551 Indian wheat germplasm lines for diversity in Pina and Pinb genes. Eighty-two lines were shortlisted for full length sequencing and grain hardness studies. Sequencing studies identified six unknown alleles: two for the Pina gene and four for the Pinb gene. Five of them were novel with non-synonymous changes in the corresponding amino acid sequences. Identified mutations in the deduced mature proteins and their pre- and pro-peptides influenced the hardness characteristics of the grain. We classified these 82 varieties into different hardness categories with reference to international and Indian systems of classification. The majority of Indian wheat varieties were categorized as hard. This study revealed that unexplored Indian wheat germplasm can be a good source of genetic variability for both Pina and Pinb genes, helping in marker-assisted breeding and in obtaining wheat with different textural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute,
Mohali-160071, Punjab,
India
| | - Shaweta Arora
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute,
Mohali-160071, Punjab,
India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University,
Chandigarh-160014,
India
| | - Monika Garg
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute,
Mohali-160071, Punjab,
India
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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Gazza L, Taddei F, Conti S, Gazzelloni G, Muccilli V, Janni M, D'Ovidio R, Alfieri M, Redaelli R, Pogna NE. Biochemical and molecular characterization of Avena indolines and their role in kernel texture. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:39-54. [PMID: 25120168 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Among cereals, Avena sativa is characterized by an extremely soft endosperm texture, which leads to some negative agronomic and technological traits. On the basis of the well-known softening effect of puroindolines in wheat kernel texture, in this study, indolines and their encoding genes are investigated in Avena species at different ploidy levels. Three novel 14 kDa proteins, showing a central hydrophobic domain with four tryptophan residues and here named vromindoline (VIN)-1,2 and 3, were identified. Each VIN protein in diploid oat species was found to be synthesized by a single Vin gene whereas, in hexaploid A. sativa, three Vin-1, three Vin-2 and two Vin-3 genes coding for VIN-1, VIN-2 and VIN-3, respectively, were described and assigned to the A, C or D genomes based on similarity to their counterparts in diploid species. Expression of oat vromindoline transgenes in the extra-hard durum wheat led to accumulation of vromindolines in the endosperm and caused an approximate 50 % reduction of grain hardness, suggesting a central role for vromindolines in causing the extra-soft texture of oat grain. Further, hexaploid oats showed three orthologous genes coding for avenoindolines A and B, with five or three tryptophan residues, respectively, but very low amounts of avenoindolines were found in mature kernels. The present results identify a novel protein family affecting cereal kernel texture and would further elucidate the phylogenetic evolution of Avena genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gazza
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRA-QCE), Via Cassia, 176, 00191, Rome, Italy,
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Pauly A, Pareyt B, De Brier N, Delcour JA. Incubation of Isolated Wheat Starch with Proteolytic or Lipolytic Enzymes and Different Extraction Media Reveals a Tight Interaction Between Puroindolines and Lipids at Its Granule Surface. Cereal Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-09-13-0187-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Pauly
- Anneleen Pauly and Bram Pareyt contributed equally to this work
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2463, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bram Pareyt
- Anneleen Pauly and Bram Pareyt contributed equally to this work
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2463, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Phone: +32 (0)16 321 575. Fax: +32 (0) 16 321 997. E-mail:
| | - Niels De Brier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2463, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2463, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Chen F, Li H, Cui D. Discovery, distribution and diversity of Puroindoline-D1 genes in bread wheat from five countries (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:125. [PMID: 24011219 PMCID: PMC3844508 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grain texture is one of the most important characteristics in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Puroindoline-D1 genes play the main role in controlling grain texture and are intimately associated with the milling and processing qualities in bread wheat. RESULTS A series of diagnostic molecular markers and dCAPS markers were used to characterize Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 in 493 wheat cultivars from diverse geographic locations. A primer walking strategy was used to characterize PINA-null alleles at the DNA level. Results indicated that Chinese landraces encompassing 12 different Puroindoline-D1 allelic combinations showed the highest diversity, while CIMMYT wheat cultivars containing 3 different Puroindoline-D1 