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Jie M, Gao Y, Kuang D, Shi Y, Wang H, Jing W. Relationship between imidacloprid residues and control effect on cotton aphids in arid region. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1941-1952. [PMID: 33201396 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this case, the dissipation and residues of imidacloprid as well as its control efficacy against aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover) in cotton cropping system were reported. After the final spray at the rates of 10.5-42.5 g a.i. ha-1, the initial deposits were 0.59-2.25 mg kg-1 with half-lives of 2.12-2.84 days on leaves and 0.06-0.21 mg kg-1 with half-lives of 1.51-4.20 days in soil, respectively. The initial residues were significantly higher with longer persistence in the upper position of the leaf than in middle and lower positions. The different application dosages could induce a significant difference in the initial deposits, but not show consistent correlation with the dissipation rate. The repeated applications of imidacloprid could alter its residue levels and dissipation rates. The long-term residue concentrations of imidacloprid (60 days after the final application) reached to the nondetectable level in soil. Combined with the control efficacy results, it was considered that the recommended dose of imidacloprid on cotton could be used effectively and safe in this arid area from the view of crop protection and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Jie
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Gao
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Daihong Kuang
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingshuang Shi
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiwen Jing
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Y, Nie E, Huang L, Lu Y, Gao X, Akhtar K, Ye Q, Wang H. Translocation and metabolism of imidacloprid in cabbage: Application of 14C-labelling and LC-QTOF-MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127928. [PMID: 32835975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide effective against sucking and some chewing insects. Translocation and metabolism of IMI in plants are related to food safety. In this study, 14C-labeled IMI was used to investigate its translocation, transformation, radioactive IMI metabolites and possible metabolic pathways in cabbage. The amount of IMI accumulated in the edible part of cabbage accounted for 80.3-95.4% of the applied amounts by foliar application. There was a tendency to transport from edible parts to inedible parts. The proportions of extractable IMI decreased gradually from 92.4% to 83.0% in edible parts, greater than that in inedible parts over the experiment (0-19 days), while the bound residues showed an opposite trend. The half-life of IMI was determined as 33.0 and 63.0 days in the edible parts and whole plant, respectively. Five radioactive components including the parent IMI were detected by HPLC-LSC. The relative content of M1 was less than 0.01 mg kg-1, which was not required to identify according to the metabolic scheme proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The metabolites N-nitro(1-6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyimidazol-2-imine (M2), N-nitro(1-6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-4/5-hydroxyimidazole-2-imine (M3) and 1/3-(1-6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-2,4-imidazodione (M4) were identified by LC-QTOF-MS. The primary metabolism of IMI in cabbage included hydrolysis and oxidation. The residue level and daily intake values of IMI in cabbage were estimated to be 0.033-0.078 mg kg-1 and 9.56-20.01 ng d-1 kg-1, respectively, which were far below the maximum residue level and allowable daily intake values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Enguang Nie
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuhui Lu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kashif Akhtar
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Rico A, Arenas-Sánchez A, Pasqualini J, García-Astillero A, Cherta L, Nozal L, Vighi M. Effects of imidacloprid and a neonicotinoid mixture on aquatic invertebrate communities under Mediterranean conditions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 204:130-143. [PMID: 30245345 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are considered contaminants of concern due to their high toxicity potential to non-target terrestrial and aquatic organisms. In this study we evaluated the sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates to a single application of imidacloprid and an equimolar mixture of five neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin) using mesocosms under Mediterranean conditions. Cyclopoida, Cloeon dipterum and Chironomini showed the highest sensitivity to neonicotinoids, with calculated NOECs below 0.2 μg/L. The sensitivity of these taxa was found to be higher than that reported in previous studies performed under less warm conditions, proving the high influence of temperature on neonicotinoid toxicity. The short-term responses of the zooplankton and the macroinvertebrate communities to similar imidacloprid and neonicotinoid mixture concentrations were very similar, suggesting that the concentration addition model can be used as a plausible hyphotesis to assess neonicotinoid mixture effects in aquatic ecosystems. Long-term mixture toxicity assessments, however, should consider the fate of the evaluated substances in the environment of concern. As part of this study, we also demonstrated that Species Sensitivity Distributions constructed with chronic laboratory toxicity data and calculated (multi-substance) Potentially Affected Fractions provide an accurate estimation to asssess the ecotoxicologial risks of imidacloprid and neonicotinoid mixtures to aquatic invertebrate species assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Arenas-Sánchez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Pasqualini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Ariadna García-Astillero
