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Badini I, Jayaweera K, Pannala G, Adikari A, Siribaddana S, Sumathipala A, McAdams TA, Harber-Aschan L, Hotopf M, Rijsdijk FV, Zavos HMS. Associations between socioeconomic factors and depression in Sri Lanka: The role of gene-environment interplay. J Affect Disord 2023; 340:1-9. [PMID: 37467802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for depression. The nature and magnitude of associations can differ cross-culturally and is influenced by a range of contextual factors. We examined the aetiology of socioeconomic indicators and depression symptoms and investigated whether socioeconomic indicators moderate genetic and environmental influences on depression symptoms in a Sri Lankan population. METHODS Data were from a population-based sample of twins (N = 2934) and singletons (N = 1035) in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Standard of living, educational attainment, and financial strain were used to index socioeconomic status. Depression symptoms were assessed using the Revised Beck Depression Inventory. Structural equation modelling explored genetic and environmental influences on socioeconomic indicators and depression symptoms and moderation of aetiological influences on depression symptoms by socioeconomic status. RESULTS Depression symptoms were associated with lower standard of living, lower educational attainment, and financial strain. Sex differences were evident in the aetiology of standard of living, with a small contribution of genetic influences in females. Educational attainment was moderately heritable in both males and females. Total variance in depression was greater among less socioeconomically advantaged individuals. Modest evidence of moderation of the aetiology of depression by standard of living and education was observed. LIMITATIONS While the sample is representative of individuals living in Colombo District, it may not be representative of different regions of Sri Lanka. CONCLUSIONS The aetiology of depression varies across socioeconomic contexts, suggesting a potential mechanism through which socioeconomic disadvantage increases the risk for depression in Sri Lanka. Findings have implications for cross-cultural investigations of the role of socioeconomic factors in depression and for identifying targets for social interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Badini
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Kaushalya Jayaweera
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayani Pannala
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Anushka Adikari
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Athula Sumathipala
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK
| | - Tom A McAdams
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; Promenta Centre, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa Harber-Aschan
- Psychological Medicine Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Psychological Medicine Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Fruhling V Rijsdijk
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname
| | - Helena M S Zavos
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
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McAdams TA, Cheesman R, Ahmadzadeh YI. Annual Research Review: Towards a deeper understanding of nature and nurture: combining family-based quasi-experimental methods with genomic data. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:693-707. [PMID: 36379220 PMCID: PMC10952916 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing between the effects of nature and nurture constitutes a major research goal for those interested in understanding human development. It is known, for example, that many parent traits predict mental health outcomes in children, but the causal processes underlying such associations are often unclear. Family-based quasi-experimental designs such as sibling comparison, adoption and extended family studies have been used for decades to distinguish the genetic transmission of risk from the environmental effects family members potentially have on one another. Recently, these designs have been combined with genomic data, and this combination is fuelling a range of exciting methodological advances. In this review we explore these advances - highlighting the ways in which they have been applied to date and considering what they are likely to teach us in the coming years about the aetiology and intergenerational transmission of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A. McAdams
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- PROMENTA Research Centre, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Rosa Cheesman
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- PROMENTA Research Centre, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Yasmin I. Ahmadzadeh
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Triantafyllou P, Nas Z, Zavos HMS, Sumathipala A, Jayaweera K, Siribaddana SH, Hotopf M, Ritchie SJ, Rijsdijk FV. The aetiological relationship between depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life: A population-based twin study in Sri Lanka. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265421. [PMID: 35353839 PMCID: PMC8967029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Depression often co-occurs with poor health-related quality of life (HRQL). Twin studies report genetic and individual-level environmental underpinnings in the aetiology of both depression and HRQL, but there is limited twin research exploring this association further. There is also little evidence on sex differences and non-Western populations are underrepresented. In this paper we explored the phenotypic and aetiological relationship between depressive symptoms and HRQL and possible sex differences in a low-middle-income Sri Lankan population. Method Data for 3,948 participants came from the Colombo Twin and Singleton Follow-up Study (CoTaSS-2). Using self-report measures of depressive symptoms and HRQL, we conducted univariate and bivariate sex-limitation twin analyses. Results Depressive symptoms showed moderate genetic (33%) and strong nonshared environmental influences (67%). Nonshared environment accounted for the majority of variance in all the subscales of HRQL (ranging from 68 to 93%), alongside small genetic influences (ranging from 0 to 23%) and shared environmental influences (ranging from 0 to 28%). Genetic influences were significant for emotional wellbeing (23%). Shared environmental influences were significant for four out of the eight HRQL variables (ranging from 22–28%), and they were more prominent in females than males. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with lower HRQL scores. These correlations were mostly explained by overlapping nonshared environmental effects. For traits related to emotional functioning, we also detected substantial overlapping genetic influences with depressive symptoms. Conclusions Our study confirmed previous findings of a negative association between depressive symptoms and HRQL. However, some of the aetiological factors of HRQL differed from Western studies, particularly regarding the effects of shared environment. Our findings highlight the importance of cross-cultural research in understanding associations between psychological wellbeing and HRQL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Triantafyllou
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Zeynep Nas
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena M. S. Zavos
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Athula Sumathipala
- Institute for Research and Development, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sisira H. Siribaddana
- Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Psychological Medicine Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Ritchie
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frühling V. Rijsdijk
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Anton de Kom University, Paramaribo, Suriname
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Relationship between CRP and depression: A genetically sensitive study in Sri Lanka. J Affect Disord 2022; 297:112-117. [PMID: 34653513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown associations between major depression and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Few studies have considered the extent to which shared genetic and environmental factors contribute to this association, nor have they considered the relationship outside of European populations. We examined the association between CRP levels and depression and their aetiology in a Sri Lankan population. METHODS Data were collected from 2577 twins and 899 singletons in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Depression symptoms were assessed using the revised Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). High-sensitive CRP blood levels were assessed using immunoturbidimetry. Linear regressions were performed to test the association between CRP and depression. The heritability of CRP levels was estimated using Structural Equation Modelling. RESULTS CRP was significantly associated with BMI (p < 0.01) but not depression (p > 0.05). In males, variance in CRP levels was explained by shared environment (51% 95%CIs: 13-62) and non-shared environment (45% 95%CIs: 36-54). In contrast, in females, CRP variance was explained by genetic (41% 95%CIs: 10-52) and non-shared environment (56% 95%CIs: 47-67). A genetic correlation between CRP and BMI was observed in females only. LIMITATIONS CRP level was based on a single data collection point, longer term data collection would give a more accurate picture of an individual's state of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS The lack of association between depression and CRP strengthens the hypothesis that inflammation might contribute to the development of some, but not all types of depression. CRP levels were moderated by the environment, suggesting interventions aimed at reducing CRP levels and risk for inflammatory conditions, particularly in males.
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