allelic combinations showed the lowest diversity amongst wheat cultivars from the five countries surveyed. Two novel Pina-D1 alleles, designated Pina-D1s with a 4,422-bp deletion and Pina-D1u with a 6,460-bp deletion in the Ha (Hardness) locus, were characterized at the DNA level by a primer walking strategy, and corresponding molecular markers Pina-N3 and Pina-N4 were developed for straightforward identification of the Pina-D1s and Pina-D1u alleles. Analysis of the association of Puroindoline-D1 alleles with grain texture indicated that wheat cultivars with Pina-null/Pinb-null allele, possessing an approximate 33-kb deletion in the Ha locus, have the highest SKCS hardness index amongst the different genotypes used in this study. Moreover, wheat cultivars with the PINA-null allele have significantly higher SKCS hardness index than those of Pinb-D1b and Pinb-D1p alleles. CONCLUSIONS Molecular characterization of the Puroindoline-D1 allele was investigated in bread wheat cultivars from five geographic regions, resulting in the discovery of two new alleles - Pina-D1s and Pina-D1u. Molecular markers were developed for both alleles. Analysis of the association of the Puroindoline-D1 alleles with grain texture showed that cultivars with PINA-null allele possessed relatively high SKCS hardness index. This study can provide useful information for the improvement of wheat quality, as well as give a deeper understanding of the molecular and genetic processes controlling grain texture in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dangqun Cui
- Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Pauly A, Pareyt B, Fierens E, Delcour JA. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum) Kernel Hardness: I. Current View on the Role of Puroindolines and Polar Lipids. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 12:413-426. [PMID: 33412687 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wheat hardness has major consequences for the entire wheat supply chain from breeders and millers over manufacturers to, finally, consumers of wheat-based products. Indeed, differences in hardness among Triticum aestivum L. or between T. aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum wheat cultivars determine not only their milling properties, but also the properties of flour or semolina endosperm particles, their preferential use in cereal-based applications, and the quality of the latter. Although the mechanism causing differences in wheat hardness has been subject of research more than once, it is still not completely understood. It is widely accepted that differences in wheat hardness originate from differences in the interaction between the starch granules and the endosperm protein matrix in the kernel. This interaction seems impacted by the presence of either puroindoline a and/or b, polar lipids on the starch granule surface, or by a combination of both. We focus here on wheat hardness and its relation to the presence of puroindolines and polar lipids. More in particular, the structure, properties, and genetics of puroindolines and their interactions with polar lipids are critically discussed as is their possible role in wheat hardness. We also address future research needs as well as the presence of puroindoline-type proteins in other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Pauly
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Pareyt
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Fierens
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Chebotar SV, Kurakina KO, Khokhlov OM, Chebotar GO, Sivolap YM. Phenotypic effects of alleles of the common wheat puroindoline genes. CYTOL GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452712040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu Y, He Z, Appels R, Xia X. Functional markers in wheat: current status and future prospects. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 125:1-10. [PMID: 22366867 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Functional markers (FM) are developed from sequence polymorphisms present in allelic variants of a functional gene at a locus. FMs accurately discriminate alleles of a targeted gene, and are ideal molecular markers for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding. In this paper, we summarize FMs developed and used in common wheat. To date, more than 30 wheat loci associated with processing quality, agronomic traits, and disease resistance, have been cloned, and 97 FMs were developed to identify 93 alleles based on the sequences of those genes. A general approach is described for isolation of wheat genes and development of FMs based on in silico cloning and comparative genomics. The divergence of DNA sequences of different alleles that affect gene function is summarized. In addition, 14 molecular markers specific for alien genes introduced from common wheat relatives were also described. This paper provides updated information on all FMs and gene-specific STS markers developed so far in wheat and should facilitate their application in wheat breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- National Wheat Improvement Centre, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