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Cherta
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Nozal
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology (CQAB), University of Alcalá, Ctra. N-II km 33, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang P, Ren C, Sun H, Min L. Sorption, desorption and degradation of neonicotinoids in four agricultural soils and their effects on soil microorganisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:59-69. [PMID: 28968584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the sorption, desorption and degradation of three neonicotinoids, imidacloprid (IMI), clothianidin (CLO) and thiacloprid (THI), and their effects on microorganisms in four different agricultural soils were systematically evaluated. The sorption of neonicotinoids on the soils was generally low with distribution coefficients (Kd) up to 16.2L/kg at Ce of 0.05mg/L following the order THI>IMI≈CLO, and the sorption were mainly influenced by the soil organic carbon content. The percentage degradation rates of the pesticides in different soils ranged from 25.4% to 80.9%, all following the order THI>IMI≈CLO. All the three neonicotinoids degraded much faster under non-sterilized conditions than sterilized conditions, indicating considerable contribution of biodegradation. The total degradation or biodegradation of neonicotinoids was the fastest in the soil with the highest organic carbon content, and the neonicotinoids' bioavailability was not the primary influencing factor due to their weak sorption. The chemical degradation was mainly affected by pH and cation exchange capacity. The degradation of neonicotinoids occurred mainly via nitrate reduction, cyano hydrolysis and chloropyridinyl dechlorination. High-throughput sequencing data showed that the microbial community structure and abundance changed greatly in neonicotinoid-spiked soils as compared to the control, which might influence their degradation pathways. Some microbe families associated with the biodegradation of neoniconoids were found, which were all belonging to Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The degradation of neoniconoids influenced the soil nitrifying process. The present study provides valuable information for comprehensively understanding the fate of neonicotinoids in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chao Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Lujuan Min
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Mahapatra B, Adak T, Patil NKB, Pandi G GP, Gowda GB, Jambhulkar NN, Yadav MK, Panneerselvam P, Kumar U, Munda S, Jena M. Imidacloprid application changes microbial dynamics and enzymes in rice soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:123-130. [PMID: 28605646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of imidacloprid in rice ecosystem may alter dynamics of microorganisms and can change soil biochemical properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of imidacloprid on growth and activities of microbes in tropical rice soil ecosystem. Four treatments, namely, recommended dose (at 25g a.i. ha-1, RD), double the recommended dose (at 50g a.i. ha-1, 2RD), five times the recommended dose (at 125g a.i. ha-1, 5RD) & ten times the recommended dose (at 250g a.i. ha-1, 10RD) along with control were imposed under controlled condition. Dissipation half lives of imidacloprid in soil were 19.25, 20.38, 21.65 and 33.00 days for RD, 2RD, 5RD and 10RD, respectively. In general bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and phosphate solubilising bacteria population were disturbed due to imidacloprid application. Changes in diversity indices within bacterial community confirmed that imidacloprid application significantly affected distribution of bacteria. Total soil microbial biomass carbon content was reduced on imidacloprid application. Except dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities, all other soil enzymes namely, β-glycosidase, fluorescien diacetate hydrolase, acid phosphatase and urease responded negatively to imidacloprid application. The extent of negative effect of imidacloprid depends on dose and exposure time. This study concludes imidacloprid application had transient negative effects on soil microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhab Mahapatra
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India; Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, India
| | - Totan Adak
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India.
