Identification of QTLs for resistance to 10 pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica oleracea cultivar ECD11 through genotyping-by-sequencing

Comprehensive review of Plasmodiophora brassicae: pathogenesis, pathotype diversity, and integrated control methods

Clubroot disease is an important disease of cruciferous crops worldwide caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. The pathogen P. brassicae can infect almost all cruciferous crops, resulting in a reduction in yield and quality of the host plant. The first part of this review outlines the process of P. brassicae infestation, effectors, physiological pathotypes and identification systems. The latter part highlights and summarizes the various current control measures and research progress on clubroot. Finally, we propose a strategic concept for the sustainable management of clubroot. In conclusion, this paper will help to deepen the knowledge of P. brassicae and the understanding of integrated control measures for clubroot, and to lay a solid foundation for the sustainable management of clubroot.

Pyramiding of triple Clubroot resistance loci conferred superior resistance without negative effects on agronomic traits in Brassica napus

Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is becoming a serious threat to rapeseed (Brassica napus) production worldwide. Breeding resistant varieties using CR (clubroot resistance) loci is the most promising solution. Using marker-assisted selection and speed-breeding technologies, we generated Brassica napus materials in homozygous or heterozygous states using CRA3.7, CRA08.1, and CRA3.2 loci in the elite parental line of the Zhongshuang11 background. We developed three elite lines with two CR loci in different combinations and one line with three CR loci at the homozygous state. In our study, we used six different clubroot strains (Xinmin, Lincang, Yuxi, Chengdu, Chongqing, and Jixi) which are categorized into three groups based on our screening results. The newly pyramided lines with two or more CR loci displayed better disease resistance than the parental lines carrying single CR loci. There is an obvious gene dosage effect between CR loci and disease resistance levels. For example, pyramided lines with triple CR loci in the homozygous state showed superior resistance for all pathogens tested. Moreover, CR loci in the homozygous state are better on disease resistance than the heterozygous state. More importantly, no negative effect was observed on agronomic traits for the presence of multiple CR loci in the same background. Overall, these data suggest that the pyramiding of triple clubroot resistance loci conferred superior resistance with no negative effects on agronomic traits in Brassica napus.

Resynthesizing Brassica napus with race specific resistance genes and race non-specific QTLs to multiple races of Plasmodiophora brassicae

Clubroot disease in canola (Brassica napus) continues to spread across the Canadian prairies. Growing resistant cultivars is considered the most economical means of controlling the disease. However, sources of resistance to clubroot in B. napus are very limited. In this study, we conducted interspecific crosses using a B. rapa line (T19) carrying race-specific resistance genes and two B. oleracea lines, ECD11 and JL04, carrying race non-specific QTLs. Employing embryo rescue and conventional breeding methods, we successfully resynthesized a total of eight B. napus lines, with four derived from T19 × ECD11 and four from T19 × JL04. Additionally, four semi-resynthesized lines were developed through crosses with a canola line (DH16516). Testing for resistance to eight significant races of Plasmodiophora brassicae was conducted on seven resynthesized lines and four semi-resynthesized lines. All lines exhibited high resistance to the strains. Confirmation of the presence of clubroot resistance genes/QTLs was performed in the resynthesized lines using SNP markers linked to race-specific genes in T19 and race non-specific QTLs in ECD11. The developed B. napus germplasms containing clubroot resistance are highly valuable for the development of canola cultivars resistant to clubroot.

RNA-Seq Bulked Segregant Analysis of an Exotic B. napus ssp. napobrassica (Rutabaga) F2 Population Reveals Novel QTLs for Breeding Clubroot-Resistant Canola

In this study, a rutabaga (Brassica napus ssp. napobrassica) donor parent FGRA106, which exhibited broad-spectrum resistance to 17 isolates representing 16 pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae, was used in genetic crosses with the susceptible spring-type canola (B. napus ssp. napus) accession FG769. The F2 plants derived from a clubroot-resistant F1 plant were screened against three P. brassicae isolates representing pathotypes 3A, 3D, and 3H. Chi-square (χ2) goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the F2 plants inherited two major clubroot resistance genes from the CR donor FGRA106. The total RNA from plants resistant (R) and susceptible (S) to each pathotype were pooled and subjected to bulked segregant RNA-sequencing (BSR-Seq). The analysis of gene expression profiles identified 431, 67, and 98 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the R and S bulks. The variant calling method indicated a total of 12 (7 major + 5 minor) QTLs across seven chromosomes. The seven major QTLs included: BnaA5P3A.CRX1.1, BnaC1P3H.CRX1.2, and BnaC7P3A.CRX1.1 on chromosomes A05, C01, and C07, respectively; and BnaA8P3D.CRX1.1, BnaA8P3D.RCr91.2/BnaA8P3H.RCr91.2, BnaA8P3H.Crr11.3/BnaA8P3D.Crr11.3, and BnaA8P3D.qBrCR381.4 on chromosome A08. A total of 16 of the DEGs were located in the major QTL regions, 13 of which were on chromosome C07. The molecular data suggested that clubroot resistance in FGRA106 may be controlled by major and minor genes on both the A and C genomes, which are deployed in different combinations to confer resistance to the different isolates. This study provides valuable germplasm for the breeding of clubroot-resistant B. napus cultivars in Western Canada.

Map-based cloning and functional analysis of a major quantitative trait locus, BolC.Pb9.1, controlling clubroot resistance in a wild Brassica relative (Brassica macrocarpa)

KEY MESSAGE

A causal gene BoUGT76C2, conferring clubroot resistance in wild Brassica oleracea, was identified and functionally characterized. Clubroot is a devastating soil-borne disease caused by the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassica (P. brassicae), which poses a great threat to Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea) production. Although several QTLs associated with clubroot resistance (CR) have been mapped in cultivated B. oleracea, none have been cloned in B. oleracea. Previously, we found that the wild B. oleracea B2013 showed high resistance to clubroot. In this study, we constructed populations using B2013 and broccoli line 90196. CR in B2013 is quantitatively inherited, and a major QTL, BolC.Pb9.1, was identified on C09 using QTL-seq and linkage analysis. The BolC.Pb9.1 was finely mapped to a 56 kb genomic region using F2:3 populations. From the target region, the candidate BoUGT76C2 showed nucleotide variations between the parents, and was inducible in response to P. brassicae infection. We generated BoUGT76C2 overexpression lines in the 90196 background, which showed significantly enhanced resistance to P. brassicae compared to the WT line, suggesting that BoUGT76C2 corresponds to the resistance gene BolC.Pb.9.1. This is the first report on the CR gene map-based cloning and functional analysis from wild relatives, which provides a theoretical basis to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of CR, and lays a foundation to improve the CR of cultivated B. oleracea.