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Gasparis S, Orczyk W, Zalewski W, Nadolska-Orczyk A. The RNA-mediated silencing of one of the Pin genes in allohexaploid wheat simultaneously decreases the expression of the other, and increases grain hardness. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4025-36. [PMID: 21504879 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The RNAi-mediated silencing of Pina and Pinb, the two genes responsible for the grain texture of allohexaploid wheat, was induced and analysed in two wheat cultivars, Kontesa and Torka. A characterization of the two genes in non-transgenic plants revealed that Pinb carries a point mutation, designated Pinb-D1c in both cultivars. This mutation does not influence transcript abundance or protein content. Two silencing cassettes of the hpRNA type were constructed and used for stable transformation via Agrobacterium. In total, 43 transgenic lines representing the two cultivars were obtained, transformed with the silencing cassettes for Pina or for Pinb or co-transformed with both cassettes. The relative transcript levels of the two genes in the same progeny plant were found to be similar, independent of the silencing cassette used. The reduction in the Pina and Pinb transcript levels in the segregating T(1) progeny of Kontesa and Torka transformed with one of the silencing cassettes exceeded 80%. Co-transformation with the silencing cassettes for both genes resulted in a reduction of over 91% of Pina and Pinb transcripts in some segregating T(1) progeny of Kontesa. The silencing was transmitted to the T(4) kernel generation of the T(3) lines. A significant reduction or lack of both puroindoline proteins in the silenced lines correlated with an essential increase in grain hardness. The discussion covers some new insights into the function of the Pin genes, including the simultaneous silencing of both, independent of the siRNA signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gasparis
- Plant Transformation and Cell Engineering Department, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
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Pasha I, Anjum FM, Morris CF. Grain hardness: a major determinant of wheat quality. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2010; 16:511-22. [PMID: 21339167 DOI: 10.1177/1082013210379691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat quality, a complex term, depends upon intentional use for unambiguous products. The foremost determinants of wheat quality are endosperm texture (grain hardness), protein content and gluten strength. Endosperm texture in wheat is the single most important and defining quality characteristic, as it facilitates wheat classification and affects milling, baking and end-use quality. Various techniques used for grain hardness measurement are classified into diverse groups according to grinding, crushing and abrasion. The most extensively used methods for texture measurement are PSI, NIR hardness, SKCS, pearling index, SDS-PAGE and PCR markers. Friabilin is a 15 kDa endosperm specific protein associated with starch granules of wheat grain and is unswervingly related to grain softness. Chemically, it is a concoction of different polypeptides, primarily puroindolines; Pin a and Pin b. Hardness (Ha) locus of chromosome 5DS makes the distinction between soft and hard classes of wheat. Some additional modifying genes are also present which contribute to the disparity within wheat classes. Numerous allelic mutations in Pin have been reported and their relation to end product quality has been established. This treatise elaborates the consequence of grain hardness in wheat eminence.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pasha
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.
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13
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Molecular characterization of the Puroindoline a-D1b allele and development of an STS marker in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Cereal Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Salmanowicz BP. CE determination of secaloindoline allelic forms in hexaploid triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack). J Sep Sci 2010; 33:643-50. [PMID: 20063356 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Differences in kernel texture are mainly caused by specific secaloindoline (SIN) proteins occurring in friabilin fraction of hexaploid triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) grain. SINs were isolated using Triton X-114 partitioning from either kernels/flour or starch of five triticale cultivars with wide range of different hardness. Crude SIN fraction was obtained by size-exclusion HPLC. SINs were separated on an uncoated fused-silica capillary using the iminodiacetic (IDA) buffer in conjunction with lower-concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) and ACN. A low-concentrate mixture of hydrophilic polymers, PVP and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in IDA buffer was employed for dynamic coating of capillary inner wall. In total, on the basis of CZE profiles, two SIN-a proteins and two SIN-b proteins were identified. Allelic forms SIN-a1 and SIN-b1 have both two soft and one medium hard genotypes, however other allelic forms, designed as SIN-a2 and SIN-b2, were identified in hard and other medium hard cultivars. The CZE profiles showed that the ratio of the peak areas of SIN-b proteins isolated from triticale starch can be preliminarily used to distinguish cultivars with soft and hard grain.
