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Lhamo D, Sun Q, Friesen TL, Karmacharya A, Li X, Fiedler JD, Faris JD, Xia G, Luo M, Gu YQ, Liu Z, Xu SS. Association mapping of tan spot and septoria nodorum blotch resistance in cultivated emmer wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:193. [PMID: 39073628 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A total of 65 SNPs associated with resistance to tan spot and septoria nodorum blotch were identified in a panel of 180 cultivated emmer accessions through association mapping Tan spot and septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) are foliar diseases caused by the respective fungal pathogens Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Parastagonospora nodorum that affect global wheat production. To find new sources of resistance, we evaluated a panel of 180 cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) accessions for reactions to four P. tritici-repentis isolates Pti2, 86-124, 331-9 and DW5, two P. nodorum isolate, Sn4 and Sn2000, and four necrotrophic effectors (NEs) produced by the pathogens. About 8-36% of the accessions exhibited resistance to the four P. tritici-repentis isolates, with five accessions demonstrating resistance to all isolates. For SNB, 64% accessions showed resistance to Sn4, 43% to Sn2000 and 36% to both isolates, with Spain (11% accessions) as the most common origin of resistance. To understand the genetic basis of resistance, association mapping was performed using SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers generated by genotype-by-sequencing and the 9 K SNP Infinium array. A total of 46 SNPs were significantly associated with tan spot and 19 SNPs with SNB resistance or susceptibility. Six trait loci on chromosome arms 1BL, 3BL, 4AL (2), 6BL and 7AL conferred resistance to two or more isolates. Known NE sensitivity genes for disease development were undetected except Snn5 for Sn2000, suggesting novel genetic factors are controlling host-pathogen interaction in cultivated emmer. The emmer accessions with the highest levels of resistance to the six pathogen isolates (e.g., CItr 14133-1, PI 94634-1 and PI 377672) could serve as donors for tan spot and SNB resistance in wheat breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhondup Lhamo
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Qun Sun
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Timothy L Friesen
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Anil Karmacharya
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xuehui Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Jason D Fiedler
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Justin D Faris
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Guangmin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mingcheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yong-Qiang Gu
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
| | - Steven S Xu
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
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Gupta PK, Vasistha NK, Singh S, Joshi AK. Genetics and breeding for resistance against four leaf spot diseases in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1023824. [PMID: 37063191 PMCID: PMC10096043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1023824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In wheat, major yield losses are caused by a variety of diseases including rusts, spike diseases, leaf spot and root diseases. The genetics of resistance against all these diseases have been studied in great detail and utilized for breeding resistant cultivars. The resistance against leaf spot diseases caused by each individual necrotroph/hemi-biotroph involves a complex system involving resistance (R) genes, sensitivity (S) genes, small secreted protein (SSP) genes and quantitative resistance loci (QRLs). This review deals with resistance for the following four-leaf spot diseases: (i) Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) caused by Parastagonospora nodorum; (ii) Tan spot (TS) caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; (iii) Spot blotch (SB) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and (iv) Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by Zymoseptoria tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
- Murdoch’s Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), Dev Prakash Shastri (DPS) Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Vasistha
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
- Department of Genetics-Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Dr Khem Singh Gill, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, India
| | - Sahadev Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Arun Kumar Joshi
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), Dev Prakash Shastri (DPS) Marg, New Delhi, India
- The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), Dev Prakash Shastri (DPS) Marg, New Delhi, India
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Lhamo D, Sun Q, Zhang Q, Li X, Fiedler JD, Xia G, Faris JD, Gu YQ, Gill U, Cai X, Acevedo M, Xu SS. Genome-wide association analyses of leaf rust resistance in cultivated emmer wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:20. [PMID: 36683081 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen and eleven loci, with most loci being novel, were identified to associate with seedling and adult resistances, respectively, to the durum-specific races of leaf rust pathogen in cultivated emmer. Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), constantly threatens durum (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. A Pt race BBBQD detected in California in 2009 poses a potential threat to durum production in North America because resistance source to this race is rare in durum germplasm. To find new resistance sources, we assessed a panel of 180 cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) accessions for seedling resistance to BBBQD and for adult resistance to a mixture of durum-specific races BBBQJ, CCMSS, and MCDSS in the field, and genotyped the panel using genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) and the 9 K SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) Infinium array. The results showed 24 and nine accessions consistently exhibited seedling and adult resistance, respectively, with two accessions providing resistance at both stages. We performed genome-wide association studies using 46,383 GBS and 4,331 9 K SNP markers and identified 15 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seedling resistance located mostly on chromosomes 2B and 6B, and 11 QTL for adult resistance on 2B, 3B and 6A. Of these QTL, one might be associated with leaf rust resistance (Lr) gene Lr53, and two with the QTL previously reported in durum or hexaploid wheat. The remaining QTL are potentially associated with new Lr genes. Further linkage analysis and gene cloning are necessary to identify the causal genes underlying these QTL. The emmer accessions with high levels of resistance will be useful for developing mapping populations and adapted durum germplasm and varieties with resistance to the durum-specific races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhondup Lhamo
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Qun Sun
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Xuehui Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Jason D Fiedler
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Guangmin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Justin D Faris
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Yong-Qiang Gu
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Upinder Gill
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Xiwen Cai
- USDA-ARS, Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Maricelis Acevedo
- Department of Global Development, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Steven S Xu
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
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Jacques S, Lenzo L, Stevens K, Lawrence J, Tan KC. An optimized sporulation method for the wheat fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:52. [PMID: 34011363 PMCID: PMC8136220 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr) causes tan (syn. yellow) spot of wheat and accounts for significant yield losses worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of this economically important crop disease is crucial to counteract the yield and quality losses of wheat globally. Substantial progress has been made to comprehend the race structure of this phytopathogen based on its production of necrotrophic effectors and genomic resources of Ptr. However, one limitation for studying Ptr in a laboratory environment is the difficulty to isolate high spore numbers from vegetative growth with mycelial contamination common. These limitations reduce the experimental tractability of Ptr. RESULTS Here, we optimized a multitude of parameters and report a sporulation method for Ptr that yields robust, high quality and pure spores. Our methodology encompasses simple and reproducible plugging and harvesting techniques, resulting in spore yields up to 1500 fold more than the current sporulation methods and was tested on multiple isolates and races of Ptr as well as an additional seven modern Australian Ptr isolates. Moreover, this method also increased purity and spore harvest numbers for two closely related fungal pathogens (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata and f. teres) that cause net blotch diseases in barley (Hordeum vulgare), highlighting the usability of this optimized sporulation protocol for the wider research community. CONCLUSIONS Large-scale spore infection and virulence assays are essential for the screening of wheat and barley cultivars and combined with the genetic mapping of these populations allows pinpointing and exploiting sources of host genetic resistance. We anticipate that improvements in spore numbers and purity will further advance research to increase our understanding of the pathogenicity mechanisms of these important fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Jacques
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Leon Lenzo
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Kofi Stevens
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Julie Lawrence
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Kar-Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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Kariyawasam GK, Wyatt N, Shi G, Liu S, Yan C, Ma Y, Zhong S, Rasmussen JB, Moolhuijzen P, Moffat CS, Friesen TL, Liu Z. A genome-wide genetic linkage map and reference quality genome sequence for a new race in the wheat pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 152:103571. [PMID: 34015431 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is an ascomycete fungus that causes tan spot of wheat. The disease has a worldwide distribution and can cause significant yield and quality losses in wheat production. The fungal pathogen is homothallic in nature, which means it can undergo sexual reproduction by selfing to produce pseudothecia on wheat stubble for seasonal survival. Since homothallism precludes the development of bi-parental fungal populations, no genetic linkage map has been developed for P. tritici-repentis for mapping and map-based cloning of fungal virulence genes. In this work, we created two heterothallic strains by deleting one of the mating type genes in each of two parental isolates 86-124 (race 2) and AR CrossB10 (a new race) and developed a bi-parental fungal population between them. The draft genome sequences of the two parental isolates were aligned to the Pt-1C-BFP reference sequence to mine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 225 SNP markers were developed for genotyping the entire population. Additionally, 75 simple sequence repeat, and two gene markers were also developed and used in the genotyping. The resulting linkage map consisted of 13 linkage groups spanning 5,075.83 cM in genetic distance. Because the parental isolate AR CrossB10 is a new race and produces Ptr ToxC, it was sequenced using long-read sequencing platforms and de novo assembled into contigs. The majority of the contigs were further anchored into chromosomes with the aid of the linkage maps. The whole genome comparison of AR CrossB10 to the reference genome of M4 revealed a few chromosomal rearrangements. The genetic linkage map and the new AR CrossB10 genome sequence are valuable tools for gene cloning in P. tritici-repentis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan K Kariyawasam