| | - Naveen K B Patil
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Guru P Pandi G
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India
| | - G Basana Gowda
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India
| | - N N Jambhulkar
- Social Science Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India
| | - P Panneerselvam
- Crop Production Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Upendra Kumar
- Crop Production Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Sushmita Munda
- Crop Production Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Mayabini Jena
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack 753006, India
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Ge J, Cui K, Yan H, Li Y, Chai Y, Liu X, Cheng J, Yu X. Uptake and translocation of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and difenoconazole in rice plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:479-485. [PMID: 28454637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and translocation of imidacloprid (IMI), thiamethoxam (THX) and difenoconazole (DFZ) in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated with a soil-treated experiment at two application rates: field rate (FR) and 10*FR under laboratory conditions. The dissipation of the three compounds in soil followed the first-order kinetics and DFZ showed greater half-lives than IMI and THX. Detection of the three compounds in rice tissues indicated that rice plants could take up and accumulate these pesticides. The concentrations of IMI and THX detected in leaves (IMI, 10.0 and 410 mg/kg dw; THX, 23.0 and 265 mg/kg dw) were much greater than those in roots (IMI, 1.37 and 69.3 mg/kg dw; THX, 3.19 and 30.6 mg/kg dw), which differed from DFZ. The DFZ concentrations in roots (15.6 and 79.1 mg/kg dw) were much greater than those in leaves (0.23 and 3.4 mg/kg dw). The bioconcentration factor (BCF), representing the capability of rice to accumulate contaminants from soil into plant tissues, ranged from 1.9 to 224.3 for IMI, from 2.0 to 72.3 for THX, and from 0.4 to 3.2 for DFZ at different treated concentrations. Much higher BCFs were found for IMI and THX at 10*FR treatment than those at FR treatment, however, the BCFs of DFZ at both treatments were similar. The translocation factors (TFs), evaluating the capability of rice to translocate contaminants from the roots to the aboveground parts, ranged from 0.02 to 0.2 for stems and from 0.02 to 9.0 for leaves. The tested compounds were poorly translocated from roots to stems, with a TF below 1. However, IMI and THX were well translocated from roots to leaves. Clothianidin (CLO), the main metabolite of THX, was detected at the concentrations from 0.02 to 0.5 mg kg-1 in soil and from 0.07 to 7.0 mg kg-1 in plants. Concentrations of CLO in leaves were almost 14 times greater than those in roots at 10*FR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Biotechnology, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Huangqian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yangyang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiangfeng Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Teló GM, Senseman SA, Marchesan E, Camargo ER, Jones T, McCauley G. Residues of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole in rice grain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2119-2126. [PMID: 25626153 DOI: 10.1021/jf5042504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole insecticides have been important tools for controlling pests in rice. However, food safety issues related to pesticide residues are important to consider with a food crop such as rice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole residues in rice hull, bran, and polished rice grains. The study was conducted during the 2012 cropping season at the Texas A&M Agrilife Research, David R. Wintermann Rice Research Station, near Eagle Lake, TX, USA. Rice was planted on May 5, 2012, using the cultivar 'Presidio'. Pesticide applications were performed at 5, 15, 25, and 35 days after flowering (DAF) using 1 and 2 times the recommended rate of 30 g active ingredient (ai) ha(-1) for thiamethoxam and 30 g ai ha(-1) for chlorantraniliprole. Sequentially, two treatments using the insecticides at recommended rate were applied at 5 and 25 DAF and at 5, 25, and 35 DAF. Insecticide residues were analyzed in different sample fractions: rice hull, bran, and polished rice grains. The samples were subjected to extraction using an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) technique. Sample aliquots were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5 × 10(-5) mg kg(-1). Residues of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole were detected in rice hull, bran, and polished rice grains, and the quantified values were greater in hull and in rice bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Mack Teló
- Research Group in Irrigated Rice, Department of Plant Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