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15
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Nadolska-Orczyk A, Gasparis S, Orczyk W. The determinants of grain texture in cereals. J Appl Genet 2009; 50:185-97. [PMID: 19638673 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kernel hardness is an important agronomic trait that influences end-product properties. In wheat cultivars, this trait is determined by the Puroindoline a (Pina) and Puroindoline b (Pinb) genes, located in the Hardness locus (Ha) on chromosome 5DS of the D genome. Wild type alleles code puroindoline a (PINA) and puroindoline b (PINB) proteins, which form a 15-kDa friabilin present on the surface of water-washed starch granules. Both the proteins are accumulated in the starch endosperm cells and aleurone of the mature kernels. Puroindoline-like genes coding puroindoline-like proteins in the starch endosperm occur in some of the genomes of Triticeae and Aveneae cereals. Orthologs are present in barley, rye and oats. However, some genomes of these diploid and polyploid cereals, like that of Triticum turgidum var. durum (AABB) lack the puroindoline genes, having a very hard kernel texture. The two wild type alleles in opposition (dominant loci) control the soft phenotype. Mutation either in Pina or Pinb or in both leads to a medium-hard or hard kernel texture. The most frequent types of Pin mutations are point mutations within the coding sequence resulting in the substitution of a single amino acid or a null allele. The latter is the result of a frame shift determined by base deletion or insertion or a one-point mutation to the stop codon. The lipid-binding properties of the puroindolines affect not only the dough quality but also the plants' resistance to pathogens. Genetic modification of cereals with Puroindoline genes and/or their promoters enable more detailed functional analyses and the production of plants with the desired characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nadolska-Orczyk
- Plant Transformation and Cell Engineering Department, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Poland.
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17
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Molecular characterization of allelic variations at Pina and Pinb loci in Shandong wheat landraces, historical and current cultivars. J Cereal Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Xia L, Geng H, Chen X, He Z, Lillemo M, Morris CF. Silencing of puroindoline a alters the kernel texture in transgenic bread wheat. J Cereal Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bhave M, Morris CF. Molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes: allelic diversity in wheat and other grasses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 66:205-19. [PMID: 18049798 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The hardness or texture of cereal grains is a primary determinant of their technological and processing quality. Among members of the Triticeae, most notably wheat, much of the variation in texture is controlled by a single locus comprised of the Puroindoline a, Puroindoline b and Grain Softness Protein-1 (Gsp-1) genes. Puroindolines confer the three major texture classes of soft and hard common wheat and the very hard durum wheat. The protein products of these genes interact with lipids and are associated with the surface of isolated starch (as a protein fraction known as 'friabilin'). During the past ten years a great diversity of alleles of both Puroindoline genes have been discovered and significant advances made in understanding the relationship between the gene presence/absence, sequence polymorphism and texture of cereal grains. Efforts have also focussed on Puroindoline and Gsp-1 genes in diploid progenitors, other Triticeae grasses and synthetic wheats in order to understand the evolution of this gene family and find potentially useful variants. The puroindoline homologues in other cereals such as rye and barley are also receiving attention. This work summarises new developments in molecular genetics of puroindolines in wheat and related Triticeae grasses, and the related genes in other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Bhave
- Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