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Nathan Wyatt
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Gongjun Shi
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Changhui Yan
- Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Yongchao Ma
- Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Shaobin Zhong
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jack B Rasmussen
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Paula Moolhuijzen
- Center for Crop Disease and Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline S Moffat
- Center for Crop Disease and Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy L Friesen
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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Guo J, Shi G, Kalil A, Friskop A, Elias E, Xu SS, Faris JD, Liu Z. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Race 4 Isolates Cause Disease on Tetraploid Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1781-1790. [PMID: 32567977 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is the causal agent of tan spot of wheat. The disease can occur on both common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum) and has potential to cause significant yield and quality losses. The fungal pathogen is known to produce necrotrophic effectors (NEs) that act as important virulence factors. Based on the NE production and virulence on a set of four differentials, P. tritici-repentis isolates have been classified into eight races. Race 4 produces no known NEs and is avirulent on the differentials. From a fungal collection in North Dakota, we identified several isolates that were classified as race 4. These isolates caused no or little disease on all common wheat lines including the differentials; however, they were virulent on some durum cultivars and tetraploid wheat accessions. Using two segregating tetraploid wheat populations and quantitative trait locus mapping, we identified several genomic regions significantly associated with disease caused by two of these isolates, some of which have not been previously reported. This is the first report that race 4 is virulent on tetraploid wheat, likely utilizing unidentified NEs. Our findings further highlight the insufficiency of the current race classification system for P. tritici-repentis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Gongjun Shi
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Audrey Kalil
- Williston Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Williston, ND 58801
| | - Andrew Friskop
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Elias Elias
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Steven S Xu
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Justin D Faris
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
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Liu Y, Salsman E, Wang R, Galagedara N, Zhang Q, Fiedler JD, Liu Z, Xu S, Faris JD, Li X. Meta-QTL analysis of tan spot resistance in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2363-2375. [PMID: 32436020 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A total of 19 meta-QTL conferring resistance to tan spot were identified from 104 initial QTL detected in 15 previous QTL mapping studies. Tan spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), is a major foliar disease worldwide in both bread wheat and durum wheat and can reduce grain yield due to reduction in photosynthetic area of leaves. Developing and growing resistant cultivars is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to mitigate negative effects of the disease. Understanding the genetic basis of tan spot resistance can enhance the development of resistant cultivars. With that goal, over 100 QTL associated with resistance to tan spot induced by a variety of Ptr races and isolates have been identified from previous QTL mapping studies. Meta-QTL analysis can identify redundant QTL among various studies and reveal major QTL for targeting in marker-assisted selection applications. In this study, we performed a meta-QTL analysis of tan spot resistance using the reported QTL from 15 previous QTL mapping studies. An integrated linkage map with a total length of 4080.5 cM containing 47,309 markers was assembled from 21 individual linkage maps and three previously published consensus maps. Nineteen meta-QTL were clustered from 104 initial QTL projected on the integrated map. Three of the 19 meta-QTL located on chromosomes 2A, 3B, and 5A show large genetic effects and confer resistance to multiple races in multiple bread wheat and durum wheat mapping populations. The integration of those race-nonspecific QTL is a promising strategy to provide high and stable resistance to tan spot in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Plant Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Evan Salsman
- Department of Plant Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Runhao Wang
- Department of Plant Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Nelomie Galagedara
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58108, USA
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Jason D Fiedler
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS Genotyping Laboratory, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58108, USA
| | - Steven Xu
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Justin D Faris
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Xuehui Li
- Department of Plant Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
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