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Morrissey CA, Mineau P, Devries JH, Sanchez-Bayo F, Liess M, Cavallaro MC, Liber K. Neonicotinoid contamination of global surface waters and associated risk to aquatic invertebrates: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:291-303. [PMID: 25454246 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids, broad-spectrum systemic insecticides, are the fastest growing class of insecticides worldwide and are now registered for use on hundreds of field crops in over 120 different countries. The environmental profile of this class of pesticides indicate that they are persistent, have high leaching and runoff potential, and are highly toxic to a wide range of invertebrates. Therefore, neonicotinoids represent a significant risk to surface waters and the diverse aquatic and terrestrial fauna that these ecosystems support. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the reported concentrations of neonicotinoids in surface waters from 29 studies in 9 countries world-wide in tandem with published data on their acute and chronic toxicity to 49 species of aquatic insects and crustaceans spanning 12 invertebrate orders. Strong evidence exists that water-borne neonicotinoid exposures are frequent, long-term and at levels (geometric means=0.13μg/L (averages) and 0.63μg/L (maxima)) which commonly exceed several existing water quality guidelines. Imidacloprid is by far the most widely studied neonicotinoid (66% of the 214 toxicity tests reviewed) with differences in sensitivity among aquatic invertebrate species ranging several orders of magnitude; other neonicotinoids display analogous modes of action and similar toxicities, although comparative data are limited. Of the species evaluated, insects belonging to the orders Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Diptera appear to be the most sensitive, while those of Crustacea (although not universally so) are less sensitive. In particular, the standard test species Daphnia magna appears to be very tolerant, with 24-96hour LC50 values exceeding 100,000μg/L (geometric mean>44,000μg/L), which is at least 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the geometric mean of all other invertebrate species tested. Overall, neonicotinoids can exert adverse effects on survival, growth, emergence, mobility, and behavior of many sensitive aquatic invertebrate taxa at concentrations at or below 1μg/L under acute exposure and 0.1μg/L for chronic exposure. Using probabilistic approaches (species sensitivity distributions), we recommend here that ecological thresholds for neonicotinoid water concentrations need to be below 0.2μg/L (short-term acute) or 0.035μg/L (long-term chronic) to avoid lasting effects on aquatic invertebrate communities. The application of safety factors may still be warranted considering potential issues of slow recovery, additive or synergistic effects and multiple stressors that can occur in the field. Our analysis revealed that 81% (22/27) and 74% (14/19) of global surface water studies reporting maximum and average individual neonicotinoid concentrations respectively, exceeded these thresholds of 0.2 and 0.035μg/L. Therefore, it appears that environmentally relevant concentrations of neonicotinoids in surface waters worldwide are well within the range where both short- and long-term impacts on aquatic invertebrate species are possible over broad spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Morrissey
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Pierre Mineau
- Pierre Mineau Consulting, 124 Creekside Dr., Salt Spring Island, BC V8K 2E4, Canada
| | - James H Devries
- Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, P.O. Box 1160, Stonewall, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Matthias Liess
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael C Cavallaro
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Karsten Liber
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Akoijam R, Singh B. Metabolic degradation of imidacloprid in paddy field soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:5977-5984. [PMID: 24891072 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic degradation and persistence of imidacloprid in paddy field soil were investigated following two applications of imidacloprid at 20 and 80 g a.i. ha(-1) at an interval of 10 days. The soil samples were collected at various time intervals. The limit of quantification for the analysis of imidacloprid and its metabolites was obtained at the concentration of 0.01 mg kg(-1). The initial deposits of total imidacloprid were found to be 0.44 and 1.61 mg kg(-1) following second applications. These residues could not be detected after 60 and 90 days following second applications of imidacloprid at lower and higher dosages, respectively. In soil, urea metabolite was found to be the maximum, followed by olefine, nitrosimine, 6-chloronicotinic acid, 5-hydroxy and nitroguanidine. The half-life values (t₁/₂) of imidacloprid were worked out to be 12.04 and 11.14 days, respectively, when applied at lower and higher doses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romila Akoijam
- Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India,
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Akoijam R, Singh B. Persistence and metabolism of imidacloprid in rice. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:609-615. [PMID: 24389890 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide which gives effective control of plant and leaf hoppers in rice. The persistence and metabolism of imidacloprid in paddy leaves, rice grains, bran, straw and husk were studied following two applications of imidacloprid (Confidor 17.8 SL) @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha(-1) at an interval of 10 days. Samples of paddy leaves were collected at various time intervals. The samples of rice grains, bran, straw and husk were collected at the time of harvest. The limit of quantification of imidacloprid and its metabolites was worked out to be 0.01 mg kg(-1). The maximum residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites in paddy leaves after 0 day (1 h after last spray) of its application @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha(-1) were found to be 4.57 and 13.94 mg kg(-1), respectively. These residues could not be detected after 60 and 90 days following last application of imidacloprid at lower and higher dosages, respectively. In rice, olefin metabolite was found to be the main constituent, followed by nitroguanidine, urea, 5-hydroxy, chloronicotinic acid and nitrosimine. The samples of rice grains, bran, straw and husk did not reveal the presence of imidacloprid or its metabolites following its application at both the dosages at harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romila Akoijam
- Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India,
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Daam MA, Santos Pereira AC, Silva E, Caetano L, Cerejeira MJ. Preliminary aquatic risk assessment of imidacloprid after application in an experimental rice plot. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 97:78-85. [PMID: 23911212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential aquatic risk of application of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid for aphid control in rice was assessed. To this end, imidacloprid was applied as Confidor(®) 200 SC at the recommended field dose of 100g a.i./ha to a Portuguese rice plot. Subsequently, fate of the test compound in water and potential effects of water samples on a battery of test species were determined. As compared to the first-tier predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) calculated using MED-Rice (around 30µg/L depending on the scenario used) and US-EPA (78µg/L) simulations, the actual peak concentration measured in the paddy water (52µg/L) was higher and lower, respectively. As was anticipated based on 50% effect concentrations (EC50 values) for Daphnia magna published in the open literature and that calculated in the present study (48h-EC50 immobility=84mg/L), no effects were observed of field water samples on daphnids. The sediment-dwelling ostracod Heterocypris incongruens, however, appeared relatively sensitive towards imidacloprid (6d-EC50 growth inhibition=0.01-0.015mg/L) and a slight effect was indeed noted in field samples taken the first week after application. Species sensitivity distributions based on published EC50 and NOEC values also revealed that other species are likely to be affected at the peak and time-weighted average imidacloprid concentrations, respectively. By applying the relative tolerance approach (i.e. by dividing the EC50 value of a certain species with that of Daphnia magna), ostracods appear to contain the most sensitive taxa to imidacloprid, followed by EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) taxa. Future field studies into (higher-tier) fate modelling of pesticides in rice paddies and effect assessment on field communities are required to ensure protection of aquatic life and wildlife (e.g. birds) from pesticide stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A Daam
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Ning J, Bai Z, Gang G, Jiang D, Hu Q, He J, Zhang H, Zhuang G. Functional assembly of bacterial communities with activity for the biodegradation of an organophosphorus pesticide in the rape phyllosphere. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 306:135-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Khay S, Abd El-Aty AM, Cho SK, Choi JH, Mamun MIR, Goudah A, Shin HC, Shim JH. Development of extraction procedures for the determination of imidacloprid: application to residue analysis and dynamics of two formulations in Chinese cabbage. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:581-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abd El-Aty AM, Lee GW, Mamun MIR, Choi JH, Cho SK, Shin HC, Shim JH. Development and validation of a method for the analysis of cafenstrole and its metabolite in brown rice grains and rice straw using high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:306-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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