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Bhave M, Morris CF. Molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes: regulation of expression, membrane binding properties and applications. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 66:221-231. [PMID: 18049797 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Kernel texture of wheat is a primary determinant of its technological properties. Soft kernel texture phenotype results when the Puroindoline a and Puroindoline b genes are present and encode the wild-type puroindolines PINA and PINB, respectively, and various mutations in either or both gene(s) result in hard phenotypes. A wealth of information is now available that furthers our understanding regarding the spatial and temporal regulation of expression of Puroindoline genes. Through the use of model membranes and synthetic peptides we also have a clearer understanding of the significance of the cysteine backbone, the tryptophan-rich domain (TRD) and the helicoid tertiary structures of PIN proteins in relation to their membrane-active properties. Many studies suggest individual yet co-operative modes of action of the PIN proteins in determining kernel texture, and significant evidence is accumulating that the proteins have in vivo and in vitro antimicrobial activities, shedding light on the biological roles of this unique ensemble of proteins. The puroindolines are now being explored for grain kernel texture modifications as well as antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Bhave
- Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
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Gazza L, Taddei F, Corbellini M, Cacciatori P, Pogna N. Genetic and environmental factors affecting grain texture in common wheat. J Cereal Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wanjugi HW, Martin JM, Giroux MJ. Influence of Puroindolines A and B Individually and in Combination on Wheat Milling and Bread Traits. Cereal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-84-6-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. W. Wanjugi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150
| | - J. M. Martin
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150
| | - M. J. Giroux
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Lillemo M, Chen F, Xia X, William M, Peña RJ, Trethowan R, He Z. Puroindoline grain hardness alleles in CIMMYT bread wheat germplasm. J Cereal Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Simeone MC, Gedye KR, Mason-Gamer R, Gill BS, Morris CF. Conserved regulatory elements identified from a comparative puroindoline gene sequence survey of Triticum and Aegilops diploid taxa. J Cereal Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li G, He Z, Peña RJ, Xia X, Lillemo M, Sun Q. Identification of novel secaloindoline-a and secaloindoline-b alleles in CIMMYT hexaploid triticale lines. J Cereal Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen F, He ZH, Xia XC, Xia LQ, Zhang XY, Lillemo M, Morris CF. Molecular and biochemical characterization of puroindoline a and b alleles in Chinese landraces and historical cultivars. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 112:400-9. [PMID: 16344983 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-0095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Kernel hardness that is conditioned by puroindoline genes has a profound effect on milling, baking and end-use quality of bread wheat. In this study, 219 landraces and 166 historical cultivars from China and 12 introduced wheats were investigated for their kernel hardness and puroindoline alleles, using molecular and biochemical markers. The results indicated that frequencies of soft, mixed and hard genotypes were 42.7, 24.3, and 33.0%, respectively, in Chinese landraces and 45.2, 13.9, and 40.9% in historical cultivars. The frequencies of PINA null, Pinb-D1b and Pinb-D1p genotypes were 43.8, 12.3, and 39.7%, respectively, in hard wheat of landraces, while 48.5, 36.8, and 14.7%, respectively, in historical hard wheats. A new Pinb-D1 allele, designated Pinb-D1t, was identified in two landraces, Guangtouxianmai and Hongmai from the Guizhou province, with the characterization of a glycine to arginine substitution at position 47 in the coding region of Pinb gene. Surprisingly, a new Pina-D1 allele, designated Pina-D1m, was detected in the landrace Hongheshang, from the Jiangsu province, with the characterization of a proline to serine substitution at position 35 in the coding region of Pina gene; it was the first novel mutation found in bread wheat, resulting in a hard endosperm with PINA expression. Among the PINA null genotypes, an allele designed as Pina-D1l, was detected in five landraces with a cytosine deletion at position 265 in Pina locus; while another novel Pina-D1 allele, designed as Pina-D1n, was identified in six landraces, with the characterization of an amino acid change from tryptophan-43 to a 'stop' codon in the coding region of Pina gene. The study of puroindoline polymorphism in Chinese wheat germplasm could provide useful information for the further understanding of the molecular basis of kernel hardness in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081, China
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